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Energy is known as the lifeline of national development, and from the last decade or so, the security of human energy supply has been frequently disturbed by natural disasters due to global warming and frequent geological activities. In this paper, by combing the literature, we found that the past literature on the relationship between energy and natural disasters mainly focused on measuring energy consumption under natural disasters, but less on the integrated evaluation of human economic activities, energy security and natural disasters, and less on the evaluation of the energy governance efficiency of each provincial, municipal, and autonomous region government in preventing and managing exposure to natural disasters from the perspective of Chinese provinces. Therefore, in order to fill the gap in the literature in this field, this paper collects panel data of energy consumption efficiency stages and natural disaster treatment stages from 2013 to 2017 for 30 provinces in China (excluding Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan as well as Tibet Autonomous Region) and uses the two-stage undesirable dynamic DDF model as a framework to study the relationship between economic, environmental pollution and natural disasters for the sample data and to analyze the phase-by-phase evaluation of energy and natural disaster efficiency and make corresponding policy recommendations. The following conclusions are drawn: (1) The overall efficiency of China's eastern coastal provinces is higher than that of the central and western provinces. (2) The first-stage efficiency of Chinese provinces is better than the second stage, and the difference in efficiency of the first stage of each province is smaller than that of the second stage. (3) In terms of the efficiency of disaster prevention and relief inputs, the efficiency values are generally lower in most regions of China. (4) Finally, the annual efficiency of natural disaster losses is not high in all regions, and the efficiency values are higher in the eastern coastal regions than in the central and western regions. Accordingly, this paper proposes that each province should formulate relevant disaster prevention and economic development strategies according to regional characteristics, while the central government should also propose locally appropriate coordinated governance policies to effectively control carbon dioxide emissions and air pollution, as well as increase disaster prevention publicity and incorporate disaster prevention education-related work into the performance assessment mechanism of local governments to promote the interactive development of the two. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Agro-pastoral ecotone of northern China is the prominent area for agricultural production, but it is also the most typical ecological fragile area with frequent drought disasters. Taking Yulin City at Shaanxi Province in China as the case area, the paper aims to investigate the spatio-temporal changes of agricultural vulnerability to drought in China's agro-pastoral ecotone in the period 2000 to 2020. The results show that: 1) the agricultural vulnerability to drought in Yulin City has shifted from high vulnerability in the period 2000–2010 to low vulnerability in the period 2011–2020. 2) There exist obvious spatio-temporal differences of the agricultural vulnerability to drought in Yulin City during the research period. 3) Four sensitive events and 14 resilient events were identified in the research and the crops of Yulin had become more resilient to drought. Finally, the paper put forward with policy implications to make adaptive strategies of agriculture to climate change in China's agro-pastoral ecotone in the future, e.g., carrying out agricultural zoning based on agricultural production conditions, intensifying the construction of disaster prevention and relief system, and integrating with modern agricultural technology to develop new type agriculture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, for the engineering problem of tunnel deformation damage caused by a tunnel–landslide orthogonal system landslide in northwest China, based on similar theory, a variety of materials and their ratios were explored to make similar models according to the physical and mechanical parameters of the site engineering rock, indoor physical model tests were constructed, and monitoring techniques, such as speckle displacement strain measurement, strain acquisition, and pressure sensors, were used to test the macroscopic deformation characteristics; through the detailed analysis and law summary of the test macroscopic deformation characteristics, displacement, anchor cable axial force, and strain data, it was finally found that under the orthogonal system of tunnel and sliding surface, the damage form of tunnel lining is mainly compression damage and shear damage, and the cracks are mainly tension cracks, and the effect of tunnel primary lining on the surrounding rock support is extremely limited under the action of huge sliding force; combined with the analysis of the model deformation characteristics and the axial force curve of the anchor cable during loading, it was found that the axial force change curve is consistent with the NPR Newton force curve can be used to evaluate slope stability and predict the occurrence of landslide disasters. Highlights: This paper focuses on the tunnel and surrounding rock damage evolution characteristics under tunnel–landslide orthogonal and tunnel crossing sliding surface conditions. The evolution of displacement field, NPR anchor cable axial force, and strain field were revealed using indoor large similar physical model test. The mechanism of tunnel–landslide interaction within the slope and the deformation and damage characteristics of the tunnel surrounding rock were analyzed to reveal the slope deformation law under different loads. The stress change law of constant-resistance large deformation anchor cable (NPR anchor cable) is explored, and a landslide warning mechanism based on constant-resistance large deformation anchor cable is established. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the development of earthquake disaster reduction efforts in China, the content of earthquake disaster reduction policies has become increasingly enriched and improved. Particularly, multiple provincial governments have proposed earthquake disaster reduction planning policies. It is important to explore whether these policies can affect disaster mitigation. Therefore, this paper summarizes the earthquake disaster reduction plans and factors influencing seismic resilience. Panel data from 24 provinces between 2012 and 2021 were collected, and a difference-in-differences approach was used to construct an econometric model to evaluate the policy effects and analyze the enhancement of seismic resilience. The results show that the implementation of earthquake disaster reduction policies has a positive impact on earthquake monitoring, evacuation, and emergency relief capabilities, and the estimated policy effects are statistically significant. Moreover, a series of tests were conducted. The conclusions are as follows: (1) Earthquake disaster reduction policies have a positive impact on the improvement of seismic resilience in provinces. (2) Provinces with a higher number of earthquakes experience more significant effects from earthquake disaster reduction policies. (3) Provinces with higher seismic peak ground acceleration values exhibit more pronounced improvements in seismic resilience. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In light of the challenges posed by climate change and rural revitalization, high-quality construction in rural areas is facing significant obstacles from rainstorm flooding. This study adopts a regional disaster system analysis framework and examines the characteristics of rural rainstorm flooding disasters, including the instability of the breeding environment, the hazard characteristics, and the vulnerability of the exposure. Using this framework, we explore the various causes of rainstorm flooding in rural China, assess the effectiveness of responses to these disasters, and examine the differences between urban and rural responses. Our analysis reveals that the increase in rainstorm flooding in rural China is a complex result of multiple factors, including increased risk, instability, and vulnerability. While rural areas have made some progress in monitoring and responding to rainstorm flooding disasters, they remain weaker than cities in terms of governance and disaster management systems. To address these challenges, we recommend increased attention to rural flood control and disaster reduction, stronger preparation for disaster prevention and reduction plans, enhanced rural disaster infrastructure defense, increased financial support for water conservancy projects, and stronger professional emergency response teams, disaster relief equipment, and materials. Additionally, we recommend strengthening disaster prevention and reduction education and publicity among rural residents to promote the ability to self-rescue and mutual rescue. The disastrous impact of climate change and resulting extreme weather events on rural areas has become increasingly evident in recent years. China's vast rural areas have been particularly affected by frequent