138 results
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2. Review Study on Sciencedirect Library Based on Coronavirus Covid-19
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Muzhir Shaban Al-Ani and Dimah Mezher Al-Ani
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coronavirus ,coronavirus disease-19 ,diagnosis ,human immune system ,coronavirus disease-19 published papers ,Science - Abstract
Several years ago, China and the United States of America began experimenting with the coronavirus, which lives in the bat. It is not known until now how the virus spread and how it extended to all countries of the world. However, it is certain that this virus first appeared and spread was at the end of 2019 and in the Chinese city of Wuhan, especially in markets close to laboratories that are working on this virus. At the beginning of the year 2020, this virus began to spread very widely all over the world and began killing thousands of people every day. The world economy was destroyed until the World Health Organization considered it a pandemic. As for the research aspect, the researchers started the research work on this pandemic from many aspects, including medical, statistical, managerial, healthcare, and others. A statistical analysis depends many key factors that have been studied. This study was conducted on April 11, 2020, where a large number of research papers were downloaded using the keywords coronavirus disease (COVID)-19, which were applied in the Sciencedirect library that was examined on 100 research papers only. The obtained results indicated that most of the research papers that worked on the subject of COVID-19 confirmed that this virus infects the human respiratory system, which in turn leads to shortness of breath and death. Here, it must be noted that the human immune system has a major role in the process of overcoming this virus and gradual recovery. The obtained analysis indicated that the main fields of coronavirus are: Medicine 42%, statistics 21%, healthcare 19%, and management 18%. Through this study, it became clear that China is the first country in terms of the number of researchers and also in terms of the number of research papers related to the COVID-19.
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- 2020
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3. Management of heart failure patients with COVID-19: a joint position paper of the Chinese Heart Failure Association & National Heart Failure Committee and the Heart Failure Association of the European Society of Cardiology.
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Zhang, Yuhui, Coats, Andrew J.S., Zheng, Zhe, Adamo, Marianna, Ambrosio, Giuseppe, Anker, Stefan D., Butler, Javed, Xu, Dingli, Mao, Jingyuan, Khan, Muhammad Shahzeb, Bai, Ling, Mebazaa, Alexandre, Ponikowski, Piotr, Tang, Qizhu, Ruschitzka, Frank, Seferovic, Petar, Tschöpe, Carsten, Zhang, Shuyang, Gao, Chuanyu, and Zhou, Shenghua
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COVID-19 ,HEART failure patients ,HEART failure ,SARS-CoV-2 ,SYMPTOMS - Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection is causing considerable morbidity and mortality worldwide. Multiple reports have suggested that patients with heart failure (HF) are at a higher risk of severe disease and mortality with COVID-19. Moreover, evaluating and treating HF patients with comorbid COVID-19 represents a formidable clinical challenge as symptoms of both conditions may overlap and they may potentiate each other. Limited data exist regarding comprehensive management of HF patients with concomitant COVID-19. Since these issues pose serious new challenges for clinicians worldwide, HF specialists must develop a structured approach to the care of patients with COVID-19 and be included early in the care of these patients. Therefore, the Heart Failure Association of the European Society of Cardiology and the Chinese Heart Failure Association & National Heart Failure Committee conducted web-based meetings to discuss these unique clinical challenges and reach a consensus opinion to help providers worldwide deliver better patient care. The main objective of this position paper is to outline the management of HF patients with concomitant COVID-19 based on the available data and personal experiences of physicians from Asia, Europe and the United States. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2020
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4. COVID-19 pandemic
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W. J. Fokkens, Jürgen Schwarze, Cezmi A. Akdis, J Mullol, W. Czarlewski, Claudia Traidl-Hoffmann, Claus Bachert, D. Larenas-Linnemann, Tomas Chivato, M. Gotua, Mateo Bonini, Ludger Klimek, Vincenzo Patella, A. A. Cruz, Stephanie Dramburg, Kari C. Nadeau, H W Fritsch, K. Ohta, Thomas Eiwegger, Robert M. Naclerio, Antti Lauerma, A. Yorgancioglu, Aslı Gelincik, Piotr Kuna, Oliver Pfaar, Carmen Riggioni, Violeta Kvedariene, Markus Ollert, Sinthia Bosnic-Anticevich, V. Cardona, S. Del Giacco, Sanna Toppila-Salmi, Helen A. Brough, Heimo Breiteneder, Valérie Hox, B. Samolinski, Zuzana Diamant, G.W. Canonica, Lihong Zhang, María José Torres, Y. Okamoto, Liam O'Mahony, Radosław Gawlik, Jolanta Walusiak-Skorupa, Sharon Chinthrajah, Winfried Rief, T. Haatela, M. Morais-Almeida, Ioana Agache, Manfred Schedlowski, I Skypala, R. Brehler, D. Y. Wang, João Fonseca, I. J. Ansotegui, Robyn E O'Hehir, Oscar Palomares, Charlotte G. Mortz, J. C. Ivancevich, C. Suppli Ulrik, M. T. Ventura, P M Matricardi, S Untersmayr, Gabrielle L. Onorato, Amir Hamzah Abdul Latiff, Frederico S. Regateiro, Vanitha Sampath, Arũnas Valiulis, Marek Jutel, Luisa Brussino, Pedro Carreiro-Martins, Jean Bousquet, Nikolaos G. Papadopoulos, A. Bedbrook, Torsten Zuberbier, Karin Hoffmann-Sommergruber, Edward F. Knol, Ear, Nose and Throat, AII - Inflammatory diseases, UCL - SSS/IREC/PNEU - Pôle de Pneumologie, ORL et Dermatologie, UCL - (SLuc) Service d'oto-rhino-laryngologie, Philipps Universität Marburg = Philipps University of Marburg, Allergologie, Stimm und Sprachstörungen [Wiesbaden, Germany], Zentrum für Rhinologie und Allergologie [Wiesbaden, Germany], University of Wrocław [Poland] (UWr), ALL-MED, Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), Universität Zürich [Zürich] = University of Zurich (UZH), Charité - UniversitätsMedizin = Charité - University Hospital [Berlin], Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire [Montpellier] (CHRU Montpellier), Contre les MAladies Chroniques pour un VIeillissement Actif en Languedoc-Roussillon (MACVIA-LR), Université Montpellier 1 (UM1)-Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire [Montpellier] (CHRU Montpellier)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nîmes (CHU Nîmes)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-European Innovation Partnership on Active and Healthy Ageing Reference Site (EIP on AHA), Commission Européenne-Commission Européenne-Organisation Mondiale de la Santé / World Health Organization Office (OMS / WHO), Medizinische Universität Wien = Medical University of Vienna, Stanford University, Skane University Hospital [Malmo], Lund University [Lund], Charles University [Prague] (CU), University Medical Center Groningen [Groningen] (UMCG), Univ Toronto, Hosp Sick Children, Peter Gilgan Ctr Res & Learning, Mol Med, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada, The Hospital for sick children [Toronto] (SickKids), University of Toronto, Amsterdam UMC - Amsterdam University Medical Center, Alfred Health, Victoria University [Melbourne], University College Cork (UCC), Sean N. Parker Center for Allergy and Asthma Research [Stanford], Stanford Medicine, Stanford University-Stanford University, University Clinics of Essen, University of Essen, Allergy Unit [Malaga, Spain] (National Network ARADyAL), Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga = Regional University Hospital of Malaga [Spain], Helmholtz Zentrum München = German Research Center for Environmental Health, University Hospital Augsburg, National University of Singapore (NUS), Beijing Tongren Hospital, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, National Heart and Lung Institute [London] (NHLI), Imperial College London-Royal Brompton and Harefield NHS Foundation Trust, University Hospital Münster - Universitaetsklinikum Muenster [Germany] (UKM), Evelina London Children's Hospital, King‘s College London, CEU-San Pablo University and HM-Hospitals School of Medicine, University of Cagliari, Medical University of Silesia (SUM), Istanbul University, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc [Bruxelles], University Medical Center [Utrecht], Helsinki University Central Hospital, University of Helsinki, Odense University Hospital (OUH), Luxembourg Institute of Health (LIH), Universidad Complutense de Madrid = Complutense University of Madrid [Madrid] (UCM), Hospital Sant Joan de Déu [Barcelona], Institut de Recerca Pediàtrica Hospital Sant Joan de Déu [Barcelona, Spain], University of Edinburgh, NHS Foundation Trust [London], The Royal Marsden, Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine (NIOM), Hospital Quirónsalud Bizkaia [Bilbao], Ghent University Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University [Guangzhou] (SYSU), Karolinska Institutet [Stockholm], Woolcock Institute of Medical Research [Sydney], The University of Sydney, University of Turin, Mauriziano Umberto I Hospital, Humanitas University [Milan] (Hunimed), Vall d'Hebron University Hospital [Barcelona], Hospital de Dona Estefania, NOVA Medical School - Faculdade de Ciências Médicas (NMS), Universidade Nova de Lisboa = NOVA University Lisbon (NOVA), Federal University of Bahia School of Medicine, Global Alliance Against Chronic Respiratory Diseases (GARD-WHO), Medical Consulting Czarlewski, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade do Porto (FMUP), Universidade do Porto = University of Porto, MEDIDA, Lda, David Tvildiani Medical University (DTMU), Helsingin yliopisto = Helsingfors universitet = University of Helsinki, Servicio de Alergia e ImmunologiaBuenos Aires (Clinica Santa Isabel), Barlicki University Hospital, Vilnius University [Vilnius], Hospital Medica Sur [Mexico City, Mexico], Pantai Hospital [Kuala Lumpur], Hospital CUF Descobertas, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Universitat de Barcelona (UB), CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine [Baltimore], Fukujuji Hospital, Tokyo National Hospital, Chiba Rosai Hospital, Chiba University Hospital, Royal Manchester Children's Hospital, University of Manchester [Manchester], General Children's Hospital of Athens P & A Kyriakou, 'Santa Maria della Speranza' Hospital, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário [Coimbra], Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research [Coimbra, Portugal] (iCBR - Faculty of Medicine), University of Coimbra [Portugal] (UC), Medical University of Warsaw - Poland, Hvidovre Hospital, University of Copenhagen = Københavns Universitet (UCPH), Università degli studi di Bari Aldo Moro = University of Bari Aldo Moro (UNIBA), Manisa Celal Bayar University, Transilvania University of Brasov, Salvy-Córdoba, Nathalie, Department of Dermatology, Allergology and Venereology, and HUS Inflammation Center
