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Over 50 years ago, a marine estuary was converted to a wastewater stabilization basin for treatment of primarily pulp and paper effluent. As a result, the basin was immediately converted to a 'freshwater' environment and subsequently accumulated a thin layer of black, organic-rich sediment containing varying amounts of dioxins and furans, metals, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and petroleum hydrocarbons. Previous studies on the site have shown that the majority of this contamination in the basin appears to have been contained within this black sediment layer and not migrated to any significant extent into the original underlying marine sediments. The purpose of this study is to examine sediment porewater chemistry changes that have occurred over 51 years of operation of the stabilization basin with the intent of better understanding why contamination has been minimal into the underlying natural marine sediments. Field and laboratory testing is presented to characterize the physical, chemical, and mineralogical sediments in the basin. Porewater chemistry profiles obtained from this work are then used in combination with a one-dimensional contaminant transport model to examine the role of diffusion, sorption, and upward groundwater flux in the porewater profiles found for the sediments. Key words: contaminant migration, diffusion, sorption, barrier, pulp and paper Il y a plus de 50 ans, un estuaire marin a ete converti en bassin de stabilisation des eaux usees pour le traitement d'effluents principalement issus du secteur de la pate a papier. En consequence, le bassin a ete immediatement converti en un environnement << d'eau douce >> et a ensuite accumule une fine couche de sediments noirs, riches en matieres organiques, contenant des quantites variables de dioxines et de furanes, de metaux, d'hydrocarbures aromatiques polycycliques et d'hydrocarbures petroliers. Des etudes anterieures sur le site ont montre que la majorite de cette contamination dans le bassin semble avoir ete contenue dans cette couche de sediments noirs et n'a pas migre de maniere significative dans les sediments marins sousjacents originaux. Le but de cette etude est d'examiner les changements de la chimie de l'eau interstitielle des sediments qui se sont produits au cours des 51 annees d'exploitation du bassin de stabilisation dans l'intention de mieux comprendre pourquoi la contamination a ete minimale dans les sediments marins naturels sous-jacents. Des essais sur le terrain et en laboratoire sont presentes pour caracteriser les sediments physiques, chimiques et mineralogiques du bassin. Les profils chimiques des eaux interstitielles obtenus a partir de ce travail sont ensuite utilises en combinaison avec un modele unidimensionnel de transport des contaminants pour examiner le role de la diffusion, de la sorption et du flux ascendant des eaux souterraines dans les profils des eaux interstitielles trouves pour les sediments. [Traduit par la Redaction] Mots-cles : migration des contaminants, diffusion, sorption, barriere, pate et papier, 1. Introduction Boat Harbour (BH) is the stabilization basin, which until 2020, comprised part of a wastewater treatment facility located near Pictou, Nova Scotia, Canada. A tidal estuary until 1967, [...]

