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Droughts are increasing in frequency and intensity as the global climate changes. Risk assessment for agricultural drought disasters is an important approach for disaster prevention and mitigation. Based on the formation mechanism of natural disaster risk, the index system model of agricultural drought risk assessment in North China was constructed, and the robustness of the established risk assessment model was tested by using the internal test method. Then based on the characteristics of agricultural drought risk formation in North China, the paper proposes corresponding risk prevention recommendations. The conclusions were as follows: when adjusting the indices and methods in the risk assessment model, the range of changes in the agricultural drought risk ranking for each city was mostly 1-2.5 places, and the model was relatively robust. With the exception of Beijing and Tianjin, which had the highest disaster prevention and mitigation capacity, central and northern China had the highest agricultural drought risk, which was previously linked to the high risk and vulnerability of these regions. The agricultural drought risk in northern Henan and southern Shandong is low, mainly due to the low risk. The 34 cities in North China can be divided into 6 agricultural drought risk clusters, which are not dispersed in space and cross-city distribution, and have good aggregation. Cluster 4, located in the northernmost mountainous areas, has the highest risk of drought, which is associated with high environmental vulnerability and low capacity for disaster prevention and mitigation, so agricultural areas should be reduced and agricultural input should be increased. Clusters 2, 5 and 6, located in the central and southern regions, have higher grain acreage and yields due to drought, so agricultural drought risk can be further reduced by increasing agricultural input and improving irrigation guarantee rate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Agro-pastoral ecotone of northern China is the prominent area for agricultural production, but it is also the most typical ecological fragile area with frequent drought disasters. Taking Yulin City at Shaanxi Province in China as the case area, the paper aims to investigate the spatio-temporal changes of agricultural vulnerability to drought in China's agro-pastoral ecotone in the period 2000 to 2020. The results show that: 1) the agricultural vulnerability to drought in Yulin City has shifted from high vulnerability in the period 2000–2010 to low vulnerability in the period 2011–2020. 2) There exist obvious spatio-temporal differences of the agricultural vulnerability to drought in Yulin City during the research period. 3) Four sensitive events and 14 resilient events were identified in the research and the crops of Yulin had become more resilient to drought. Finally, the paper put forward with policy implications to make adaptive strategies of agriculture to climate change in China's agro-pastoral ecotone in the future, e.g., carrying out agricultural zoning based on agricultural production conditions, intensifying the construction of disaster prevention and relief system, and integrating with modern agricultural technology to develop new type agriculture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The summer monsoon–affected area is a suitable area for agricultural production in China. Against the background of climate warming, the activity of the summer monsoon is changing significantly. The drought and flood disasters in this region are becoming more and more frequent and have a greater and more serious impact on agricultural production. Therefore, based on observational data from meteorological stations and yield loss data in agriculture caused by drought and flood disasters in summer monsoon–affected areas, this paper studied the characteristics of the hazard of disaster-causing factors, the risk of losses to agriculture caused by droughts and floods, and their correlation. Moreover, it compared and analyzed the variability of drought and flood hazard and risk to agriculture before and after a temperature rise. The results showed that the precipitation in summer monsoon–affected areas is obviously affected by monsoon activities, and there is an overall though non-significant positive correlation between annual average standardized precipitation evapotranspiration index (SPEI) and the summer monsoon activity index (MI). The drought disaster comprehensive loss rate (DCLR) was generally higher than the flood disaster comprehensive loss rate (FCLR). This shows that the impact of drought on agriculture production is significantly greater than that of floods in this area. The high hazard and risk areas for drought were mainly distributed along the edge of the summer monsoon area and in its vicinity, whereas the high hazard and risk areas for flooding were mainly distributed in the lower reach of the Yangtze, Songhua, and Liaohe Rivers. Among them, Liaoning, Jilin and Heilongjiang are high-risk superposition areas of drought and flood disasters. The hazards of drought and flood dominate the risk of disaster loss. Climate warming has significantly expanded the high-hazard and high-risk ranges in China for drought and flood disasters and has also changed their spatial distribution patterns. The high-hazard area for drought has shifted to the monsoon edge area, the high-risk area for drought has moved northward, and both the high-hazard and the high-risk areas for floods have clearly moved southward. The impact of climate warming on drought was more significant than on floods. This study provides important scientific guidance for formulating drought and flood disaster prevention planning and agricultural production development patterns in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The cultivation of apples plays an important role in China's fruit production. Climate change has brought about more frequent and severe drought and waterlogging disasters, which have negatively impacted apple yield quantity and quality. Through the summary of previous research studies done on the impact of drought and waterlogging disasters and its effect on apple production, methods for disaster prevention and mitigation can be provided to reduce the impact of these disasters to the industry. In this paper, the methods of classification and systematic analysis combined with studying actual disaster cases were used to review the latest research into the effects of droughts and waterlogging disasters on apple production in China and identify the next steps for future research and development into this subject. The intensity and impacts of droughts and waterlogging disasters on apple production are determined by weather, regional climate, topography, soil composition, and several other factors. Adopting the morphological indicators to study these