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0301 basic medicine ,viruses ,Eaaci Position Paper ,Medizin ,Cochrane Library ,GUIDELINES ,FOOD ALLERGY ,allergen immunotherapy ,allergy clinic ,anaphylaxis ,asthma ,clinical trials ,COVID-19 ,Position Paper ,psychological impact ,SARS-CoV-2 ,Allergists ,Health Personnel ,Humans ,Hypersensitivity ,Information Technology ,Patient Care Team ,Triage ,SARS‐CoV‐2 ,DESENSITIZATION ,0302 clinical medicine ,MESH: Patient Care Team ,[SDV.MHEP.MI]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology/Infectious diseases ,HDE ALER ,Pandemic ,Health care ,Immunology and Allergy ,ATOPIC-DERMATITIS ,MESH: COVID-19 ,[SDV.IMM.ALL]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Immunology/Allergology ,[SDV.MHEP.ME] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology/Emerging diseases ,[SDV.MHEP.ME]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology/Emerging diseases ,allergen immunotherapy (AIT) ,virus diseases ,DRUG HYPERSENSITIVITY REACTIONS ,3. Good health ,INFECTIONS ,[SDV.MHEP.MI] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology/Infectious diseases ,MESH: Triage ,[SDV.IMM.ALL] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Immunology/Allergology ,Allergen immunotherapy ,medicine.medical_specialty ,MESH: Information Technology ,MESH: Hypersensitivity ,Immunology ,education ,MEDLINE ,DIAGNOSIS ,psychological COVID ,03 medical and health sciences ,MESH: Allergists ,COVID‐19 ,medicine ,MESH: SARS-CoV-2 ,ddc:610 ,RHINOSINUSITIS ,MESH: Humans ,business.industry ,Clinical trial ,Coronavirus ,EXACERBATIONS ,030104 developmental biology ,030228 respiratory system ,[SDV.SPEE] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Santé publique et épidémiologie ,Family medicine ,3121 General medicine, internal medicine and other clinical medicine ,Position paper ,MESH: Health Personnel ,[SDV.SPEE]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Santé publique et épidémiologie ,business - Abstract
BackgroundThe Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) has evolved as a pandemic infectious disease transmitted by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS‐CoV‐)2. Allergists and other health care providers (HCPs) in the field of allergies and associated airway diseases are in the front line, taking care of patients potentially infected with SARS‐CoV‐2. Hence, strategies and practices to minimize risks of infection for both HCPs and treated patients have to be developed and followed by allergy clinics.MethodThe scientific information on COVID‐19 was analyzed by a literature search in Medline, Pubmed, national and international guidelines from the European Academy of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (EAACI), the Cochrane Library and the Internet.ResultsBased on diagnostic and treatment standards developed by EAACI, on international information regarding COVID‐19, on guidelines of the World Health Organization (WHO) and other international organizations as well as on previous experience, a panel of experts including clinicians, psychologists, IT experts and basic scientists along with EAACI and the “Allergic Rhinitis and its Impact on Asthma (ARIA)” inititiative have developed recommendations for the optimal management of allergy clinics during the current COVID‐19 pandemic. These recommendations are grouped into nine sections on different relevant aspects for the care of patients with allergies.ConclusionsThis international Position Paper provides recommendations on operational plans and procedures to maintain high standards in the daily clinical care of allergic patients whilst ensuring necessary safety in the current COVID‐19 pandemic.
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- 2021
5. Automated COVID-19 diagnosis and prognosis with medical imaging and who is publishing: a systematic review
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Ashley G. Gillman, Febrio Lunardo, Joseph Prinable, Gregg Belous, Aaron Nicolson, Hang Min, Andrew Terhorst, and Jason A. Dowling
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Publishing ,Staging ,Radiological and Ultrasound Technology ,SARS-CoV-2 ,Biomedical Engineering ,Biophysics ,Chest X-ray ,COVID-19 ,Prognosis ,Coronavirus ,Radiography ,COVID-19 Testing ,Artificial Intelligence ,Diagnosis ,Humans ,Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and imaging ,Invited Review Paper ,Instrumentation ,Computed tomography ,Biotechnology - Abstract
Objectives: To conduct a systematic survey of published techniques for automated diagnosis and prognosis of COVID-19 diseases using medical imaging, assessing the validity of reported performance and investigating the proposed clinical use-case. To conduct a scoping review into the authors publishing such work. Methods: The Scopus database was queried and studies were screened for article type, and minimum source normalized impact per paper and citations, before manual relevance assessment and a bias assessment derived from a subset of the Checklist for Artificial Intelligence in Medical Imaging (CLAIM). The number of failures of the full CLAIM was adopted as a surrogate for risk-of-bias. Methodological and performance measurements were collected from each technique. Each study was assessed by one author. Comparisons were evaluated for significance with a two-sided independent t-test. Findings: Of 1002 studies identified, 390 remained after screening and 81 after relevance and bias exclusion. The ratio of exclusion for bias was 71%, indicative of a high level of bias in the field. The mean number of CLAIM failures per study was 8.3 ± 3.9 [1,17] (mean ± standard deviation [min,max]). 58% of methods performed diagnosis versus 31% prognosis. Of the diagnostic methods, 38% differentiated COVID-19 from healthy controls. For diagnostic techniques, area under the receiver operating curve (AUC) = 0.924 ± 0.074 [0.810,0.991] and accuracy = 91.7% ± 6.4 [79.0,99.0]. For prognostic techniques, AUC = 0.836 ± 0.126 [0.605,0.980] and accuracy = 78.4% ± 9.4 [62.5,98.0]. CLAIM failures did not correlate with performance, providing confidence that the highest results were not driven by biased papers. Deep learning techniques reported higher AUC (p
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- 2021
6. Automated COVID-19 diagnosis and prognosis with medical imaging and who is publishing: a systematic review
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Gillman, Ashley G., Lunardo, Febrio, Prinable, Joseph, Belous, Gregg, Nicolson, Aaron, Min, Hang, Terhorst, Andrew, and Dowling, Jason A.
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- 2022
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7. Current diagnostic and therapeutic strategies for COVID-19
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Meng Li Liu, Cheng Zhi Huang, and Bin Bin Chen
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medicine.medical_specialty ,Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) ,viruses ,Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) ,Pharmaceutical Science ,RM1-950 ,02 engineering and technology ,Pharmacy ,Diagnostic tools ,medicine.disease_cause ,01 natural sciences ,Analytical Chemistry ,Diagnosis ,Drug Discovery ,Pandemic ,Electrochemistry ,medicine ,Intensive care medicine ,Spectroscopy ,Coronavirus ,Review Paper ,SARS-CoV-2 ,Chemistry ,Public health ,010401 analytical chemistry ,COVID-19 ,virus diseases ,Outbreak ,021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology ,0104 chemical sciences ,Treatment ,Therapeutics. Pharmacology ,0210 nano-technology ,Viral illness - Abstract
The outbreak and spread of the novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) with pandemic features, which is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), have greatly threatened global public health. Given the perniciousness of COVID-19 pandemic, acquiring a deeper understanding of this viral illness is critical for the development of new vaccines and therapeutic options. In this review, we introduce the systematic evolution of coronaviruses and the structural characteristics of SARS-CoV-2. We also summarize the current diagnostic tools and therapeutic strategies for COVID-19., Graphical abstract Herein, we overview the structural characteristics of SARS-CoV-2, and focus on the current diagnostic tools and treatment strategies for COVID-19.Image 1, Highlights • We first introduce the systematics of coronaviruses (CoVs) and the structural characteristics of SARS-CoV-2. • We focused on the current developments in diagnostic strategies for COVID-19, including clinical diagnosis and laboratory diagnosis. • Finally, we discuss the mainly potential treatments for COVID-19, including antiviral agents and vaccines.