Wood discoloration was investigated in 721 paper birch (Betula papyrifera Marsh.) trees from 146 sites across the managed forest of Quebec, Canada. Discoloration was present at breast height in 85% of trees, but its impact was limited in terms of tree basal area and volume, with proportions of 6.4% and 3.6%, respectively. These two measures were strongly correlated. Discoloration changed wood appearance but had no effect on microfibril angle and modulus of elasticity. Discolored wood was nevertheless denser, probably due to the accumulation of colored extractives. Predictive models were also developed and applied to 415 711 paper birch trees from 51689 inventory plots across the province to study regional variation. Higher proportions of discolored basal area were obtained in the southwestern areas of the province where the climate is warmer and drier. In these areas, paper birch trees are larger and, likely, support bigger branches which can cause larger columns of discoloration when broken. Lower proportions were found in eastern regions where snowfall is more abundant. Smaller, more flexible branches in trees growing in these areas could explain this result. This study confirms the feasibility of large-scale mapping of wood discoloration in standing trees based on forest inventory and climate data. Key words: paper birch, wood discoloration, wood properties, regional variation, climate. La coloration du bois a ete etudiee chez 721 tiges de bouleau blanc (Betula papyrifera Marsh.) provenant de 146 sites repartis a travers la foret amenagee du Quebec, au Canada. La coloration etait presente chez 85 % des arbres mais son impact etait faible : elle occupait seulement 6,4 % de la surface terriere et 3,6 % du volume des tiges. Ces deux variables etaient etroitement correlees. La coloration a modifie l'apparence du bois mais n'a eu aucun effet sur l'angle des microfibrilles ni sur le module d'elasticite. Le bois colore est neanmoins plus dense, vraisemblablement a cause de l'accumulation de matieres extractibles colorees. Des modeles de prediction ont egalement ete elabores et appliques a 415 711 tiges de bouleau blanc provenant de 51689 parcelles d'inventaire reparties a travers la province pour etudier la variation regionale. De plus grandes proportions de surface terriere de bois colore ont ete obtenues dans les regions du sud-ouest de la province oU le climat est plus chaud et plus sec. Dans ces regions, les tiges de bouleau blanc sont plus grosses et supportent probablement de plus grosses branches qui peuvent causer de plus grandes colonnes de coloration lorsqu'elles cassent. De plus faibles proportions de coloration ont ete trouvees dans les regions de l'est oU les chutes de neige sont plus abondantes. Le fait que les arbres croissant dans ces regions aient des branches plus petites et plus flexibles pourrait expliquer ce resultat. Cette etude confirme que la cartographie de la coloration a grande echelle dans les arbres sur pied est realisable a partir de donnees d'inventaire forestier et du climat. [Traduit par la Redaction] Mots-cles: bouleau blanc, coloration du bois, proprietes du bois, variation regionale, climat., Introduction Paper birch (Betula papyrifera Marsh.) is one of the most abundant hardwood species in Canada with a natural range from eastern to western coast (Safford et al. 1990). In [...]

Palynomorphs are one of the few groups of fossils that provide biostratigraphic control in marine to nonmarine rocks and can be applied as proxies for paleoenvironmental and paleoclimatic interpretations. Their utility is enhanced by their microscopic size, which is usually less than 200 micrometres; they are thus easily recovered from small rock samples. They occur throughout the Phanerozoic and are therefore invaluable in refining biostratigraphic control of Arctic successions in Alaska, Arctic Canada, Greenland, northern Europe, and northern Russia. The objective of the Circum-Arctic Palynological Event (CAPE) Stratigraphy series of papers is to integrate data published on Arctic palynomorphs to delineate palynological events (palynoevents) across the Arctic for the Silurian to Cenozoic. Once the series of papers is complete, the data will also be used to compile a TimeScale Creator datapack that can be updated and calibrated on an ongoing basis. Palynoevents include taxon originations (first occurrences or FOs) and extinctions (last occurrences, or I.Os) and some abundance events. The palynoevents are correlated with established chronostratigraphic horizons such as bases of ammonoid zones or stages, and hence their chronostratigraphy is independent of the absolute time scale in millions of years. In addition to the palynostratigraphic papers, the series includes a paper detailing the paleogeography of the circum-Arctic regions, including informative maps, as well as a paper providing a palynological perspective of the Cenozoic shift from greenhouse to icehouse conditions. Les palynomorphes sont l'un des rares groupes de fossiles qui permettent un controle biostratigraphique dans les roches marines et non marines et qui peuvent servir de temoins pour les interpretations paleoenvironnementales et paleoclimatiques. Leur utilite se trouve amelioree par leur taille microscopique, qui est habituellement de moins de 200 micrometres; ils sont ainsi facilement recuperes des petits echantillons de roches. Ils sont presents durant tout le Phanerozoique et sont par consequent d'une valeur inestimable pour le raffinement du controle biostratigraphique des successions arctiques en Alaska, dans l'Arctique canadien, au Groenland, dans le nord de l'Europe et dans le nord de la Russie. La serie d'articles sur la stratigraphie des phenomenes palynologiques circumarctiques (PPC) vise l'integration des donnees publiees sur les palynomorphes arctiques afin de degager les phenomenes palynologiques (palynophenomenes) dans l'Arctique durant la periode du Silurien au Cenozoique. Une fois la serie d'articles terminee, les donnees serviront a la compilation d'un dossier de donnees TimeScale Creator pouvant etre mis a jour et etalonne de facon continue. Les palynophenomenes englobent les apparitions (premieres manifestations ou PM) et les extinctions (dernieres manifestations ou DM) de taxons, et certains phenomenes d'abondance. Les palynophenomenes sont correles avec des horizons chronostratigraphiques etablis comme les bases de zones ou d'etages d'ammonites, et leur chronostratigraphie est done independante de l'echelle chronologique absolue en millions d'annees. Outre les articles palynostratigraphiques, la serie comprend un article detaillant la paleogeographie des regions circumarctiques, y compris des cartes informatives, ainsi qu'un article fournissant une perspective palynologique du passage d'une periode a effet de serre a des conditions a faible effet de serre durant le Cenozoique. [Traduit par la redaction], INTRODUCTION In the Circum-Arctic Palynological Event Stratigraphy project (CAPE), specialists were asked to document selected palynological events (for example taxon originations and extinctions) with correlation potential from the Silurian to [...]