rainstorm flooding disasters. This paper identifies the increase in rainstorms, the instability of the disaster breeding environment in rural areas, and the increased vulnerability of exposures in these areas as the main reasons behind the intensification of rural rainstorm flooding. To mitigate the impact of these disasters, attention should be paid to natural disaster risk management, normalized flood control, and disaster reduction in rural areas. This requires overall coordination of rural disaster prevention and reduction planning, emphasis on improving the defense capacity of rural areas, increasing financial support for defensive water conservancy projects, promoting the construction of professional emergency rescue teams in rural areas, scientifically distributing flood prevention and disaster relief equipment and materials, strengthening publicity and education on disaster prevention and reduction, and enhancing rural disaster prevention awareness and self-rescue and mutual rescue capabilities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rapid response to emergency needs through an efficient emergency shelter relief system is crucial to mitigate the impact of disasters in affected areas. This paper discusses the location of different types of emergency shelter, the allocation of evacuees, and the assignment of materials on demand in layers. Based on the proposed conceptual framework for emergency relief at three levels, the method provides for three recursive mechanisms: (1) the number of evacuees and materials demand forecasting, (2) shelter location and evacuee allocation, and (3) materials assignment. The paper formulates a hybrid algorithm by proposing fuzzy clustering, multi-objective and dynamic models. The objectives of the proposition are to minimize the number of shelters selected and the evacuation distance and maximize the satisfaction rate of materials demand. The robustness and performance of the proposed model are illustrated by a numerical study of an actual large-scale earthquake in China. The framework can ensure that emergency rescue operations are carried out orderly and efficiently. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Social network theories are used extensively to analyze the international migration of Chinese to overseas regions in the era of Market Economy Reform since 1978. Attention is paid especially on the role of social networks among overseas Chinese on disaster relief in China. Focusing on the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, this paper investigates how social networks work as a crucial mechanism through which Chinese immigrants in Germany initiated and delivered monetary and material donations to China in early 2020 and then organized self-help in their everyday lives in Germany in late 2020. Different from previous studies, this paper scrutinizes social networks for disaster relief on the macro, meso, and micro levels. Multi-site ethnographic fieldwork in China and Germany combined with online and offline data collected from focus group sessions, interviews with individuals, participant observations, surveys, analysis of news reports on the pandemic, and analysis on relevant policies are utilized comprehensively to collect data on the three levels. This research discovers that internet tools – represented by WeChat – have integrated tightly into the traditional social networks of Chinese immigrants and consolidated the cultural cohesion from overseas Chinese to their connections in China. This paper aims at contributing to present studies on Chinese new immigrants, social network, and disaster management theories with an updated ethnographic case on the COVID-19 pandemic from Germany. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The coal mine in deep mining can easily form a compound dynamic disaster with the characteristics of rock burst and gas outburst. In this paper, the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) and the entropy weight method (EWM) are combined, and the fuzzy comprehensive evaluation (FCE) secondary evaluation model of compound dynamic disaster is proposed to evaluate the risk of compound dynamic disaster, which avoids the problems of the imperfect evaluation index system and strong subjectivity of index weight. Based on the statistical analysis of typical compound dynamic disaster cases in China, three first-level indicators were established, and sixteen second-level indicators were developed. The verification results show that the accuracy and weight are better than the traditional evaluation methods. Combined with geological and mining data, the compound dynamic disaster risk assessment was carried out on the second mining area of mine B, in the Pingdingshan mining area, and the result was grade II (weak risk). Corresponding prevention measures and parameters were implemented, and no compound dynamic disaster occurred during the working face excavation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) plays an important role in China's 'Belt & Road Initiative'. It is also one of the most disaster-prone regions in the world. Considering that decentralized disaster governance has been gaining much attention in the world, this paper systematically analyzes the disaster management system in the CPEC region. Specifically, it compares the national, provincial, municipal and community-level institutional mechanisms for disaster management in China and Pakistan, and then closely examines the current trends of decentralized disaster governance based on a recent round of semi-structured and open-ended interviews in Xinjiang, China and Pakistan. Issues and gaps of decentralized disaster governance were drawn out from the experiences of participation among related stakeholders. We found that although the decentralization of the disaster management system has been the main trend in both China and Pakistan, national and provincial disaster management agencies still play a key role in the disaster relief work. Therefore, the centralization and decentralization of disaster management are not contradictory, but the more disaster governance shifts towards decentralization, the more urgent the consolidation of multi-level (vertical) and broader (horizontal) collaboration becomes. Based on this analysis, we aim to provide insights, lessons and recommendations for the way forward for strengthening disaster management in CPEC. In particular, we summarize different but integrated approaches towards effective disaster risk coping strategies and regional cooperation on disaster management in CPEC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Through analyzing the triggering factors and activity characteristics of avalanches in Aerxiangou in the Western Tianshan Mountains, the formation and disaster-causing process of avalanches were studied to provide theoretical support and a scientific basis for avalanche disaster prevention. In this paper, based on remote sensing interpretation and field investigation, a spatial distribution map of avalanches was established, and the induced and triggering factors in disaster-prone environments were analyzed using the certainty factor model. The degree of influence (E) of the disaster-causing factors on avalanche triggering was quantified, and the main control conditions conducive to avalanche occurrence in different periods were obtained. The RAMMS-avalanche model was used to analyze the activity characteristics at points where multiple avalanches occurred. Research results: (1) The E values of the average temperature, average snowfall, and surface roughness in February were significantly higher than those of other hazard-causing factors, reaching 1.83 and 1.71, respectively, indicating strong control. The E values of the surface cutting degree, average temperature, and average snow depth in March were all higher than 1.8, indicating that these control factors were more prominent than the other factors. In contrast, there were four hazard-causing factors with E values higher than 1.5 in April: the mean temperature, slope, surface roughness, and mean wind speed, with clear control. (2) Under the influence of the different hazard-causing factors, the types of avalanches from February–April mainly included new full-layer avalanches, surface avalanches, and full-layer wet avalanches. (3) In the RAMMS-avalanche simulation test, considering the deposition effect, compared to the previous avalanche movement path, the secondary avalanche flow accumulation area impact range changes were slight, while the movement area within the avalanche path changes was large, as were the different categories of avalanches and their different movement characteristic values. Overall, wet snow avalanches are more hazardous, and the impact force is larger. The new snow avalanches start in a short period, the sliding rate is fast, and the avalanche sliding surface (full-snow surface and face-snow) of the difference is mainly manifested in the differences in the value of the flow height. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the vulnerability of households to disasters, using an asset vulnerability framework to represent livelihoods. Such frameworks are widely employed to analyse household poverty and focus on living conditions and well‐being rather than money‐metric measures of consumption and income. The conceptualisation of household vulnerability is a challenge in current studies on coping with disasters. The paper considers whether a capital assets framework is useful in identifying and assessing household vulnerability in the context of the Wenchuan earthquake in China in 2008. The framework has five categories of assets (financial, human, natural, physical, and social capital) and attempts to measure the resilience and vulnerability of households. When applied to a major disaster, asset‐based methods face the problem of heterogeneity of the population, such as with regard to livelihood type or residence. Moreover, the effect of external interventions, such as the provision of relief assistance, must be taken into account. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rapid delivery of emergency supplies is of vital importance in disaster relief, and innovative means of delivery has been actively explored. Recently, a novel delivery approach that takes advantage of both trucks and drones is emerging in the commercial field. This synchronized truck-drone delivery (STDD) mode can benefit from the large capacity of trucks as well as the speed and flexibility of drones, which makes it promising for sending ungently-needed supplies to disaster-stricken sites, especially the areas severely damaged and thus inaccessible by trucks. This paper attempts to optimize the synchronized truck-drone paths for quick responses in disaster relief, when accounting for the priority of different disaster-stricken sites. We propose an integer programming model and develop exact algorithm to solve small-scale problems. For large-scale problems, we propose an algorithm based on dynamic programming. We verify that the STDD mode is more efficient than truck-only delivery. Further numerical analysis suggests that a drone with higher speed and longer endurance is not always the best choice. The efficiency of rescue efforts relies on careful calibration of the speed ratio of the drone to the truck and the maximum flight distance of the drone. Finally, the application of the model is illustrated by a case study of the 2008 earthquake at Wenchuan County in Sichuan Province of China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chinese government-led disaster relief mode has been timely, comprehensive, and highly efficient. China usually adopts a government-led disaster relief model to burden a share of catastrophe losses. However, adopting such a model has also exposed some important problems, such as excessive pressure on the government relief fund and an emerging imbalance in the catastrophe insurance market. The government disaster relief fund is subdivided into four categories: pre-disaster subsidy provided to insurance companies, pre-disaster subsidy to residents, post-disaster relief subsidy to insurance companies, and post-disaster relief to residents. By constructing a three-party evolutionary game model involving the government, potential catastrophe insurance participants, and insurance companies, the equilibrium of the catastrophe insurance market and the influencing factors that promote the stability of the evolutionary game was explored under the cooperation mechanism of bounded rationality in this paper. The allocation of the government disaster relief fund to insurance companies of potential catastrophe insurance participants for both before and after a disaster was discussed. Furthermore, possible shortcomings of catastrophe insurance disaster relief mode in China were analyzed. Lastly, a solution to the problem of how to relieve pressure on the government relief fund and how to enhance the ability of catastrophe risk protection was put forward. It is of great significance for China to establish a catastrophe insurance market based on commercial insurance products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Tourism Tribune / Lvyou Xuekan is the property of Tourism Institute of Beijing Union University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The prediction of disaster risk paths can foresee the spread of disaster risk and lay a foundation for reducing or avoiding the harm of disaster risk. In this paper, we have improved the embedding layer of convolution neural network (CNN), and we literally refer to the specific CNN framework as IECNN. The IECNN model is proposed to predict the disaster risk path. Here, we first establish a disaster risk network in which each node represents two attributes: place and disaster type. The random walk paths are generated from the disaster risk network, and the structural characteristics of nodes in the disaster risk paths are considered in the improved embedding layer of IECNN. This study also applies Markov chain algorithm to calculate the probability of each disaster risk path and trains the IECNN model with the determined disaster risk paths. ROC curve, AUC, Accuracy, F1-measure, Precision, and Recall are used to evaluate the prediction model. In order to verify the feasibility and advantage of the proposed model, we use a dataset consisting of natural disasters in southwest China in the experimental section. Results of the comparative analysis display that the proposed model cannot only effectively predict the disaster risk path, but also provide the high performance in terms of every evaluation index. Moreover, some characters of disaster risk path are found and discussed. Resultantly, our results can provide an efficient way to prevent and control risk spread in disaster events. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines a new methodology to predict the final seismic mortality from earthquakes in China. Most studies established the association between mortality estimation and seismic intensity without considering the population density. In China, however, the data are not always available, especially when it comes to the very urgent relief situation in the disaster. And the population density varies greatly from region to region. This motivates the development of empirical models that use historical death data to provide the path to analyze the death tolls for earthquakes. The present paper employs the average population density to predict the final death tolls in earthquakes using a case-based reasoning model from realistic perspective. To validate the forecasting results, historical data from 18 large-scale earthquakes occurred in China are used to estimate the seismic morality of each case. And a typical earthquake case occurred in the northwest of Sichuan Province is employed to demonstrate the estimation of final death toll. The strength of this paper is that it provides scientific methods with overall forecast errors lower than 20 %, and opens the door for conducting final death forecasts with a qualitative and quantitative approach. Limitations and future research are also analyzed and discussed in the conclusion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction Disaster epidemiological studies indicate that Asia has the highest frequency of natural disasters. Rural communities are heavily impacted by natural disasters and have different healthcare needs to urban ones. Referencing Asian countries, this paper's objective is to provide an overview of health impacts and the current evidence for designing programmes and policies related to rural health emergency and disaster risk management (health-EDRM). Sources of data This paper uses published English-only reports and papers retrieved from PubMed, Google Scholar, Embase, Medline and PsycINFO on rural disaster and emergency responses and relief, health impact and disease patterns in Asia (January 2000–January 2018). Areas of agreement Earthquakes are the most studied natural disasters in rural communities. The medical burden and health needs of rural communities were most commonly reported among populations of extreme age. Most of the existing research evidence for rural interventions was reported in China. There lacks published peer-reviewed reports of programme impacts on personal and community preparedness. Areas of controversy There is a lack of evidence-based health-EDRM interventions to evaluate implementation effectiveness in rural areas despite vast volumes of health-related disaster literature. Growing points Climate change-related disasters are increasing in frequency and severity. Evidence is needed for disaster risk reduction interventions to address the health risks specific to rural populations. Areas timely for developing research To support global policy development, urgent evidence is needed on the intervention effectiveness, long-term health outcomes, local and cultural relevance as well as sustainability of health relief produced by Health-EDRM programmes in rural areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: On 5th September 2022, an Ms 6.8 earthquake struck the Luding County, Ganzi Prefecture, Sichuan Province, China. This earthquake triggered extensive geological hazards in the moun‐ tainous area, leading to serious casualties. Rapidly and accurately obtaining the spatial distribution of the in‐ duced geological hazards is crucial for emergency decision-making and rescue after an earthquake. Methods: Based on the global coseismic landslide database and deep learning algorithm, this paper built a near real-time prediction model of spatial distribution probability of coseismic landslides, and obtained the prediction results of the geological hazards induced by the Luding earthquake within 2 hours after the event. Through the post-earthquake unmanned aerial vehicle （UAV） and satellite remote sensing images, ma‐ chine learning and deep learning algorithms were used to realize the automated recognition of large-scale geological hazards. A total of 3 633 earthquake-induced landslides with an area of 13.78 km2 were interpreted. Finally, the model was optimized by integrating these landslide data, and the prediction results of coseismic landslides with a broader area and higher accuracy were achieved. Results: The results show that the coseis‐ mic landslide prediction model can realize a rapid capture of spatial distribution of post-earthquake geologi‐ cal hazards, filling the blank period before the acquisition of post-earthquake remote sensing images and providing support for post-disaster emergency rescue. Conclusions: Intelligent identification technologies based on UAV and satellite remote sensing images are effective means to rapidly obtain the vital informa‐ tion of large-scale geological hazards. The achievements obtained in this paper played an important role in the emergency rescue after the Luding earthquake. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to China's exposure and susceptibility to natural hazards, it is important for governments and aid agencies to have tools that enable effective post-disaster livelihood recovery in creating self-sufficiency for the affected population. This paper introduces a framework of critical components that constitute a successful livelihood recovery by studying the perceptions and perspectives of those affected by the 2013 Lushan earthquake in Sichuan Province. A mixed method, namely a pilot study, questionnaire survey and interviews, was used. While the populations surveyed valued the employment benefits of creating new market and economic sectors in areas where rural farming was predominant prior to the earthquake, they considered that recovery of their housing was most essential for livelihood diversification. External assistance was also regarded highly in assisting with livelihood recovery, in which family ties and social connections seemed to have played a larger role than that of government agencies and NGOs. Lastly, the results highlighted that a goal of livelihood recovery cannot be achieved without individual well-being being considered, in relation to people's perceptions about quality of life and their physical and mental health. This paper aims to assist the Chinese policy makers and practitioners in disaster recovery in setting an agenda of preparing for livelihood recovery in peace times, or of post-disaster recovery planning should a disaster event occurs so that the economic impact and livelihood burdens of those affected can be effectively mitigated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The failure of Shanghai Metro Line 4 in 2003 was one of the most striking accidents in the history of subway construction in China. It involved the first breach failure of a cross passage being mined by an artificial ground-freezing method, followed by a massive ingress of water and soil, dramatic ground subsidence, rapid sinking of existing structures, failure of the adjacent dike and floodwall along the Huang-Pu River, flooding of the site, and collapse of buildings and metro tunnels. The accident directly resulted from failure of the cross passage being excavated within a confined aquifer. In the beginning, artesian water broke the frozen mass; then, water and soil gushed into the cross passage and metro tunnels. As a result of massive ground loss, the ground level underwent significant subsidence up to 4 m and those preexisting structures were damaged. Inherently, this event was a typical project management failure, associated with a number of procedural and ethical blunders. To rebuild the destructive failure case, this paper outlines the design and construction for the cross passage along with the geological conditions, describes those preceding events incurring the failure, depicts the catastrophic scene, and introduces the postfailure emergency responses and disaster-relief measures. Finally, technical, procedural, and ethical factors leading to the failure are summarized. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Designing an optimal subsidy scheme for marine disaster index insurance (MDII) for households in coastal areas of China remains a managerial challenge. The issue of subsidies for disaster insurance has received extensive research attention, but extant studies are confined to the issue of whether to subsidize, lacking focus on how and how much to subsidize. In the existing marine disaster index insurance pilots in China, there are varying levels and scales of subsidies in spite of premium subsidies. To design an optimal subsidy scheme for marine disaster index insurance in China, this paper proposes an optimal insurance model of marine disaster index insurance with government subsidy. Excluding the behaviors of the policyholders and insurance firms, the model captures the behaviors of the subsidy scheme from the government. Furthermore, employing the storm surge disasters, the optimal trigger scheme and subsidy scheme are designed and estimated. The results recommend that the optimal subsidy ratio for MDII in China needs to be at least 92.54%. Moreover, this value increases when there are more potential victims of marine disasters who choose to insure MDII, while the total subsidy decreases. Evidently, the subsidies for pilots of MDII in China are inadequate to meet the conditions for operation currently, which explains the dilemma of the MDII in China's pilots. These findings provide theoretical evidence for the optimization of the MDII in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, according to the characteristics of floods, the closeness centrality of complex network is improved to analyze the evolution of flood disaster social stability risks. Based on the investigation conducted on the flood occurred in Hunan Province in August 2013, and related papers, the topology map for the evolution of flood social stability risk is analyzed and constructed by means of the improved closeness centrality. On this basis, the evolution of social stability risks incurred in floods is divided into three grades, in which such risks as house collapse, crops ruining, looting shopping, social panic etc. produce the maximum impacts on the entire evolution system. So, during the disaster relief, priority should be given to resolve the difficulties in meeting the basic necessities that are closely associated with people's life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The wave of volunteerism and popular participation in disaster relief activities after the 2008 Sichuan earthquake in authoritarian China has attracted much academic attention. Existing literature leverages the erosion of state capacity, the moral symbolism and emotions of disaster relief, and civil society's ability to provide crucial public goods and services to explain this popular mobilization ([12]; [15]; [22]). However, these arguments do not satisfactorily explain why sustained, self-organized non-state activities were concentrated in few sites across the region most affected by the earthquake. This paper investigates the lingering puzzle of uneven grassroots activities through the lens of spatial theory. I argue that conditions favorable to popular mobilization were mediated by the creation of large and accessible public spaces in the form of emergency shelters, breaking the ordinary cellular spatial order which enhances state control through partitioning, surveillance, and securitization. Public spaces open to all increased contact among citizens, enabled coordination and collective activities, and created new common symbols and histories, thus facilitating sustained and self-organized popular activities. To test this theory, I conduct a most similar cases comparison between two prefectural-level cities, Deyang and Mianyang, in Sichuan province. I demonstrate that despite the similar lack of civil society organizations before the earthquake and similar needs after the earthquake, Mianyang saw more sustained grassroots activities due to the presence of large, dense, highly visible and accessible emergency shelters, while Deyang's distributed emergency resettlement strategies better maintained the cellular spatial order that left few sites for sustained popular activities. This paper seeks to understand the spatial nature of popular mobilization and aims to address a so far understudied element of civil society formation in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