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- 2021
8. Self-assessment and deep learning-based coronavirus detection and medical diagnosis systems for healthcare
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Adi Alhudhaif, Gwanggil Jeon, Kashif Naseer Qureshi, Moazam Ali, and Maria Ahmed Qureshi
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Self-assessment ,Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) ,Computer Networks and Communications ,Computer science ,Application ,medicine.disease_cause ,Machine learning ,computer.software_genre ,Computer graphics ,Health care ,Special Issue Paper ,Diagnosis ,Media Technology ,medicine ,Disease ,Medical diagnosis ,Challenges ,Coronavirus ,Contextual image classification ,business.industry ,Deep learning ,Healthcare ,Systems ,Technologies ,Detection ,Hardware and Architecture ,Artificial intelligence ,business ,computer ,Software ,Information Systems - Abstract
Coronavirus is one of the serious threat and challenge for existing healthcare systems. Several prevention methods and precautions have been proposed by medical specialists to treat the virus and secure infected patients. Deep learning methods have been adopted for disease detection, especially for medical image classification. In this paper, we proposed a deep learning-based medical image classification for COVID-19 patients namely deep learning model for coronavirus (DLM-COVID-19). The proposed model improves the medical image classification and optimization for better disease diagnosis. This paper also proposes a mobile application for COVID-19 patient detection using a self-assessment test combined with medical expertise and diagnose and prevent the virus using the online system. The proposed deep learning model is evaluated with existing algorithms where it shows better performance in terms of sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy. Whereas the proposed application also helps to overcome the virus risk and spread.
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- 2020
9. A metaheuristic approach based on coronavirus herd immunity optimiser for breast cancer diagnosis
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Hosseinalipour, Ali, Ghanbarzadeh, Reza, Arasteh, Bahman, Soleimanian Gharehchopogh, Farhad, and Mirjalili, Seyedali
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- 2024
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10. Self-assessment and deep learning-based coronavirus detection and medical diagnosis systems for healthcare
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Qureshi, Kashif Naseer, Alhudhaif, Adi, Ali, Moazam, Qureshi, Maria Ahmed, and Jeon, Gwanggil
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- 2022
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11. Early cardiac involvement in patients with acute COVID-19 infection identified by multiparametric cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging
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Yu-Xin Shi, Luke D Wesemann, Jianrong Xu, Nannan Shi, Dong-Aolei An, Lian-Ming Wu, Fei Shan, Bing-Hua Chen, Jiani Hu, and Chong-Wen Wu
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medicine.medical_specialty ,Necrosis ,Invited Editorial ,Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) ,diagnosis ,coronavirus ,Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Cine ,030204 cardiovascular system & hematology ,030218 nuclear medicine & medical imaging ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,Predictive Value of Tests ,Edema ,Internal medicine ,Troponin I ,Extracellular fluid ,medicine ,magnetic resonance imaging ,Humans ,Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and imaging ,AcademicSubjects/MED00200 ,Prospective Studies ,Original Paper ,medicine.diagnostic_test ,business.industry ,SARS-CoV-2 ,Myocardium ,COVID-19 ,Magnetic resonance imaging ,General Medicine ,Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction ,Myocarditis ,inflammation ,Case-Control Studies ,Cohort ,Cardiology ,medicine.symptom ,Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine ,business - Abstract
Aims In order to determine acute cardiac involvement in patients with COVID-19, we quantitatively evaluated tissue characteristics and mechanics by non-invasive cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) in a cohort of patients within the first 10 days of the onset of COVID symptoms. Methods and results Twenty-five patients with reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction confirmed COVID-19 and at least one marker of cardiac involvement [cardiac symptoms, abnormal electrocardiograph (ECG), or abnormal cardiac biomarkers] and 25 healthy age- and gender-matched control subjects were recruited to the study. Patients were divided into those with elevated (n = 8) or normal TnI (n = 17). There were significant differences in global longitudinal strain among patients who were positive and negative for hs-TnI, and controls [−12.3 (−13.3, −11.5)%, −13.1 (−14.2, −9.8)%, and −15.7 (−18.3, −12.7)%, P = 0.004]. Native myocardial T1 relaxation times in patients with positive and negative hs-TnI manifestation (1169.8 ± 12.9 and 1113.2 ± 31.2 ms) were significantly higher than the normal (1065 ± 57 ms) subjects, respectively (P Conclusion In patients with early-stage COVID-19, myocardial oedema, and functional abnormalities are a frequent finding, while irreversible regional injury such as necrosis may be infrequent.
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- 2021
12. Development of a novel detection system for microbes from bovine diarrhea by real-time PCR
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Tetsuya Mizutani, Mami Oba, Tetsuya Furuya, Tsuneyuki Masuda, Satoshi Sugimura, Shuhei Kanda, Suguru Kobayashi, Natsumi Komatsu, Makoto Nagai, Yukie Katayama, Tsutomu Omatsu, Tadashi Yokoyama, and Shinobu Tsuchiaka
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Diarrhea ,0301 basic medicine ,diagnosis ,040301 veterinary sciences ,030106 microbiology ,Torovirus ,Cattle Diseases ,Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction ,medicine.disease_cause ,0403 veterinary science ,03 medical and health sciences ,Virology ,TaqMan ,medicine ,Animals ,Feces ,Coronavirus ,Bovine coronavirus ,Coronavirus, Bovine ,Full Paper ,General Veterinary ,biology ,Torovirus Infections ,04 agricultural and veterinary sciences ,biology.organism_classification ,TaqMan real-time PCR ,Real-time polymerase chain reaction ,cattle ,Female ,medicine.symptom ,Coronavirus Infections ,Bacteria - Abstract
Diarrhea in cattle is one of the most economically costly disorders, decreasing milk production and weight gain. In the present study, we established a novel simultaneous detection system using TaqMan real-time PCR designed as a system for detection of microbes from bovine diarrhea using real-time PCR (referred to as Dembo-PCR). Dembo-PCR simultaneously detects a total of 19 diarrhea-causing pathogens, including viruses, bacteria and protozoa. Specific primer-probe sets were newly designed for 7 pathogens and were synthesized on the basis of previous reports for 12 pathogens. Assays were optimized to react under the same reaction conditions. The PCR efficiency and correlation coefficient (R(2)) of standard curves for each assay were more than 80% and 0.9766, respectively. Furthermore, the sensitivity of Dembo-PCR in fecal sample analysis was measured with feces spiked with target pathogens or synthesized DNA that included specific nucleotide target regions. The resulting limits of detection (LOD) for virus-spiked samples, bacteria and DNA fragments were 0.16-1.6 TCID50 (PFU/reaction), 1.3-13 CFU/reaction and 10-100 copies/reaction, respectively. All reactions showed high sensitivity in pathogen detection. A total of 8 fecal samples, collected from 6 diarrheic cattle, 1 diarrheic calf and 1 healthy cow, were tested using Dembo-PCR to validate the assay's clinical performance. The results revealed that bovine coronavirus had infected all diarrheic adult cattle and that bovine torovirus had infected the diarrheic calf. These results suggest that Dembo-PCR may be a powerful tool for diagnosing infectious agents in cattle diarrhea.
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- 2016
13. COVID-ConvNet: A Convolutional Neural Network Classifier for Diagnosing COVID-19 Infection.
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Alablani, Ibtihal A. L. and Alenazi, Mohammed J. F.
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CONVOLUTIONAL neural networks ,COVID-19 ,SARS-CoV-2 ,CORONAVIRUS diseases ,DEEP learning ,DIAGNOSIS - Abstract
The novel coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic still has a significant impact on the worldwide population's health and well-being. Effective patient screening, including radiological examination employing chest radiography as one of the main screening modalities, is an important step in the battle against the disease. Indeed, the earliest studies on COVID-19 found that patients infected with COVID-19 present with characteristic anomalies in chest radiography. In this paper, we introduce COVID-ConvNet, a deep convolutional neural network (DCNN) design suitable for detecting COVID-19 symptoms from chest X-ray (CXR) scans. The proposed deep learning (DL) model was trained and evaluated using 21,165 CXR images from the COVID-19 Database, a publicly available dataset. The experimental results demonstrate that our COVID-ConvNet model has a high prediction accuracy at 97.43% and outperforms recent related works by up to 5.9% in terms of prediction accuracy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2023
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14. COVID‐19 and the emergency presentation of colorectal cancer.