We use a dynamic, global computable general equilibrium (CGE) model to capture the economic impacts of internet adoption, modeled through reduced demand in the newsprint and printing and writing paper (pulp and paper) industries. Global newsprint consumption is estimated to fall dramatically by 2030. We rely on estimates from another study that captures the change in global pulp and paper consumption using the global forest products model (GFPM), based on two scenarios: (i) full per capita internet adoption by 2100 and (ii) more rapid full internet adoption by 2050. We incorporate reductions in pulpwood consumption into a global multiregional dynamic CGE model to estimate economy- wide impacts in Canadian provinces, the United States, and the rest of the world. Results indicated that the year 2050 internet adoption scenario would result in a reduction in cumulative discounted gross domestic product (GDP) by as much as 17% in some regions of Canada, reduce GDP by 5.8% in the United States, and increase GDP by 3.3% in the rest of the world from 2006 to 2030. These findings highlight the costs of internet adoption, leaving net benefit analysis of adoption to future work. Key words: internet adoption, pulp and paper, computable general equilibrium, global impacts. Nous avons utilise un modele d'equilibre general calculable (EGC) dynamique et mondial pour saisir les repercussions economiques de l'adoption de l'Internet, modelisees selon la reduction de la demande dans l'industrie du papier journal et des papiers d'impression et d'ecriture (pates et papiers). On estime que la consommation mondiale de papier journal chutera dramatiquement d'ici 2030. Nous nous appuyons sur les estimations d'une autre etude qui saisit le changement de la consommation mondiale des pates et papiers en utilisant le modele mondial des produits forestiers sur la base de deux scenarios : l'adoption de l'Internet par tous les habitants (i) d'ici 2100 et (ii) plus rapidement, soit d'ici 2050. Nous avons inclus les reductions de consommation de bois de pate dans un modele mondial et multiregional d'EGC dynamique pour estimer les impacts sur l'ensemble de l'economie dans les provinces canadiennes, les Etats-Unis et le reste du monde. Les resultats demontrent que le scenario d'adoption de l'Internet d'ici 2050 aurait pour consequence une reduction du PIB cumule actualise de pres de 17 % dans certaines regions du Canada et de 5,8 % aux Etats-Unis ainsi qu'une augmentation de 3,3 % du PIB dans le reste du monde entre 2006 et 2030. Ces conclusions mettent en evidence les couts de l'adoption de l'Internet laissant l'analyse des benefices nets de l'adoption a des recherches ulterieures. [Traduit par la Redaction] Mots-cles: adoption de l'Internet, pates et papier, equilibre general calculable, impacts mondiaux., 1. Introduction The demand for newspaper and other print media has begun to decline worldwide after decades of growth (see Fig. 1). This reduction can potentially be attributed to a [...]