International cooperation on peacekeeping operations, and on humanitarian assistance and disaster relief (HADR) operations, is important in tackling global non-traditional security threats. It also helps China address its 'trust deficit' problem. While both operations seem 'low hanging fruit' for international cooperation, the ways in which China undertakes peacekeeping and HADR cooperation differ – the former encompasses not only cooperation for technical and capacity development but also cooperation for policy harmonisation, while China's HADR cooperation is limited to technical and capacity development. This paper asks, 'why the difference?', despite the fact that they both address similar policy problems. It argues that the difference corresponds to the level of holisticity/fragmentation of China's decision-making process. The more holistic China's decision-making process, the deeper the international cooperation. The nature of China's decision-making processes has international policy implications, because the fragmented nature of those processes maintains cooperation at a functional level only, and hinders the deeper development of cooperation into policy harmonisation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores the emergence of a highly networked and capable non-governmental organization (NGO) community in disaster relief in China. It provides a review of the growth of non-governmental actors in the relief field since the 2000s and examines the most important platforms and networks in the field, focusing on their strategies of maintaining a broad-based partnership, developing their own capacity, and enhancing overall inter-organizational connectivity. With an in-depth look at a successful joint non-governmental relief operation in Lushan in 2013, the paper also explicates how NGOs can break the state monopoly over disaster information management, public donations and relief operations. This research finds that during crisis times, non-governmental actors carry out relief missions effectively in parallel with state agencies. The rise of non-governmental disaster relief sheds light on one of many trajectories of civil society development in China where social autonomy is earned by innovation, public support and improved capacity. 摘要: 民间自发救灾在中国最近几年蓬勃发展起来, 已经开始形成具有专业化能力的社会组织网络。本研究首先回顾了二十一世纪以来民间力量和非政府组织参与救灾的发展历程, 详细分析最具代表性的平台和网络组织, 并且重点解释民间组织是如何维持广泛的伙伴关系, 如何促进跨组织的协调和联系来推动一个全国范围的具有集体认同的民间救灾共同体的形成。本研究还以 2013 年芦山地震救灾作为案例来解释不同的民间力量是如何通过有意识的组织建设和策略创新逐渐打破政府在灾情信息、社会捐助以及救灾管理方面的垄断地位, 开辟出一个同国家救灾体系平行、保持相对独立的民间救灾体系。不需要同政府发生直接对抗和冲突, 这个联动、高效和专业的民间救灾体系已经能够在某些方面替代国家的救灾功能, 甚至已经发展出一些不同于国家的救灾机制。通过这个案例, 本研究希望能够揭示中国公民社会发展的一种可能路径; 沿着这条路径, 公民社会有可能在既不全面被政权所压制, 也不必然会同国家正面冲突的情况下依靠公众的支持、创新和自我管治能力来发展社会自主性。 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As China is one of the world's most vulnerable countries to small and medium-scale natural hazards (SMNHs), its NGOs have had a great deal of experience in dealing with disaster relief, especially since the 2008 Wenchuan Earthquake; however, there have been few studies that have comprehensively examined China's NGO disaster relief networks (NDRNs). One Foundation (OF), which is one of the most active public-fund raising foundations in China, has been engaged in developing a nationwide NDRN made up of 20 independently operating provincial networks that are focused on SMNHs. This paper explored the structures, operations and challenges in the representative North-Sichuan network, from which the following key factors for sustainable NDRNs were identified: (1) a combined hierarchal and networked organizational structure; and (2) a coordinated external and internal network operations mechanism that has a specific entry threshold to ensure healthy network expansion, periodic member NGO training to enhance network capacity, and reciprocal and cooperative government-NGO relationships. These findings provide a useful reference for the establishment and development of NDRNs in other countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper we construct a simple two-period equilibrium model for analysing the impact of post-disaster transfer payments on economic growth. This model can be used to show that direct payment of disaster relief funds may aggravate rather than mitigate the negative impact of disasters on the economy. The substitution effect of direct transfer payment depresses post-disaster labour supply and hence economic growth. This conclusion from the theoretical model is tested using Chinese provincial panel data and applying generalised method of moments (GMM) system estimation. The empirical analysis largely confirms the theoretical predictions. In China, post-disaster transfer payments are indeed found to exacerbate the negative impact of disasters on economic growth. Therefore, we suggest that relief should be oriented to create work incentive in order to avoid its depressing effect on economic growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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This paper examines the importance of the therapeutic relationship and the need for cultural competence in adventure therapy. Cultural differences between therapist and client can sometimes result in possible misinterpretation and conflict, which can lead to problems in the therapeutic relationship and negatively affect treatment outcomes. This paper builds on current research in adventure education and therapy examining the therapeutic relationship, cultural competence and multicultural factors, and emphasizes the need for cultural bridging through shared adventure. A framework is presented for using shared adventure to develop the therapeutic relationship cross-culturally in adventure therapy. An example of a Taiwanese adventure therapy initiative is presented highlighting the use of shared adventure to create a cultural bridge following a natural disaster in the Szechuan province of China. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Severe natural disasters encourage the international community to donate humanitarian aid (materials and personnel) to the affected country, which is critical for its human security. Some authoritarian regimes, however, rationally reject such aid despite the dire situation of their people. When an authoritarian regime decides whether to accept foreign humanitarian aid for severe natural disasters or not, it considers two political factors: (1) the risk and (2) the need to accept aid, which is a type of exogenous shock that may threaten the stability of the regime and its survival. This paper considers the factors of risk (regime type, domestic struggle, and international pressure) as inherent and contingent determinants of regime stability, and the need factors by looking at the different types of sources from which the regime gains its legitimacy (electoral mandate, economic development, or ideology). If the risk is less and the need is more, the regime is more likely to accept the aid, otherwise not. The two authoritarian regimes hit by severe natural disasters - the 2008 Sichuan earthquake in China and the 2008 Cyclone Nargis-caused floods in Myanmar - are considered as salient cases for the external variation between authoritarian regimes. This paper also finds some critical internal variation within an authoritarian regime and its differing responses during the 2008 Sichuan earthquake and two other disasters - the 1976 Tangshan earthquake and the 2010 Qinghai earthquake. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Long-term outcomes and collaborative governance are particularly worthy of discussion when examining the recovery process from natural disasters. In the long and dynamic processes of recovery, how do the primary participants responsible for recovery adapt and change to meet social and economic objectives? This paper argues that the approach to recovery following the Wenchuan Earthquake in China experienced a transformation from paired assistance under centralized political mobilization to collaborative networks. Based on an in-depth case study of the Shanghai–Dujiangyan Paired Assistance Policy, we find that recovery from the Wenchuan Earthquake can be demarcated and described in terms of three stages involving government-oriented project aid, contract-oriented industrial redevelopment, and network-oriented collaborative governance. Four determinants contributed to these transformation processes: (1) The central government was promoted as the responsible entity for guiding recovery efforts from the catastrophe, and the effective political mobilization under the Paired Assistance Policy (PAP) and interactions between subnational assisting governments ensured the timeliness, diversity, and quality of aid projects; (2) industry recovery policies provided the policy environment for enterprises to participate in industrial recovery, and beneficial reciprocity became the key attraction for outside private enterprises to participate in the industrial recovery of Dujiangyan; (3) the participation of social organizations as emergent organizations in the recovery contributed to the formation of collaborative networks; and (4) the trust, friendship, and mutually beneficial relationships that were developed over the 3-year term of the PAP provided a strong foundation for the formation of collaborative networks, which were essential to facilitating longer term recovery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper studies a location-allocation problem to determine the selection of emergency shelters, medical centers, and distribution centers after the disaster. The evacuation of refugees and allocation of relief resources are also considered. A mixed-integer nonlinear multiobjective programming model is proposed to characterize the problem. The hierarchical demand of different refugees and the limitations of relief resources are considered in the model. We employ a combination of the simulated annealing (SA) algorithm and the particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm method to solve the complex model. To optimize the result of our proposed algorithm, we absorb the group search, crossover, and mutation operator of GA into SA. We conduct a case study in a district of Beijing in China to validate the proposed methodology. Some