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Shinkwin, Michael, Silva, Louise, Vogel, Irene, Reeves, Nicola, Cornish, Julie, Horwood, James, Davies, Michael M, Torkington, Jared, and Ansell, James
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COLORECTAL cancer ,COVID-19 pandemic ,LARGE intestine ,COVID-19 ,DIAGNOSIS ,SURGICAL emergencies - Abstract
Aim: The COVID‐19 pandemic led to widespread disruption of colorectal cancer services during 2020. Established cancer referral pathways were modified in response to reduced diagnostic availability. The aim of this paper is to assess the impact of COVID‐19 on colorectal cancer referral, presentation and stage. Methods: This was a single centre, retrospective cohort study performed at a tertiary referral centre. Patients diagnosed and managed with colorectal adenocarcinoma between January and December 2020 were compared with patients from 2018 and 2019 in terms of demographics, mode of presentation and pathological cancer staging. Results: In all, 272 patients were diagnosed with colorectal adenocarcinoma during 2020 compared with 282 in 2019 and 257 in 2018. Patients in all years were comparable for age, gender and tumour location (P > 0.05). There was a significant decrease in urgent suspected cancer referrals, diagnostic colonoscopy and radiological imaging performed between March and June 2020 compared with previous years. More patients presented as emergencies (P = 0.03) with increased rates of large bowel obstruction in 2020 compared with 2018–2019 (P = 0.01). The distribution of TNM grade was similar across the 3 years but more T4 cancers were diagnosed in 2020 versus 2018–2019 (P = 0.03). Conclusion: This study demonstrates that a relatively short‐term impact on the colorectal cancer referral pathway can have significant consequences on patient presentation leading to higher risk emergency presentation and surgery at a more advanced stage. It is therefore critical that efforts are made to make this pathway more robust to minimize the impact of other future adverse events and to consolidate the benefits of earlier diagnosis and treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2021
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15. Case report and systematic review suggest that children may experience similar long-term effects to adults after clinical COVID-19.
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Ludvigsson, Jonas F.
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POST-acute COVID-19 syndrome ,JUVENILE diseases ,SYMPTOMS ,PALPITATION ,SCIENCE databases ,DIAGNOSIS - Abstract
Aim: Persistent symptoms in adults after COVID-19 are emerging and the term long COVID is increasingly appearing in the literature. However, paediatric data are scarce.Methods: This paper contains a case report of five Swedish children and the long-term symptoms reported by their parents. It also includes a systematic literature review of the MEDLINE, EMBASE and Web of Science databases and the medRxiv/bioRxiv pre-print servers up to 2 November 2020.Results: The five children with potential long COVID had a median age of 12 years (range 9-15) and four were girls. They had symptoms for 6-8 months after their clinical diagnoses of COVID-19. None were hospitalised at diagnosis, but one was later admitted for peri-myocarditis. All five children had fatigue, dyspnoea, heart palpitations or chest pain, and four had headaches, difficulties concentrating, muscle weakness, dizziness and sore throats. Some had improved after 6-8 months, but they all suffered from fatigue and none had fully returned to school. The systematic review identified 179 publications and 19 of these were deemed relevant and read in detail. None contained any information on long COVID in children.Conclusion: Children may experience similar long COVID symptoms to adults and females may be more affected. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2021
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16. COVID-19 Diagnosis Applied DWT and CNN on X-ray Chest Images.
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Al-Ani, Muzhir Shaban, Al-Shayea, Qeethara, Al-Barzinji, Shokhan M., Al-Ani, Dimah Mezher Shaban, and Al-Ani, Zainab Mezher Shaban
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COVID-19 testing ,CONVOLUTIONAL neural networks ,DISCRETE wavelet transforms ,COMPUTED tomography ,SOCIAL impact ,ECONOMIC impact - Abstract
Background: Medical images have many important applications, and this importance increased when the emergence of the COVID-19 pandemic. These applications have been focused on computed tomography chest images and X-ray images. This research will focus on special X-ray medical image applications of coronavirus (COVID-19). Methods: Many methods are applied on medical images to achieve certain features. The designed approach is implemented through many steps starting from preprocessing up to classification step. The proposed approach focusing on generating efficient features using discrete wavelet transform (DWT) then applying convolutional neural network (CNN) to classify between normal and abnormal COVID-19. Results: The COVID-19 diagnosis approach is implemented to achieve high performance system. The obtained result of COVID-19 diagnosis applied CNN tool leading to validation accuracy of 92.31%. Conclusion: Hybridizing two technologies (DWT and CNN) is intended to reach the best results in the diagnostic process. In addition, X-ray chest image is an important tool for detection and diagnosis of COVID-19 diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2023
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17. COVID-19 detection with X-ray images by using transfer learning.
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Mahanty, Chandrakanta, Kumar, Raghvendra, Mishra, Brojo Kishore, and Barna, Cornel
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COVID-19 ,MIDDLE East respiratory syndrome ,X-ray imaging ,X-ray detection ,DIAGNOSIS ,COVID-19 pandemic ,COMMON cold - Abstract
Coronavirus is an infectious disease induced by extreme acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2. Novel coronaviruses can lead to mild to serious symptoms, like tiredness, nausea, fever, dry cough and breathlessness. Coronavirus symptoms are close to influenza, pneumonia and common cold. So Coronavirus can only be confirmed with a diagnostic test. 218 countries and territories worldwide have reported a total of 59.6 million active cases of the COVID-19 and 1.4 million deaths as of November 24, 2020. Rapid, accurate and early medical diagnosis of the disease is vital at this stage. Researchers analyzed the CT and X-ray findings from a large number of patients with coronavirus pneumonia to draw their conclusions. In this paper, we applied Support Vector Machine (SVM) classifier. After that we moved on to deep transfer learning models such as VGG16 and Xception which are implemented using Keras and Tensor flow to detect positive coronavirus patient using X-ray images. VGG16 and Xception show better performances as compared to SVM. In our work, Xception gained an accuracy of 97.46% with 98% f-score. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2022
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18. Exploring The Application of Artificial Intelligence And Machine Learning To Combat Covid-19 And Implication On Health Services.
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Mishra, Nirbhay Kumar, Gandhi, Savleen Singh, and Baba, Misha Hamid
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MACHINE learning , *ARTIFICIAL intelligence , *MEDICAL care , *SARS-CoV-2 , *COVID-19 - Abstract
Novel coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic, has raised a serious situation across world human population and has become serious threat as contagious outbreak. This paper aims to overview the recently intelligent systems based on Artificial Intelligence using different medical imaging modalities like Computer Tomography (CT) and X-ray. This paper specifically discusses the machine learning techniques developed for COVID-19 diagnosis and provides insights on well-known data sets used to train these AI based networks. It also highlights the use of AI in COVID detection and classification at faster process where normal COVID testing takes couple of days to produce. Finally, we conclude by addressing the challenges associated with the use of Machine Leaming methods for COVID-19 detection and probable future trends in this research area. This paper is intended to provide experts (medical or otherwise) and technicians with new insights into the ways machine learning techniques are used and how they potentially further work in com batting the outbreak of CO VID-19. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2022
19. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): an evidence map of medical literature.
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Liu, Nan, Chee, Marcel Lucas, Niu, Chenglin, Pek, Pin Pin, Siddiqui, Fahad Javaid, Ansah, John Pastor, Matchar, David Bruce, Lam, Sean Shao Wei, Abdullah, Hairil Rizal, Chan, Angelique, Malhotra, Rahul, Graves, Nicholas, Koh, Mariko Siyue, Yoon, Sungwon, Ho, Andrew Fu Wah, Ting, Daniel Shu Wei, Low, Jenny Guek Hong, and Ong, Marcus Eng Hock
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COVID-19 ,MEDICAL literature ,COVID-19 pandemic ,DISEASE mapping ,DIAGNOSIS - Abstract
Background: Since the beginning of the COVID-19 outbreak in December 2019, a substantial body of COVID-19 medical literature has been generated. As of June 2020, gaps and longitudinal trends in the COVID-19 medical literature remain unidentified, despite potential benefits for research prioritisation and policy setting in both the COVID-19 pandemic and future large-scale public health crises.Methods: In this paper, we searched PubMed and Embase for medical literature on COVID-19 between 1 January and 24 March 2020. We characterised the growth of the early COVID-19 medical literature using evidence maps and bibliometric analyses to elicit cross-sectional and longitudinal trends and systematically identify gaps.Results: The early COVID-19 medical literature originated primarily from Asia and focused mainly on clinical features and diagnosis of the disease. Many areas of potential research remain underexplored, such as mental health, the use of novel technologies and artificial intelligence, pathophysiology of COVID-19 within different body systems, and indirect effects of COVID-19 on the care of non-COVID-19 patients. Few articles involved research collaboration at the international level (24.7%). The median submission-to-publication duration was 8 days (interquartile range: 4-16).Conclusions: Although in its early phase, COVID-19 research has generated a large volume of publications. However, there are still knowledge gaps yet to be filled and areas for improvement for the global research community. Our analysis of early COVID-19 research may be valuable in informing research prioritisation and policy planning both in the current COVID-19 pandemic and similar global health crises. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2020
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20. AI aiding in diagnosing, tracking recovery of COVID-19 using deep learning on Chest CT scans
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Kuchana, Maheshwar, Srivastava, Amritesh, Das, Ronald, Mathew, Justin, Mishra, Atul, and Khatter, Kiran
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- 2021
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21. Novel coronavirus (COVID-19) diagnosis using computer vision and artificial intelligence techniques: a review.