We analyze the total factor productivity (TFP) of the pulp and paper industry in three Canadian provinces (British Columbia, Ontario, and Quebec) and in three United States (US) states that are contiguously located south of the border (Washington, Illinois, and Maine) over the period of 1971 to 2005. We find that the industry in the three Canadian provinces had much higher TFP growth rates in the era following the Free-Trade Agreement (FTA) signed in 1988. In terms of productivity level, this relative TFP surge allowed the industry in Ontario and British Columbia to move ahead of Illinois and Washington, respectively; however, Quebec trailed further Maine, which is the overall leader in the sample. Our results in this particular case reveal that the Canadian pulp and paper industry did not contribute to the overall Canada-US productivity gap. Key words: total factor productivity, income convergence, pulp and paper industry, Free-Trade Agreement (FTA), productivity puzzle. Nous avons analyse la productivity totale des facteurs (PTF) de l'industrie des pates et papiers dans trois provinces canadiennes (Colombie-Britannique, Ontario et Quebec) et trois etats americains situes immediatement au sud de la frontiere (Washington, Illinois et Maine) pour la periode de 1971 a 2005. Nous avons remarque que l'industrie dans les trois provinces canadiennes avait un taux de croissance de la PTF bien plus elevee pour la periode suivant l'Accord de libre -echange signe en 1988. En ce concerne le niveau de productivite, l'augmentation relative de la PTF a permis a l'industrie de l'Ontario et de la Colombie-Britannique de devancer respectivement l'lllinois et Washington; cependant le Quebec accuse toujours un certain retard sur le Maine qui est le chef de file dans notre echantillon. Dans ce cas particulier, nos resultats revelent que l'industrie canadienne des pates et papiers ne contribue pas a l'ecart global de productivite entre le Canada et les Etats -Unis. [Traduit par la Redaction] Mots-cles : productivite totale des facteurs, convergence des revenus, industrie des pates et papier, Accord de libre-echange, casse-tete de la productivite., 1. Introduction 'Canada has a serious productivity growth problem. The statistical evidence is unambiguous and of long standing.' (1) Real gross domestic product (GDP) per capita increased at a slightly [...]

A summer course developed at Purdue University leverages students' intrinsic desire to observe tornadoes as a motivator for learning severe storms forecasting. Relative to previous 'storm chasing' courses, the Students [...]

Schetselaar, A., Andersen, T., and Burn, C.R. Performance of Climate Projections for Yukon and Adjacent Northwest Territories, 1991-2020. Jarstad, E., Felberg, H.A., and Mamen, A. A Case of the Short-term [...]

ABSTRACT Several important developments in the 1960s showed the way to using spectral analysis to identify and describe atmospheric waves predicted by theory. Among these waves were normal-mode Rossby-Haurwitz waves [...]

ABSTRACTS The 2016/17 wildfire season in Chile was the worst on record, burning more than 600,000 ha. While wildfires are an important natural process in some areas of Chile, supporting [...]

The Madden-Julian oscillation (MJO) identified by Madden and Julian in the early 1970s has been well recognized as the most prominent intraseasonal signal in the tropics. Its discovery and its [...]

Strongman, A. The Influence of Butterflies and Bees on the Old Bering Sea Visual Art. Mills, S., Simmons, D., and Williamson, K.J. In Pursuit of 'a Good Life': Inuit Qaujimajatuqangit [...]

En aquest article es presenten les activitats i experiències impulsades des de la Cartoteca de Catalunya amb l'objectiu de visibilitzar i reconèixer els treballs de les dones en un camp tradicionalment amb una gran presència d'homes, com són les ciències de la terra. Les dues activitats principals se centren en la celebració d'exposicions per donar difusió al fons propi de la Cartoteca, i a intentar desenvolupar col·leccions més equilibrades des del punt de vista de gènere. This article describes the activities designed by the Map Library of Catalonia to draw attention to the contributions of women to Earth sciences, a field traditionally dominated by men. The Library’s two main lines of action are the organization of exhibitions to bring its holdings to a wider public, and its project to develop more gender-balanced collections.