computational experiments are conducted to analyze the impact of different factors, such as the target weight setting, selection of candidate shelters, and quantity of relief resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The post-disaster need assessment for the affected area is of significance for the effective distribution of relief supplies. This paper innovatively concentrates on the integrated routing optimization problem for the rapid need assessment stage and the detailed need assessment stage. A bi-objective model with consideration of the effects of site familiarity and route familiarity is proposed. The proposed nonlinear model is equivalently transformed into a mixed-integer linear programming. A tabu search algorithm is designed to solve the proposed model, and its solving accuracy is validated by comparing with the solution of CPLEX based on a small-scale problem. To demonstrate the efficiency of the proposed model and algorithm for large-scale problems, the case of Ya'an earthquake in China is investigated. The experimental results reveal that comparing to the separate routing optimization and the sequential routing optimization, the integrated routing optimization can achieve a better coordination between the decisions of two stages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Taking advantage of the 2008 Sichuan Great Earthquake as a natural experiment, the purpose of this paper is to examine the motives and effects of corporate donations by focusing on how firm ownership identity as the first-order governance mechanism affects the motives and effects of disaster relief donations. Design/methodology/approach: The authors conduct regressions and market event studies, and use matching to address the confounding effects of differences in firm characteristics. Findings: The authors hypothesize that private firms that are better governed than state-owned enterprises (SOEs) are more likely to donate for value maximization. Consistent with this, the authors find that private firms are more likely to donate to the 2008 Sichuan earthquake and donate more than SOEs. The effects of secondary governance variables in the donation determinant models (e.g. board independence and managerial ownership) are more consistent with the value maximization argument. While short-term market reaction to donation announcement is not significant for private firms, it is lower when SOEs make a large donation. Consistent with the hypothesis, the authors find that over the 24–36 months following the donation, private donors realize a higher abnormal stock return. Research limitations/implications: The study contributes to the debate over the merits/costs of corporate donations and helps better understand how SOEs and private firms (particularly family-owned firms) differ in their governance and financial decision-making. Practical implications: Both managers from private firms and SOEs can use the findings of this study to better guide their donation and other philanthropic decisions. Originality/value: This study is the first to examine both the motives and effects of corporate donations by both private and SOEs taking advantage of the 2008 Sichuan, thereby significantly extending prior related studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

China is one of the countries with the most serious natural disasters in the world. Hidden dangers and risks of all kinds of accidents are intertwined and superimposed, and the factors affecting public safety are increasing. It is urgent to strengthen the construction of emergency medical rescue capacity. During the nineteenth collective learning of the Central Political Bureau, general secretary Xi Jinping stressed that we should strengthen the capacity building of aviation emergency rescue and improve the airspace guarantee mechanism for emergency rescue. As the most important aerial medical evacuation platform, helicopter has the advantages of fast response, strong mobility, wide rescue range, direct arrival at the first line of treatment, etc. it has become an important means of modern rescue, and also the only way to open life treatment in case of land damage. From the international experience, the helicopter emergency medical system established by most developed countries plays an important role in disaster relief and anti‐terrorism. China has a large population, complex terrain and uneven regional development. In case of disasters, the casualties are often more severe and the demand for treatment is more urgent. It is urgent to establish an aviation medical emergency rescue system suitable for the national conditions and with helicopters as the main carrier, and accelerate the research and development of key technical equipment. In recent years, more and more people realize the necessity and benefits of the application of interactive technology for aviation medical simulation training in major events and disasters. Interaction refers to the transmission and exchange of intelligence, data, data and technical knowledge in all aspects of nature and society. From the perspective of information theory, local chronicles are a tangible text information carrier, which collects all kinds of information in a certain region. Interactive technology is to use certain means to achieve the purpose of interaction, and gradually enter the era of multi field application! In thefield of aviation medical rescue, it is in urgent need of penetration and integration. This paper mainly develops an AR emergency rescue process training system. Through the creation of data sets, action recognition based on computer vision and deep learning, the selection of recognition model and action capture, the action is recognized based on AR, and then 22 joint points of human hand and upper arm skeleton are taken to label the data space position. Through the above learning results, we can get the real‐time hand recognition based on depth information Upper arm skeleton output. Neural network is used to recognize human skeleton action. The skeleton information coordinates are imported into RNN neural network for deep learning. Finally, based on the complementarity of CNN and LSTM, combined with the idea of dual stream structure network, the action recognition is carried out. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to identify the effects earthquakes may have on rates of marriage and divorce in China, a country strongly affected by losses due to earthquakes. Design/methodology/approach – This paper studies the effect of earthquakes on marriage and divorce rates in China between 2000 and 2011, using panel data from 31 provinces as well as from Sichuan at the prefecture level, a province that has a high frequency of earthquakes. Findings – The results show that when controlling for demographic, economic, and social factors, losses due to earthquakes are found to be associated with increases in both marriage and divorce rates. While the estimated elasticities are low, amounting to 1.92×10−2 and 6.102×10−2, respectively, they are highly significant, suggesting that a doubling of losses due to earthquakes increases marriages by 1.92 percent and divorces by 6.102 percent with a lag of one year. Since the first elasticity is smaller than the second, losses due to earthquakes may influence familial instability. Moreover, these effects increase in the second year but cannot be traced beyond three years after the disaster. Originality/value – In view of the cost imposed on society by instable family relationships, these findings point to a need to provide relief to families after earthquake disasters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Natural disasters have long disturbed people's normal lives. How to effectively identify and assess natural disaster-affected areas and further control network grievances is of great significance. This paper takes the floods in Hunan Province of China in 2017 as an example, based on the data sources of Sina Weibo, and combines text analysis and image analysis technology to define the disaster scope of natural disasters, and then uses sentimental analysis method and correlation analysis method to study the network public opinion in the disaster area. In this paper, the average accuracy and recall rate of the model which combines image analysis and text analysis to define the disaster area are 72.10% and 81.59% respectively, which effectively realizes the definition of flood disaster area in Hunan Province. In addition, this paper finds out the law of the development and change of network public opinion, and puts forward the opinions and suggestions on the determination of disaster area, the relief of disaster and the control of network public opinion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ice disaster risk in Ning-Meng reach of Yellow River in China is affected by many factors, and the various risk factors are not independent with each other but present complicated causal relationships. Identifying key ice disaster risk factors and analyzing the inner dependencies between factors are conducive to the successful implementation of ice disaster risk management. This paper concludes ice disaster risk factors through the current literature and the formation mechanism of ice disaster. The grey rough DEMATEL method is proposed to evaluate the interactions between risk factors, and it integrates the strength of grey number in characterizing decision maker's