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Bhargava, Anuja and Bansal, Atul
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ARTIFICIAL intelligence ,SARS-CoV-2 ,COMPUTER vision ,COVID-19 ,DIAGNOSIS ,MIDDLE East respiratory syndrome - Abstract
The universal transmission of pandemic COVID-19 (Coronavirus) causes an immediate need to commit in the fight across the whole human population. The emergencies for human health care are limited for this abrupt outbreak and abandoned environment. In this situation, inventive automation like computer vision (machine learning, deep learning, artificial intelligence), medical imaging (computed tomography, X-Ray) has developed an encouraging solution against COVID-19. In recent months, different techniques using image processing are done by various researchers. In this paper, a major review on image acquisition, segmentation, diagnosis, avoidance, and management are presented. An analytical comparison of the various proposed algorithm by researchers for coronavirus has been carried out. Also, challenges and motivation for research in the future to deal with coronavirus are indicated. The clinical impact and use of computer vision and deep learning were discussed and we hope that dermatologists may have better understanding of these areas from the study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2021
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22. Chest radiograph classification and severity of suspected COVID-19 by different radiologist groups and attending clinicians: multi-reader, multi-case study
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Nair, Arjun, Procter, Alexander, Halligan, Steve, Parry, Thomas, Ahmed, Asia, Duncan, Mark, Taylor, Magali, Chouhan, Manil, Gaunt, Trevor, Roberts, James, van Vucht, Niels, Campbell, Alan, Davis, Laura May, Jacob, Joseph, Hubbard, Rachel, Kumar, Shankar, Said, Ammaarah, Chan, Xinhui, Cutfield, Tim, Luintel, Akish, Marks, Michael, Stone, Neil, and Mallet, Sue
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- 2023
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23. Advanced Plasmonic Nanoparticle-Based Techniques for the Prevention, Detection, and Treatment of Current COVID-19
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Yakoubi, Afef and Dhafer, Cyrine El Baher
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- 2023
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24. Serological tests for COVID‐19: Potential opportunities.
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Tantuoyir, Marcarious M. and Rezaei, Nima
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IMMUNOGLOBULIN M ,COVID-19 testing ,SERODIAGNOSIS ,VIRAL antibodies ,VIRAL antigens ,IMMUNOGLOBULIN G - Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) is a novel betacoronavirus, caused a pandemic leading to a standstill of nearly all global activities. There are some controversies on the production of specific immunoglobulin M (IgM) and IgG antibodies after the infection with SARS‐CoV‐2. This paper seeks to elaborate on the potential application of IgM and IgG antibodies and the viral antigens for the diagnosis and the course of the disease as well as the recurrence of positive nucleic acid tests after discharge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2021
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25. OptCoNet: an optimized convolutional neural network for an automatic diagnosis of COVID-19.
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Goel, Tripti, Murugan, R., Mirjalili, Seyedali, and Chakrabartty, Deba Kumar
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CONVOLUTIONAL neural networks ,COVID-19 ,COVID-19 testing ,X-ray imaging ,AUTOMATIC identification ,DIAGNOSIS - Abstract
The quick spread of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) has become a global concern and affected more than 15 million confirmed patients as of July 2020. To combat this spread, clinical imaging, for example, X-ray images, can be utilized for diagnosis. Automatic identification software tools are essential to facilitate the screening of COVID-19 using X-ray images. This paper aims to classify COVID-19, normal, and pneumonia patients from chest X-ray images. As such, an Optimized Convolutional Neural network (OptCoNet) is proposed in this work for the automatic diagnosis of COVID-19. The proposed OptCoNet architecture is composed of optimized feature extraction and classification components. The Grey Wolf Optimizer (GWO) algorithm is used to optimize the hyperparameters for training the CNN layers. The proposed model is tested and compared with different classification strategies utilizing an openly accessible dataset of COVID-19, normal, and pneumonia images. The presented optimized CNN model provides accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, precision, and F1 score values of 97.78%, 97.75%, 96.25%, 92.88%, and 95.25%, respectively, which are better than those of state-of-the-art models. This proposed CNN model can help in the automatic screening of COVID-19 patients and decrease the burden on medicinal services frameworks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2021
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26. Olfactory dysfunction in COVID-19.
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Janowiak-Majeranowska, Aleksandra and Skorek, Andrzej
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COVID-19 pandemic ,SMELL disorders ,GLOBALIZATION ,PATHOLOGICAL physiology ,DIAGNOSIS - Abstract
Copyright of Polish Otorhinolaryngological Review / Polski Przegląd Otorynolaryngologiczny (Index Copernicus) is the property of Index Copernicus International and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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- 2020
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27. Definition and retrospective application of a clinical scoring system for COVID-19 triage at presentation.
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Duan, Jun, Liang, Mei, Li, Yongpu, Wu, Dan, Chen, Ying, Gao, Shui, Jia, Ping, Yang, Mei, Xia, Wei, Wu, Xiaolan, Li, Quan, Zuo, Fulin, Zhang, Yahong, He, Yongfang, Nie, Jianghua, Zhou, Wenxiu, Fu, Xueqin, Peng, Xiaobin, Ma, Zhoujun, and Fu, Xiaofeng
- Subjects
COVID-19 ,REVERSE transcriptase polymerase chain reaction ,RECEIVER operating characteristic curves - Abstract
Background: A simple scoring system for triage of suspected patients with COVID-19 is lacking. Methods: A multi-disciplinary team developed a screening score taking into account epidemiology history, clinical feature, radiographic feature, and routine blood test. At fever clinics, the screening score was used to identify the patients with moderate to high probability of COVID-19 among all the suspected patients. The patients with moderate to high probability of COVID-19 were allocated to a single room in an isolation ward with level-3 protection. And those with low probability were allocated to a single room in a general ward with level-2 protection. At the isolation ward, the screening score was used to identify the confirmed and probable cases after two consecutive real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) tests. The data in the People's Hospital of Changshou District were used for internal validation and those in the People's Hospital of Yubei District for external validation. Results: We enrolled 76 and 40 patients for internal and external validation, respectively. In the internal validation cohort, the area under the curve of receiver operating characteristics (AUC) was 0.96 [95% confidence interval (CI): 0.89–0.99] for the diagnosis of moderate to high probability of cases among all the suspected patients. Using 60 as cut-off value, the sensitivity and specificity were 88% and 93%, respectively. In the isolation ward, the AUC was 0.94 (95% CI: 0.83–0.99) for the diagnosis of confirmed and probable cases. Using 90 as cut-off value, the sensitivity and specificity were 78% and 100%, respectively. These results were confirmed in the validation cohort. Conclusion: The scoring system provides a reference on COVID-19 triage in fever clinics to reduce misdiagnosis and consumption of protective supplies. The reviews of this paper are available via the supplemental material section. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2020
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28. A comprehensive update on CIDO: the community-based coronavirus infectious disease ontology
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He, Yongqun, Yu, Hong, Huffman, Anthony, Lin, Asiyah Yu, Natale, Darren A., Beverley, John, Zheng, Ling, Perl, Yehoshua, Wang, Zhigang, Liu, Yingtong, Ong, Edison, Wang, Yang, Huang, Philip, Tran, Long, Du, Jinyang, Shah, Zalan, Shah, Easheta, Desai, Roshan, Huang, Hsin-hui, Tian, Yujia, Merrell, Eric, Duncan, William D., Arabandi, Sivaram, Schriml, Lynn M., Zheng, Jie, Masci, Anna Maria, Wang, Liwei, Liu, Hongfang, Smaili, Fatima Zohra, Hoehndorf, Robert, Pendlington, Zoë May, Roncaglia, Paola, Ye, Xianwei, Xie, Jiangan, Tang, Yi-Wei, Yang, Xiaolin, Peng, Suyuan, Zhang, Luxia, Chen, Luonan, Hur, Junguk, Omenn, Gilbert S., Athey, Brian, and Smith, Barry
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- 2022
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29. A Review on Deep Learning Techniques for the Diagnosis of Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19)
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Md. Milon Islam, Fakhri Karray, Reda Alhajj, and Jia Zeng
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Coronavirus ,COVID-19 ,deep learning ,deep transfer learning ,diagnosis ,x-ray ,Electrical engineering. Electronics. Nuclear engineering ,TK1-9971 - Abstract
Novel coronavirus (COVID-19) outbreak, has raised a calamitous situation all over the world and has become one of the most acute and severe ailments in the past hundred years. The prevalence rate of COVID-19 is rapidly rising every day throughout the globe. Although no vaccines for this pandemic have been discovered yet, deep learning techniques proved themselves to be a powerful tool in the arsenal used by clinicians for the automatic diagnosis of COVID-19. This paper aims to overview the recently developed systems based on deep learning techniques using different medical imaging modalities like Computer Tomography (CT) and X-ray. This review specifically discusses the systems developed for COVID-19 diagnosis using deep learning techniques and provides insights on well-known data sets used to train these networks. It also highlights the data partitioning techniques and various performance measures developed by researchers in this field. A taxonomy is drawn to categorize the recent works for proper insight. Finally, we conclude by addressing the challenges associated with the use of deep learning methods for COVID-19 detection and probable future trends in this research area. The aim of this paper is to facilitate experts (medical or otherwise) and technicians in understanding the ways deep learning techniques are used in this regard and how they can be potentially further utilized to combat the outbreak of COVID-19.