disasters, most existing research into this area only focuses on meteorological factors and rarely consider agrometeorological factors such as soil composition, current crop conditions, and more. The distribution of apple drought disasters in China decreases from north to south. The prevention measures of apple drought and waterlogging included irrigation, strengthening orchard soil management, implementing the integration of soil and fertilizer, etc. More of the current research done into this subject takes place in the Northern parts of China and often lack the necessary information to be put into use in disaster monitoring and early warning applications. In the future, research into apple droughts and waterlogging disasters should focus on increasing in orchard observation data collection, constructing a disaster risk monitoring and early warning model, and implementing the model into apple growing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As one of the natural disasters, drought has caused a large amount of financial loss in the past few centuries. It is quite essential to reveal the variation of extreme drought event in Wei River Basin (WRB) of China. This paper investigated the change patterns of extreme drought event using Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI). Furthermore, the SPEI is predicted by combining different influencing factors in the WRB using Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) model. The spatiotemporal variation characteristics were examined using non-parametric Mann-Kendall test, and the nonlinear relationships between El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and SPEI were quantified using wavelet coherence analysis (WTC). Results showed that midland of the WRB have the highest probability of extreme drought events. Meanwhile, changes in SPEI in the northeast were more erratic than in other regions. The area with extreme drought had increased at a rate of 2.4% per decade. The prediction result of SPEI-24 was the best by LSTM model, and the prediction result of SPEI-3 was the worst. The R-square between the predicted value and the actual value of SPEI-24 is 0.87. The results help to realize the characteristics of extreme drought in the last hundreds of years, which can provide scientific basis and reference for drought emergency response and management in the WRB. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to the national nutrition crisis and the adjustment of planting structure, millet has once again become a widely planted cash crop in Northern China. However, as the climate warms in recent years, drought has occurred frequently and repeatedly in Northern China, which has seriously threatened millet production safety in this area. Therefore, it is urgent to clarify the hazard of millet drought disaster and provide reference for the formulation of millet disaster prevention and reduction measures. In this paper, combined with the water demand of millet in each growth period, Standardized Precipitation Requirement Index (SPRI) was selected to identify and quantify the drought disaster of millet. Considering the impact of different degrees of drought in different growth periods, a hazard assessment model is constructed to evaluate the hazard of millet drought disaster in Northern China under the background of climate change. The results show that: (1) SPRI can well characterize the drought of millet in Northern China. (2) In the context of climate change, millet drought in Northern China shows a trend of increasing intensity and decreasing frequency, and it is possible that millet drought will be even more severe in the future. (3) Combined with the hazard assessment model, millet drought in Northern China will still be dominated by middle hazard in the future, but the areas with high hazard will gradually increase, mainly distributed in northeast China, central and western Inner Mongolia and northern Gansu. The research results can be of great practical significance for the adjustment of agricultural production structure in the future, especially for the sustainable development of agriculture and the formulation of measures to prevent and resist agricultural disasters. [Display omitted] • We apply SPRI to identify millet drought by considering actual water demand. • Future changes of millet drought evaluated by CMIP6-GCM models. • Hazard assessment model was presented combined with disaster loss coefficient. • The areas with high hazard of millet drought will gradually increase in future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Risk assessment of drought disaster is necessary for the sustained agriculture development under the background of global climate change, and, meanwhile, it is an urgent scientific issue needed to be solved in agricultural risk assessment discipline. In this paper, collecting the areas covered by drought disasters, areas affected by drought disasters, areas with no harvest by drought disasters, areas planted, and yield per unit area data, agricultural drought disasters losses of the southern five provinces in China were calculated. The best probability density function was obtained according to the goodness of fit test results. Then, the value at risk (VaR) from financial market risk research method was used to the effective measure of agricultural drought risk. The results show that, in southern five provinces of our research region, risk of agricultural drought disaster in Yunnan and Guizhou is greater than other three provinces. In the scenario of 50 years and 100 years for a return, the crop loss caused by drought will reach 13.6% and 17.4% in Yunnan province, and the crop loss will be more serious in Guizhou province and be up to 15.3% and 18.1%. The above results can provide multifaceted information about drought risk that can help to guide management of drought disasters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The start and duration of a drought are often not easy to define. The advance and onset are usually slow and the social and economic impacts can then extend over a long period. In this study, the Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) was used to describe and compare droughts in different periods and regions under different climatic conditions. The importance of the index lies in its simplicity and in its ability to identify the beginning and end of a drought event. Thus it may be a useful tool for drought contingency planning. This paper examines the SPI by evaluating its application using historical precipitation data from nine weather stations in China. Different time series data covering the period 1980 to 2011 and for differing timescales of 3, 9 and 24 months were used. The results underline the potential of the SPI to inform drought alerts and forecasting efforts as part of a drought contingency planning strategy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]