subjective information and the merit of rough logic in excavating and utilizing potential group decision information. The results show that the obtained visualized structural model can reveal the complex causal interactions between ice disaster risk factors effectively and determine the importance of risk factors. The study enhances ice disaster risk identification and provides a better reference for ice disaster prevention and management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents new archival evidence about the amount and structure of central government disaster relief during China's devastating flood of 1823. The flood affected 20 per cent of China's counties, and spending per capita was sizable and distributed between provinces depending on the intensity of flooding. Because of its relative small size and limited state capacity, the Chinese government ultimately spent about half of its annual tax revenues on relief during 1823. Given China's ensuing secular economic stagnation, this is consistent with models emphasising state capacity for economic growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Chinese government is currently endeavouring to establish a new social management system, with the participation of the government and different parties in society, among whom NGO participation in social management is considered the essential approach for social management system innovation. The post-disaster relief and reconstruction of the Wenchuan earthquake in 2008 left an indelible mark in the developmental history of Chinese NGOs, and provides an opportunity for us to examine the survival condition of NGOs. For this paper, we use a qualitative research method to trace the four-year relief and reconstruction process of a severely afflicted township in Sichuan Province during the Wenchuan earthquake in 2008, and examine the work of NGOs at different stages of the post-disaster operation, the role that NGOs played during the relief and reconstruction process, and the survival conditions of NGOs in China's contemporary social management pattern. By analysing the obstacles that NGOs have encountered in the participation of social management, this paper offers suggestions for the innovation of the social management system. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Seismic landslides are the most common and highly destructive earthquake-triggered geological hazards. They are large in scale and occur simultaneously in many places. Therefore, obtaining landslide information quickly after an earthquake is the key to disaster mitigation and relief. The survey results show that most of the landslide-information extraction methods involve too much manual participation, resulting in a low degree of automation and the inability to provide effective information for earthquake rescue in time. In order to solve the abovementioned problems and improve the efficiency of landslide identification, this paper proposes an automatic landslide identification method named improved U-Net model. The intelligent extraction of post-earthquake landslide information is realized through the automatic extraction of hierarchical features. The main innovations of this paper include the following: (1) On the basis of the three RGB bands, three new bands, DSM, slope, and aspect, with spatial information are added, and the number of feature parameters of the training samples is increased. (2) The U-Net model structure is rebuilt by adding residual learning units during the up-sampling and down-sampling processes, to solve the problem that the traditional U-Net model cannot fully extract the characteristics of the six-channel landslide for its shallow structure. At the end of the paper, the new method is used in Jiuzhaigou County, Sichuan Province, China. The results show that the accuracy of the new method is 91.3%, which is 13.8% higher than the traditional U-Net model. It is proved that the new method is effective and feasible for the automatic extraction of post-earthquake landslides. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Paired Assistance to Disaster Affected Areas (PADAA) programme is a mutual aid initiative with Chinese characteristics, which speeded up the process of restoring and reconstructing regions affected by the Wenchuan earthquake on 12 May 2008. The PADAA is an efficient instrument for catastrophe recovery, yet it remains a mysterious mechanism to many members of disaster management communities. This paper aims to lift the veil on it by assessing its origins and evolution. It draws on the multi‐level moderated competition model to explain how the PADAA functions within the Chinese administrative system. The country's top‐down political system allows the central authority to mandate provincial and local governments from more economically developed regions to assist devastated areas with post‐disaster reconstruction. The practices of local accountability complement vertical control by giving leaders from donor regions strong incentives to accomplish assigned reconstruction tasks, resulting in intense competition between them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines local recovery plans that were created in response to the Wenchuan earthquake and then suggests ways that planners can better apply the concept of sustainability to the recovery process. We utilize a plan evaluation protocol to analyze 16 recovery plans in counties and towns that were severely affected by the earthquake. We also conducted semi-structured interviews with public officials and planners, with the qualitative data gleaned from these interviews being used to supplement the plan quality assessment. The results reveal that local recovery plans do not appear to have incorporated sufficiently the concepts of sustainability. We conclude the paper with the following recommendations: emphasizing sustainability as a policy priority during vision and goal development; developing solid databases and planning techniques; designing a diversified set of regulatory- and incentive-based policy tools suitable for local governments; enhancing social and institutional learning; and further integrating multi-level and interagency governmental units. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on a panel of 31 provinces and cities from 1990 to 2019, we first conduct an empirical analysis using the maximum likelihood (ML) procedure to examine the effects of various disasters (i.e. droughts, floods, earthquakes, storms, typhoons and low and freezing temperatures) on the medium‐term economic growth of China and its three economic regions (i.e. the eastern, central and western regions). We identify the transmission channels through which these disasters affect economic growth by investigating the medium‐term relationships among disasters, capital accumulation, human capital accumulation and total factor productivity. The interprovincial empirical analysis demonstrates that the effects differ across the economic regions. Thus, disasters affect economic growth through different channels but mainly through capital stock. Further research indicates that the growth effect of disasters largely benefits from Chinese government expenditures on disaster relief. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Resilient city construction requires cities to be able to cope with and resist disasters on their own. With the advent and explosive growth of social media such as microblogs, citizens manage to show strong presence in disaster relief and the construction of resilient cities, which has resulted a huge amount of user-generated data. This paper took China's heavy rain disaster in 2021 as an example, collected 111,248 messages on the Chinese microblog platform, and analyzed the reactions of citizens during emergency rescue as social media users. Results show that social media users play an important role in disseminating disaster information, and the topics discussed by users follow the characteristics of information transmission before emotional expression. By analyzing the emotions exhibited by social media users, we discover that users are particularly concerned about whether information would be accurately and efficiently disseminated. Social media users seldom express emotions when publishing information, and a few users have a negative attitude in the face of disasters. Meanwhile, by examining the influence of different social media on disaster relief, we find that government's official media along with other news media acts as the main information disseminator, while influential individual bloggers serve as the main mediators in the information dissemination process. This paper on the whole offers a new lens for analyzing the role played by social media users in disaster relief, the implications of which could be referred to by the public and government agencies, so as to improve the city's adaptability to disasters through cooperative production and accelerate the construction of resilient cities. [Display omitted] • Social media users play the role of information dissemination in disaster rescue. • Users do not have obvious emotional tendencies in social network rescue. • Negative emotions cause a small spread, while positive emotions spread more widely. • Institutionally verified accounts are the main information disseminators. • Influential personal accounts are the main information mediators. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For the characteristics of high frequency and strong suddenness of dynamic disasters in deep coal mines, the traditional detection and evaluation techniques applied to shallow coal mine failed to accurately judge the risk degree of disasters. Therefore, it is of great significance to use advanced detection technologies and appropriate evaluation methods to improve the accuracy and efficiency of risk assessment in the process of coal mining. The present paper applies the rapid detection and multi-source dynamic detection technologies used in the field of mining with the purpose of improving the reliability of detection technologies for typical dynamic disaster. In this study, the data fusion technology was used to analyze data obtained from laboratory experiments, engineering survey, detection and historical data, so as to form the final dynamic and static indicators. Then, the new combined evaluation models with time series of coal and gas outburst as well as rock burst were established respectively to carry out the comprehensive risk evaluation using the least-squares method and the time-varying weight method. After the comprehensive analysis on the results of the above two evaluation models, the risk areas of the typical dynamic disasters were judged and classified. Finally, the evaluation models were coded to build an early-warning software platform that could achieve automatic evaluation and the actual 3D visualization of coal mining areas. The early-warning software platform was applied to risk assessment of dynamic disasters in Gengcun Coal Mine in Yima City, Henan Province, China. The results of the 6-month experiment showed that the risk assessment accuracy and reliability of the proposed evaluation models was 100% and 90% respectively, which indicates that the newly developed approach is reliable and can be recommended for applying in more coal mines to improve the process safety risk control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There has been considerable research on the prolonged effects and evolution of post-earthquake landslides, as they are of significance for disaster relief and rebuilding plans in earthquake-impacted regions. There is a need to better quantify these prolonged effects and evolution based on the hydro-mechanical mechanisms of post-earthquake landslides. This study investigated the evolution of the hydro-mechanical behaviour and parameters of a single landslide by integrating experimental and theoretical analyses. Analyses were undertaken using a time series of in situ monitoring data over five hydrological years on a single landslide site in the Baisha River basin of Dujiangyan, in the Wenchuan earthquake region, China. Results indicated a linear increase in the angle of internal friction under prolonged effects, while soil cohesion decreased non-linearly, gradually approaching a lower limit. The saturated hydraulic conductivity ( K s ) increased, and the soil residual water content ( θ r ) evolution curve conformed to the Boltzmann function distribution model. The soil–water characteristic curve parameters gradually increased. Based on the hydro-mechanical parameter evolution, the spatiotemporal decay of the landslide over the next decade under extreme rainfall conditions was predicted using the rainfall slope stability models and TRIGRS. This paper proposed a mechanistic explanation for the prolonged effects of a post-earthquake landslide in response to rainfall. Furthermore, it provided a reliable theoretical basis for the early warning and prevention of such landslides. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine the impact of media attention on corporate disaster relief.Design/methodology/approach The authors used a matched sample research design, which is considered more appropriate than a random sample design for studying events that have low-occurrence rates in general. For each donor firm in the Yushu earthquake, the authors matched the firm with a non-donor firm in the same industry and with a firm size of within ±30 percent of the total assets in the year prior to the year of the occurrence of the Yushu earthquake. Then, using the Baidu engine, which is the most popular Chinese search engine, the authors captured the online media attention to the donor firms and their disaster relief.Findings The authors found that media attention drove corporate disaster relief.Research limitations/implications Although the authors highlighted the role of the media as an important stakeholder in influencing corporate disaster relief, the authors did not fully explore the media’s influence. Future research should delve more deeply into the impact of the tenor of media coverage on corporate disaster relief.Originality/value This study reveals that the media, a particularly powerful stakeholder, can be a corporate disaster relief driver in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Coastal areas in China are particularly suffering from marine disasters, as they are attacked by marine disasters frequently, suddenly, catastrophically, leading to massive economic losses, even deaths. It is, therefore, necessary and urgent to build and reinforce a robust risk reduction arrangement for marine disasters in China. Marine disaster index insurance (MDII) has been recognized as an excellent emerging instrument for marine disaster risk management in coastal areas due to its dual advantages of avoiding moral hazard and adverse selection, besides immediate compensation. However, a clear understanding of its evolution, experience, and characteristics of MDII in China is remaining deficient. Taking the review and analysis of policy, this paper traces the history of evolution and investigates China's MDII pilots since 2013. It was found that China has made great progress in piloting MDII with the support of government policies in the past decade, which can be summarized in three stages: germination stage, initial development stage, and comprehensive development stage. However, some deficiencies and challenges have been identified from the investigation, including limited coverage, insufficient demand, inadequate supply, and imperfect subsidy policies. This paper proposes the following improvement strategies: improve the market ecosystem and regulatory system for MDII, enhance the ability of MDII insurers to deal with immediate huge claims, diversify the channels and forms of subsidy policies for MDII, raise public awareness of using MDII to manage marine disaster risks, and design scientific MDII products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Frequent occurrence of natural disasters has become one of the most serious challenges to human society. As rural communities are the forefront of disasters, enhancing the resilience of rural community is crucial to mitigate the impact of natural disasters and seek rapid recovery. This paper provides an analytical framework for changing trajectories of the resilience of rural communities after disasters. Taking the disaster area affected by the catastrophic debris flow in China as an example, we analyze the changing trajectories of rural community resilience after disaster in three villages with different damage levels from 2010 to 2020 based on the data from key person interviews, the disaster situation and development reports, village work records and farmers' questionnaires. We found that the changes of community resilience after disaster show obvious stages due to the difference in the intensity of effects of government intervention and community self-organization ability during disaster relief reconstruction period and self-recovery period. The resilience of communities with different disaster losses showed an increasing trend. However, during the disaster relief and reconstruction period, the resilience of the severely affected community was improved faster, followed by the most severely affected community, while the resilience of generally affected community was improved more slowly. During the self-recovery period, the resilience of the affected general community was improved faster than that of the other two communities. The evolution process of community resilience reflects the increasing role of self-organizational capacity in post-disaster community development, aligning with the overall global trend in rural community governance. In addition, there is a significant sequence in the improvement speed of different dimensions of community resilience at different stages after disasters. During the disaster relief and reconstruction period, the resilience of community management was improved faster and the resilience of environment was slower. During the self-recovery period, the economic resilience of community was improved faster and the social resilience was improved slower. Finally, some suggestions were put forward to strengthen natural disasters prevention and community resilience in disaster-prone areas. [Display omitted] • Provide an analytical framework for the changing trajectories of the resilience of rural communities after disaster. • Community self-organization ability play an important role in improving community resilience. • There are significant differences in resilience of communities with different disaster losses. • There is an obvious sequence in the improvement speed of different dimensions of community resilience after disaster. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]