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- 2021
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30. Advancement in Nanomaterials for Rapid Sensing, Diagnosis, and Prevention of COVID-19.
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Das, Dipak Kumar, Kumar, Anuj, and Vashistha, Vinod Kumar
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COVID-19 , *MIDDLE East respiratory syndrome , *SYMPTOMS , *DIAGNOSIS , *NANOSTRUCTURED materials - Abstract
During last two decades, the biggest global epidemic had been associated with middle east respiratory syndrome, severe acute respiratory syndrome, and novel coronavirus-19 (COVID-19) with clinical symptoms of bronchitis, pneumonia, and fetal respiratory illness. Infection caused by COVID-19 initially assumed to be milder in nature but consequently spreading across the globe and devastating mortality rate rapidly made it a pandemic. Having enormous challenges, many significant issues are yet to be addressed. Scientific community is engaged in designing and developing effective nano-biosensors for the quick detection of COVID-19, easy diagnosis as well as absolute tracking of infected population in order to prevent pandemic outbreak further. In this paper, key stages like suppressing the immune response of COVID-19 patients, diagnosis of COVID-19, and prevention of COVID-19 using nanomaterials have been discussed. Further, the unresolved challenges and drawbacks toward treatments and vaccine development at the earliest to win over this war have also been critically discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2021
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31. An Intelligent and Energy-Efficient Wireless Body Area Network to Control Coronavirus Outbreak.
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Bilandi, Naveen, Verma, Harsh K., and Dhir, Renu
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COVID-19 , *BODY area networks , *COVID-19 pandemic , *MEDICAL technology , *DIAGNOSIS , *SUPPORT vector machines - Abstract
The coronaviruses are a deadly family of epidemic viruses that can spread from one individual to another very quickly, infecting masses. The literature on epidemics indicates that the early diagnosis of a coronavirus infection can lead to a reduction in mortality rates. To prevent coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) from spreading, the regular identification and monitoring of infected patients are needed. In this regard, wireless body area networks (WBANs) can be used in conjunction with machine learning and the Internet of Things (IoT) to identify and monitor the human body for health-related information, which in turn can aid in the early diagnosis of diseases. This paper proposes a novel coronavirus-body area network (CoV-BAN) model based on IoT technology as a real-time health monitoring system for the detection of the early stages of coronavirus infection using a number of wearable biosensors to examine the health status of the patient. The proposed CoV-BAN model is tested with five machine learning-based classification methods, including random forest, logistic regression, Naive Bayes, support vector machine and multi-layer perceptron classifiers, to optimize the accuracy of the diagnosis of COVID-19. For the long-term sustainability of the sensor devices, the development of energy-efficient WBAN is critical. To address this issue, a long-range (LoRa)-based IoT program is used to receive biosensor signals from the patient and transmit them to the cloud directly for monitoring. The experimental results indicate that the proposed model using the random forest classifier outperforms models using the other classifiers, with an average accuracy of 88.6%. In addition, power consumption is reduced when LoRa technology is used as a relay node. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2021
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32. Radiology department preventive and control measures and work plan during COVID-19 epidemic-experience from Wuhan
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Long, Xi, Zhang, Lijie, Alwalid, Osamah, Lei, Ziqiao, Liang, Bo, Shi, Heshui, Zheng, Chuansheng, and Yang, Fan
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- 2021
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33. Investigating methods for Coronavirus Disease 2019 control: A systematic review.
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Esteki, Razieh, Asgari, Narges, Ghomi, Robabeh, Biyabanaki, Fereshte, Hajheidari, Atiyeh, and Nasirinasab, Fahime
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COVID-19 , *EMERGING infectious diseases , *PREVENTIVE medicine , *INFECTIOUS disease transmission , *DIAGNOSIS - Abstract
Introduction: The Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID 19) epidemic began in December 2019 in China and caused major concern. But no systematic review of COVID-19 infection control has been published. Aim: The aim of this study is to determine the COVID-19 disease control methods. Material and methods : We performed a systematic review of the literature using the keywords: 'coronavirus' and '2020,' 'COVID-19' in databases including ScienceDirect, PubMed, Springer and Scopus from January 1, 2020 to February 23, 2020. All observational studies, as well as case reports and editorials that were published in English were included. Data on the disease control methods of COVID- 19 were extracted by two researchers. Results and discussion: The preliminary search result was about 131 articles; 38 articles were retrieved for full-text screening, after screening articles by title and abstract. Finally, 17 papers having the study inclusion criteria were selected. Disease control is possible at three levels of prevention, diagnosis and treatment. Conclusions : COVID-19 is a new clinical infectious disease that can be controlled by adopting measures to prevent, diagnose and treat the disease. Further studies are needed to elucidate factors that may be effective in controlling the spread of the disease during recovery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2021
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34. Analysis of Recent Bio-/Nanotechnologies for Coronavirus Diagnosis and Therapy.
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Rhouati, Amina, Teniou, Ahlem, Badea, Mihaela, and Marty, Jean Louis
- Abstract
Despite barrier measures and physical distancing tailored by the populations worldwide, coronavirus continues to spread causing severe health and social-economic problems. Therefore, researchers are focusing on developing efficient detection and therapeutic platforms for SARS-CoV2. In this context, various biotechnologies, based on novel molecules targeting the virus with high specificity and affinity, have been described. In parallel, new approaches exploring nanotechnology have been proposed for enhancing treatments and diagnosis. We discuss in the first part of this review paper, the different biosensing and rapid tests based on antibodies, nucleic acids and peptide probes described since the beginning of the pandemic. Furthermore, given their numerous advantages, the contribution of nanotechnologies is also highlighted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2021
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35. Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus: Update for Clinicians.
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Rasmussen, Sonja A., Gerber, Susan I., and Swerdlow, David L.
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MIDDLE East respiratory syndrome ,TRAVEL hygiene ,MIDDLE East respiratory syndrome transmission ,NOSOCOMIAL infection prevention ,MERS coronavirus ,PUBLIC health ,PREVENTION ,DIAGNOSIS - Abstract
Although much recent focus has been on the recognition of Ebola virus disease among travelers from West Africa, cases of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), including travel-associated cases, continue to be reported. US clinicians need to be familiar with recommendations regarding when to suspect MERS-CoV, how to make a diagnosis, and what infection control measures need to be instituted when a case is suspected. Infection control is especially critical, given that most cases have been healthcare-associated. Two cases of MERS-CoV were identified in the United States in May 2014; because these cases were detected promptly and appropriate control measures were put in place quickly, no secondary cases occurred. This paper summarizes information that US clinicians need to know to prevent secondary cases of MERS-CoV from occurring in the United States. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2015
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36. The SARS-CoV-2 outbreak: What we know.
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Wu, Di, Wu, Tiantian, Liu, Qun, and Yang, Zhicong
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COVID-19 , *VIRAL transmission , *EPIDEMIOLOGY - Abstract
• The latest summary of the COVID-19 outbreak in China; • There might be an oral-fecal transmission of the virus; • Aggregates and consolidates the epidemiology, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, treatments and preventions of this new type of coronavirus. There is a current worldwide outbreak of the novel coronavirus Covid-19 (coronavirus disease 2019; the pathogen called SARS-CoV-2; previously 2019-nCoV), which originated from Wuhan in China and has now spread to 6 continents including 66 countries, as of 24:00 on March 2, 2020. Governments are under increased pressure to stop the outbreak from spiraling into a global health emergency. At this stage, preparedness, transparency, and sharing of information are crucial to risk assessments and beginning outbreak control activities. This information should include reports from outbreak site and from laboratories supporting the investigation. This paper aggregates and consolidates the epidemiology, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, treatments and preventions of this new type of coronavirus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2020
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37. Clinical display, diagnostics and genetic implication of Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19) epidemic.
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FOROUZESH, M., RAHIMI, A., VALIZADEH, R., DADASHZADEH, N., and MIRZAZADEH, A.