Crawford, A., and Mueller, D. Assessing Ice Island Drift Patterns, Ice Island Grounding Locations, and Gridded Bathymetry Products between Nares Strait and the North Atlantic. Parrett, J.P., Prichard, A.K., Johnson, [...]

New York City College of Technology has created a year-round geoscience workforce preparation and geoscience career mentoring program for nongeoscience, minority science, technology, engineering, and math (STEM) students beginning at [...]

The Semi-Arid Land-Surface-Atmosphere Program (SALSA) is a multi-agency, multi-national research effort that seeks to evaluate the consequences of natural and human-induced environmental change in semi-arid regions. The ultimate goal of SALSA is to advance scientific understanding of the semi-arid portion of the hydrosphere-biosphere interface in order to provide reliable information for environmental decision making. SALSA approaches this goal through a program of long-term, integrated observations, process research, modeling, assessment, and information management that is sustained by cooperation among scientists and information users. In this preface to the SALSA special issue, general program background information and the critical nature of semi-arid regions is presented. A brief description of the Upper San Pedro River Basin, the initial location for focused SALSA research follows. Several overarching research objectives under which much of the interdisciplinary research contained in the special issue was undertaken are discussed. Principal methods, primary research sites and data collection used by numerous investigators during 1997-1999 are then presented. Scientists from about 20 US, five European (four French and one Dutch), and three Mexican agencies and institutions have collaborated closely to make the research leading to this special issue a reality. The SALSA Program has served as a model of interagency cooperation by breaking new ground in the approach to large scale interdisciplinary science with relatively limited resources.

His current research focuses on emerging neural network methods for performing implicit 3D modeling of geological structures. He has significant experience with algorithm development and the application of mathematical techniques for solving difficult earth science problems. His expertise in 3D geological analysis is coupled with a strong background in the integration of geoscience data using geographic information systems (GIS) and remote sensing technologies. [Extracted from the article]

R.M. QUIGLEY AWARDThe R.M. Quigley Award is given out each year to the best paper published in Canadian Geotechnical Journal (CGJ) in the previous year. Bob Quigley was one of [...]

Better pulp quality control, especially relating to product sheet strength, can offer an important means to improve the market superiority of a pulp. However, aside from lignin content, few pulp properties can be easily measured in a timely manner for process control. The present report proves a principle on a novel Raman system and a systematic chemometric approach, allowing for rapid spectral data acquisition and definitive spectrochemical analysis of wet pulp under harsh manufacturing conditions. By incorporating sophisticated chemometrics strategies that combine wavelet transform with a tem-plate-oriented genetic algorithm feature selection and partial least squares multivariate classification, this instrument system extracts maximum analytical information from raw Raman spectra to accurately predict the physicomechanical properties of sheet products. Our work has tested and refined these routines by drawing upon the systematic analysis of 26 bleached soft-wood kraft pulps formulated to yield challenges representative of those encountered in common pulp fibre and sheet analyses. Satisfactory calibration results suggest that a Raman gauge can be developed that has the capacity to continuously assay pulp to predict the physicomechanical properties of sheet paper in real time. Un meilleur controle de la qualite de la pate, particulierement en lien avec la solidite du papier en feuille, peut of-frir un moyen important pour augmenter la superiorite de la pate sur le marche. Cependant, mis a part la teneur en lignine, peu de proprietes de la pate peuvent etre facilement mesurees assez rapidement pour la commande de processus. Cet article demontre le principe d'un nouveau systeme Raman et d'une approche chimiometrique systematique qui permet l'acquisition rapide de donnees spectrales et l'analyse spectrochimique definitive de la pate humide dans des conditions de fabrication difficiles. En incorporant des strategies sophistiquees de chimiometrique qui combinent la transformation en ondelettes avec la selection de caracteristiques au moyen d'algorithmes genetiques bases sur un gabarit et la classification multivariee par les moindres carres partiels, ce systeme instrumental extrait un maximum d'information analytique a partir des spectres bruts de Raman pour predire avec precision les proprietes physicomecaniques du papier en feuille. Nous avons teste et raffine ces routines en se basant sur l'analyse de 26 pates kraft blanchies de resineux formulees de maniere a offrir des defis representa-tifs de ceux que l'on rencontre dans l'analyse courante des pates de fibre et du papier en feuille. Des resultats de calibration satisfaisants indiquent qu'il est possible de mettre au point une jauge Raman capable de tester en continue la pate pour predire les proprietes physicochimiques du papier en feuille en temps reel. [Traduit par la Redaction], Introduction Raman spectroscopy offers a unique means to rapidly measure pulp fibre properties and processing-related changes in these properties, nondestructively, with little or no sample preparation and little sensitivity to [...]