- Abstract
COVID-19 pandemic can cause irreparable damage to the involved society. This study aimed to provide a summary of the up-to-dated clinical display, diagnostics, molecular and genetic implications for COVID-19 infected patients. In this review, 73 research articles published before 25 March 2020 were analyzed to better understand the clinical characteristics of patients and to introduce the available serological, hematology and molecular diagnostic methods. Apart from articles extracted from PubMed and Google Scholar, WHO (https://www.who. int/), NHC (National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China (http://www.nhc.gov. cn/), NICE (National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence, https://www.nice.org.uk/), CDC (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, https://www.cdc.gov/), and National Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine (http://www. satcm.gov.cn/) were also accessed to search for eligible studies. Papers published between January 1, 2020, and 25 March 2020 were searched in English and the terms "2019-nCoV, Covid-19, Clinical Characteristics OR manifestation, method of detection, COVID-19 Genome and molecular test" were used. As the pandemic continues to evolve, there have been reports about the possibility of asymptomatic transmission of this newly emerged pneumonia virus. We highlighted the role of HLA haplotype in virus infection as HLA typing will provide susceptibility information for personalized prevention, diagnosis, and treatment in future studies. All the data in this article will assist researchers and clinicians to develop their clinical views regarding infected patients and to emphasize the origin of SARS-CoV-2 for diagnostics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2020
38. Concatenation of Pre-Trained Convolutional Neural Networks for Enhanced COVID-19 Screening Using Transfer Learning Technique.
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El Gannour, Oussama, Hamida, Soufiane, Cherradi, Bouchaib, Al-Sarem, Mohammed, Raihani, Abdelhadi, Saeed, Faisal, and Hadwan, Mohammed
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CONVOLUTIONAL neural networks ,MEDICAL screening ,DIAGNOSIS ,COVID-19 pandemic ,COVID-19 - Abstract
Coronavirus (COVID-19) is the most prevalent coronavirus infection with respiratory symptoms such as fever, cough, dyspnea, pneumonia, and weariness being typical in the early stages. On the other hand, COVID-19 has a direct impact on the circulatory and respiratory systems as it causes a failure to some human organs or severe respiratory distress in extreme circumstances. Early diagnosis of COVID-19 is extremely important for the medical community to limit its spread. For a large number of suspected cases, manual diagnostic methods based on the analysis of chest images are insufficient. Faced with this situation, artificial intelligence (AI) techniques have shown great potential in automatic diagnostic tasks. This paper aims at proposing a fast and precise medical diagnosis support system (MDSS) that can distinguish COVID-19 precisely in chest-X-ray images. This MDSS uses a concatenation technique that aims to combine pre-trained convolutional neural networks (CNN) depend on the transfer learning (TL) technique to build a highly accurate model. The models enable storage and application of knowledge learned from a pre-trained CNN to a new task, viz., COVID-19 case detection. For this purpose, we employed the concatenation method to aggregate the performances of numerous pre-trained models to confirm the reliability of the proposed method for identifying the patients with COVID-19 disease from X-ray images. The proposed system was trialed on a dataset that included four classes: normal, viral-pneumonia, tuberculosis, and COVID-19 cases. Various general evaluation methods were used to evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed model. The first proposed model achieved an accuracy rate of 99.80% while the second model reached an accuracy of 99.71%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2022
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39. Deciphering the role of Saliva in COVID 19: A global cross-sectional study on the knowledge, awareness and perception among dentists
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Kritika, Selvakumar, Mahalaxmi, Sekar, Srinivasan, N, and Krithikadatta, Jogikalmat
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- 2023
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40. Findings from Al Aqsa University in the Area of Coronavirus Reported (An Enhanced Binary Artificial Rabbits Optimization for Feature Selection In Medical Diagnosis).
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CORONAVIRUSES ,FEATURE selection ,DIAGNOSIS ,COVID-19 ,RABBITS - Abstract
In addition, the proposed algorithm was applied to detect coronavirus disease using a real COVID-19 dataset. Keywords: Gaza; State of Palestine; Algorithms; Coronavirus; RNA Viruses; Risk and Prevention; Viral; Virology EN Gaza State of Palestine Algorithms Coronavirus RNA Viruses Risk and Prevention Viral Virology 801 801 1 08/21/23 20230821 NES 230821 2023 AUG 27 (NewsRx) -- By a News Reporter-Staff News Editor at Respiratory Therapeutics Week -- Researchers detail new data in RNA Viruses - Coronavirus. [Extracted from the article]
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- 2023
41. A smart healthcare framework for detection and monitoring of COVID-19 using IoT and cloud computing.
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Nasser, Nidal, Emad-ul-Haq, Qazi, Imran, Muhammad, Ali, Asmaa, Razzak, Imran, and Al-Helali, Abdulaziz
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COVID-19 ,HEALTH facilities ,INTERNET of things ,INTELLIGENT sensors ,DIAGNOSIS ,CLOUD computing ,SCANNING systems - Abstract
Coronavirus (COVID-19) is a very contagious infection that has drawn the world's attention. Modeling such diseases can be extremely valuable in predicting their effects. Although classic statistical modeling may provide adequate models, it may also fail to understand the data's intricacy. An automatic COVID-19 detection system based on computed tomography (CT) scan or X-ray images is effective, but a robust system design is challenging. In this study, we propose an intelligent healthcare system that integrates IoT-cloud technologies. This architecture uses smart connectivity sensors and deep learning (DL) for intelligent decision-making from the perspective of the smart city. The intelligent system tracks the status of patients in real time and delivers reliable, timely, and high-quality healthcare facilities at a low cost. COVID-19 detection experiments are performed using DL to test the viability of the proposed system. We use a sensor for recording, transferring, and tracking healthcare data. CT scan images from patients are sent to the cloud by IoT sensors, where the cognitive module is stored. The system decides the patient status by examining the images of the CT scan. The DL cognitive module makes the real-time decision on the possible course of action. When information is conveyed to a cognitive module, we use a state-of-the-art classification algorithm based on DL, i.e., ResNet50, to detect and classify whether the patients are normal or infected by COVID-19. We validate the proposed system's robustness and effectiveness using two benchmark publicly available datasets (Covid-Chestxray dataset and Chex-Pert dataset). At first, a dataset of 6000 images is prepared from the above two datasets. The proposed system was trained on the collection of images from 80% of the datasets and tested with 20% of the data. Cross-validation is performed using a tenfold cross-validation technique for performance evaluation. The results indicate that the proposed system gives an accuracy of 98.6%, a sensitivity of 97.3%, a specificity of 98.2%, and an F1-score of 97.87%. Results clearly show that the accuracy, specificity, sensitivity, and F1-score of our proposed method are high. The comparison shows that the proposed system performs better than the existing state-of-the-art systems. The proposed system will be helpful in medical diagnosis research and healthcare systems. It will also support the medical experts for COVID-19 screening and lead to a precious second opinion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2023
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42. A State-of-the-Art Survey on Artificial Intelligence to Fight COVID-19.
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Islam, Md. Mohaimenul, Poly, Tahmina Nasrin, Alsinglawi, Belal, Lin, Ming Chin, Hsu, Min-Huei, Li, Yu-Chuan, and Racanelli, Vito
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COVID-19 ,ARTIFICIAL intelligence ,COVID-19 pandemic ,DIAGNOSIS ,DEEP learning - Abstract
Artificial intelligence (AI) has shown immense potential to fight COVID-19 in many ways. This paper focuses primarily on AI's role in managing COVID-19 using digital images, clinical and laboratory data analysis, and a summary of the most recent articles published last year. We surveyed the use of AI for COVID-19 detection, screening, diagnosis, the progression of severity, mortality, drug repurposing, and other tasks. We started with the technical overview of all models used to fight the COVID-19 pandemic and ended with a brief statement of the current state-of-the-art, limitations, and challenges. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2021
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43. On the Adoption of Radiomics and Formal Methods for COVID-19 Coronavirus Diagnosis.
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Santone, Antonella, Belfiore, Maria Paola, Mercaldo, Francesco, Varriano, Giulia, Brunese, Luca, and Soilleuxr, Elizabeth
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RADIOMICS ,COVID-19 testing ,COVID-19 ,SARS-CoV-2 ,COMPUTED tomography - Abstract
Considering the current pandemic, caused by the spreading of the novel Coronavirus disease, there is the urgent need for methods to quickly and automatically diagnose infection. To assist pathologists and radiologists in the detection of the novel coronavirus, in this paper we propose a two-tiered method, based on formal methods (to the best of authors knowledge never previously introduced in this context), aimed to (i) detect whether the patient lungs are healthy or present a generic pulmonary infection; (ii) in the case of the previous tier, a generic pulmonary disease is detected to identify whether the patient under analysis is affected by the novel Coronavirus disease. The proposed approach relies on the extraction of radiomic features from medical images and on the generation of a formal model that can be automatically checked using the model checking technique. We perform an experimental analysis using a set of computed tomography medical images obtained by the authors, achieving an accuracy of higher than 81% in disease detection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2021
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44. Research on Lung Diseases and Conditions Described by a Researcher at University Putra Malaysia (Acoustic-Based Deep Learning Architectures for Lung Disease Diagnosis: A Comprehensive Overview).