Zeolites were synthesized from paper-sludge ash in different alkali solutions. The ash used in this study has a high-Ca content and a low abundance of Si, in part due to the presence of calcite that is used as a paper filler. The major minerals present in the ash are gehlenite ([Ca.sub.2][Al.sub.2]Si[O.sub.7]) and anorthite (Ca[Al.sub.2][Si.sub.2][O.sub.8]). Three kinds of alkali solutions (NaOH, KOH, and LiOH) at four different concentrations (1, 2, 3, and 4 M) were reacted with paper-sludge ash at 90[degrees]C for 24 h. Powder X-ray diffraction showed that hydroxysodalite ([Na.sub.6][Al.sub.6][Si.sub.6][O.sub.24] x [8H.sub.2]O and zeolite Linde F (KAlSi[O.sub.4] x [1.5H.sub.2]O) had formed in NaOH and KOH solutions, respectively, and that anorthite had dissolved in these alkaline solutions, whereas gehlenite had remained unaffected. In the LiOH solution, both anorthite and gehlenite dissolved, and various minerals, including Li-ABW zeolite ([Li.sub.4][Al.sub.6][Si.sub.6][O.sub.16] x [4H.sub.2]O), hydrocalumite [[Ca.sub.2]Al[(OH).sub.6](Cl, OH) x [3H.sub.2]O], tobermorite [Ca.sub.5][Si.sub.6][O.sub.16][(OH).sub.2] x [4H.sub.2]O], katoite [[Ca.sub.3][Al.sub.2](Si[O.sub.4])[(OH).sub.8]], and portlandite [Ca[(OH).sub.2]] formed. The products of mineral synthesis from paper-sludge ash by reaction in alkaline solutions strongly depend on the specific alkali present. Keywords: Paper-sludge ash, hydroxysodalite, zeolite Linde F, Li-ABW, hydrocalumite, tubermorite, katoite, portlandite

Stirling, I., Regehr, E.V., Spencer, C., Burns, L.E., and Laidre, K.L. Using Visual Observations to Compare the Behavior of Previously Immobilized and Non-Immobilized Wild Polar Bear. Dawson, J., Cook, A., [...]

This paper studies substitution between main categories of imported pulp and paper products and between imported and domestic pulp and paper products in the US market. A restricted translog subcost function approach was employed to derive the elasticity of substitution. The results suggest that Canadian pulp and paper products are competitive and have maintained their competitiveness in the US market, and therefore, the challenges faced by the Canadian pulp and paper industry are not because of the loss of its product competitiveness but are due to other reasons such as declining demand for paper products in the United States. It seems that if the Canadian pulp and paper industry wants to retain its dominant position in the world market place, it will have to create global reach and develop new markets. Cet article s'interesse a la substitution entre les principales categories de produits de pates et papiers et entre les produits de pates et papiers importes et domestiques sur le marche americain. Une approche basee sur une fonction translog restreinte de sous-cout a ete utilisee pour determiner l'elasticite de substitution. Les resultats indiquent que les produits de pates et papiers canadiens sont competitifs, qu'ils ont maintenu leur competitivite sur le marche americain et que les defis rencontres par l'industrie canadienne des pates et papiers ne sont pas dus a une perte de competitivite de ses produits mais plutot a d'autres facteurs tels que la diminution de la demande pour les produits du papier aux Etats-Unis. Il semble que si l'industrie canadienne des pates et papiers desire maintenir sa position dominante sur le marche mondial, elle devra adopter une perspective globale et developper de nouveaux marches. [Traduit par la Redaction], Introduction The Canadian pulp and paper products industry is a cornerstone of the Canadian economy and one of the major contributors to Canadian exports. Any deterioration in the performance of [...]