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LUNG diseases ,DEEP learning ,DIAGNOSIS ,RNA virus infections ,RESPIRATORY diseases - Abstract
Keywords: Coronavirus; Diagnostics and Screening; Health and Medicine; Lung Diseases and Conditions; RNA Viruses; Respiratory Tract Diseases and Conditions; Risk and Prevention; Viral; Virology EN Coronavirus Diagnostics and Screening Health and Medicine Lung Diseases and Conditions RNA Viruses Respiratory Tract Diseases and Conditions Risk and Prevention Viral Virology 1172 1172 1 06/05/23 20230606 NES 230606 2023 JUN 5 (NewsRx) -- By a News Reporter-Staff News Editor at Respiratory Therapeutics Week -- Investigators publish new report on lung diseases and conditions. Modern technological progress has guided the growth of computer-based respiratory speech investigation, a valuable tool for detecting lung abnormalities and diseases. [Extracted from the article]
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- 2023
45. Classification of Chest X-Ray Images to Diagnose COVID-19 Disease Through Transfer Learning
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Manubansh, Sameer, Vinay Kumar, N., Howlett, Robert J., Series Editor, Jain, Lakhmi C., Series Editor, Satapathy, Suresh Chandra, editor, Peer, Peter, editor, Tang, Jinshan, editor, Bhateja, Vikrant, editor, and Ghosh, Anumoy, editor
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- 2022
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46. COVID-19 and SARS-CoV-2: Everything we know so far – A comprehensive review
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Sumaira Naz, Riaz Ullah, Muhammad Umar Khayam Sahibzada, Ali S. Alqahtani, and Muhammad Zahoor
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medicine.medical_specialty ,diagnosis ,reinfection with covid-19 ,Disease ,medicine.disease_cause ,prevention and mitigation of covid-19 ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,Epidemiology ,Case fatality rate ,Pandemic ,Materials Chemistry ,medicine ,030212 general & internal medicine ,QD1-999 ,030304 developmental biology ,Coronavirus ,0303 health sciences ,treatment ,Chemistry ,business.industry ,Transmission (medicine) ,Outbreak ,General Chemistry ,Public relations ,risk factors and transmission of covid-19 ,and vaccine of covid-19 ,Review article ,covid-19 ,sars-cov-2 genome ,epidemiology ,pathogenesis and clinical features of covid-19 ,business - Abstract
Coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) emerged as a unique type of pneumonia outbreak in the Wuhan city of China in 2019 and spread to all its provinces in a matter of days and then to every continent of the world except Antarctica within 3–4 month. This paper aims to comprehensively consolidate the available information about COVID-19 and present all the possible information about this disease in form of a single paper to readers. Unparalleled research and exhaustive studies of everything about the disease and its causative virus, i.e., severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), are underway since its emergence. The genome sequence of the virus was made available within a record short time by China, making possible immediate study of its structure and characteristics. The routes of transmission of the disease, signs and symptoms, incubation period, pathogenesis, and pathophysiology have been extensively studied and presented in an organized way in this review paper. The number of confirmed cases and case fatality and mortality rates are updated regularly. The different diagnostic mechanisms have been characterized. Testing and management criteria and protocols have been adopted. Extensive efforts are underway for finding a treatment of the disease and developing a vaccine against it. A number of vaccines are available even in markets in different countries. More and more ways of personal protection, prevention, and mitigation of the disease are being explored and shared. While the outbreak has been declared as pandemic, the response of scientists was timely and enormous; thousands of publications about various aspects and impact of the diseases and its causative virus are there on the World Health Organization database and many more studies are underway. The purpose of writing this review article is to provide a comprehensive summary of the major aspects and important scientific findings so far, about COVID-19 and SARS-CoV-2, in a single article for ready reference.
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- 2021
47. COVID-19 Detection Mechanism in Vehicles Using a Deep Extreme Machine Learning Approach.
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Fatima, Areej, Shahzad, Tariq, Abbas, Sagheer, Rehman, Abdur, Saeed, Yousaf, Alharbi, Meshal, Khan, Muhammad Adnan, and Ouahada, Khmaies
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MACHINE learning ,COVID-19 pandemic ,COVID-19 ,VIRAL transmission ,DEEP learning - Abstract
COVID-19 is a rapidly spreading pandemic, and early detection is important to halting the spread of infection. Recently, the outbreak of this virus has severely affected people around the world with increasing death rates. The increased death rates are because of its spreading nature among people, mainly through physical interactions. Therefore, it is very important to control the spreading of the virus and detect people's symptoms during the initial stages so proper preventive measures can be taken in good time. In response to COVID-19, revolutionary automation such as deep learning, machine learning, image processing, and medical images such as chest radiography (CXR) and computed tomography (CT) have been developed in this environment. Currently, the coronavirus is identified via an RT-PCR test. Alternative solutions are required due to the lengthy moratorium period and the large number of false-negative estimations. To prevent the spreading of the virus, we propose the Vehicle-based COVID-19 Detection System to reveal the related symptoms of a person in the vehicles. Moreover, deep extreme machine learning is applied. The proposed system uses headaches, flu, fever, cough, chest pain, shortness of breath, tiredness, nasal congestion, diarrhea, breathing difficulty, and pneumonia. The symptoms are considered parameters to reveal the presence of COVID-19 in a person. Our proposed approach in Vehicles will make it easier for governments to perform COVID-19 tests timely in cities. Due to the ambiguous nature of symptoms in humans, we utilize fuzzy modeling for simulation. The suggested COVID-19 detection model achieved an accuracy of more than 90%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2023
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48. COVID-19: Specific and Non-Specific Clinical Manifestations and Symptoms: The Current State of Knowledge.
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Baj, Jacek, Karakuła-Juchnowicz, Hanna, Teresiński, Grzegorz, Buszewicz, Grzegorz, Ciesielka, Marzanna, Sitarz, Elżbieta, Forma, Alicja, Karakuła, Kaja, Flieger, Wojciech, Portincasa, Piero, and Maciejewski, Ryszard
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COVID-19 ,SYMPTOMS ,VIRUS diseases ,ADULT respiratory distress syndrome ,SMELL disorders - Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), due to the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), has become an epidemiological threat and a worldwide concern. SARS-CoV-2 has spread to 210 countries worldwide and more than 6,500,000 confirmed cases and 384,643 deaths have been reported, while the number of both confirmed and fatal cases is continually increasing. COVID-19 is a viral disease that can affect every age group—from infants to the elderly—resulting in a wide spectrum of various clinical manifestations. COVID-19 might present different degrees of severity—from mild or even asymptomatic carriers, even to fatal cases. The most common complications include pneumonia and acute respiratory distress syndrome. Fever, dry cough, muscle weakness, and chest pain are the most prevalent and typical symptoms of COVID-19. However, patients might also present atypical symptoms that can occur alone, which might indicate the possible SARS-CoV-2 infection. The aim of this paper is to review and summarize all of the findings regarding clinical manifestations of COVID-19 patients, which include respiratory, neurological, olfactory and gustatory, gastrointestinal, ophthalmic, dermatological, cardiac, and rheumatologic manifestations, as well as specific symptoms in pediatric patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2020
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49. Colorimetric and fluorometric reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification (RT-LAMP) assay for diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2
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Alhamid, Galyah, Tombuloglu, Huseyin, Motabagani, Dalal, Motabagani, Dana, Rabaan, Ali A., Unver, Kubra, Dorado, Gabriel, Al-Suhaimi, Ebtesam, and Unver, Turgay
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- 2022
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50. Applications of artificial intelligence in battling against covid-19: A literature review.
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Tayarani N., Mohammad-H.
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ARTIFICIAL intelligence , *COVID-19 , *DIAGNOSIS , *LITERATURE reviews , *COVID-19 treatment - Abstract
• A review on the applications of artificial intelligence on battling against covid-19 is performed. Colloquially known as coronavirus, the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome CoronaVirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), that causes CoronaVirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19), has become a matter of grave concern for every country around the world. The rapid growth of the pandemic has wreaked havoc and prompted the need for immediate reactions to curb the effects. To manage the problems, many research in a variety of area of science have started studying the issue. Artificial Intelligence is among the area of science that has found great applications in tackling the problem in many aspects. Here, we perform an overview on the applications of AI in a variety of fields including diagnosis of the disease via different types of tests and symptoms, monitoring patients, identifying severity of a patient, processing covid-19 related imaging tests, epidemiology, pharmaceutical studies, etc. The aim of this paper is to perform a comprehensive survey on the applications of AI in battling against the difficulties the outbreak has caused. Thus we cover every way that AI approaches have been employed and to cover all the research until the writing of this paper. We try organize the works in a way that overall picture is comprehensible. Such a picture, although full of details, is very helpful in understand where AI sits in current pandemonium. We also tried to conclude the paper with ideas on how the problems can be tackled in a better way and provide some suggestions for future works. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
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