Background: Paper mulberry (Broussonetia papyrifera (L.) L'Hér. ex Vent) is a dioecious tree native to East Asia and mainland Southeast-Asia, introduced prehistorically to Polynesia as a source of bark fiber by Austronesian-speaking voyagers. In Oceania, trees are coppiced and harvested for production of bark-cloth, so flowering is generally unknown. A survey of botanical records of paper mulberry revealed a distributional disjunction: the tree is apparently absent in Borneo and the Philippines. A subsequent study of chloroplast haplotypes linked paper mulberry of Remote Oceania directly to a population in southern Taiwan, distinct from known populations in mainland Southeast-Asia. Methodology: We describe the optimization and use of a DNA marker designed to identify sex in paper mulberry. We used this marker to determine the sex distribution in selected localities across Asia, Near and Remote Oceania. We also characterized all samples using the ribosomal internal transcribed spacer sequence (ITS) in order to relate results to a previous survey of ITS diversity. Results: In Near and Remote Oceania, contemporary paper mulberry plants are all female with the exception of Hawaii, where plants of both sexes are found. In its natural range in Asia, male and female plants are found, as expected. Male plants in Hawaii display an East Asian ITS genotype, consistent with modern introduction, while females in Remote Oceania share a distinctive variant. Conclusions: Most paper mulberry plants now present in the Pacific appear to be descended from female clones introduced prehistorically. In Hawaii, the presence of male and female plants is thought to reflect a dual origin, one a prehistoric female introduction and the other a modern male introduction by Japanese/Chinese immigrants. If only female clones were dispersed from a source-region in Taiwan, this may explain the absence of botanical records and breeding populations in the Philippines and Borneo, and Remote Oceania. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To link to full-text access for this article, visit this link: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2005.02.021 Byline: A.M. Amat (a), A. Arques (a), F. Lopez (b), M.A. Miranda (c) Keywords: Solar degradation; Kraft pulp mills; Photo-Fenton; Titanium dioxide; Wastewater; Biodegradability Abstract: Solar degradation of effluents in board paper industries has been studied using different photo-catalysts: Fenton reagent and TiO.sub.2. p-Toluenesulfonic acid was chosen as a model compound for sulfonated pollutants already present in the incoming waters. The abatement of a 0.005M solution of this pollutant after 6h was found to be 47% for photo-Fenton and 27% for TiO.sub.2 (pseudo-first-order rate constants 0.002 and 0.001min.sup.-1, respectively). Eugenol and guaiacol were chosen as models for lignin degradation products. They were efficiently degraded by both photo-catalysts, and reaction rates were higher for eugenol (0.0024min.sup.-1) than for guaiacol (0.0018min.sup.-1). A solution of sodium acetate, sodium butyrate and d-glucose was chosen to study the effect of photo-catalysis towards volatile fatty acids and saccharides arising from starch degradation. In this case a clearly worse performance was observed: only 20% degradation was observed after 7h of treatment. When the real wastewater was treated with photo-catalytic methods, the best performance was obtained in closed circuits, when the COD values were higher. This fact can be explained by taking into account that closure of the circuits results in an accumulation of reluctant phenolic pollutants, while starch derivatives are continuously degraded by microorganisms in the circuits; as phenolic compounds are more easily degraded by photo-catalytic means, these methods are suitable for closed circuits. Finally, changes in the BOD.sub.st were determined by means of active sludges respirometry. A noticeable BOD.sub.st increase (30-50%) was observed in all cases, attributable to chemical oxidation of biodegradable species. Author Affiliation: (a) Departamento de Ingenieria Textil y Papelera, Universidad Politecnica de Valencia, EPSA-UPV, Paseo del Viaducto 1, E-03801 Alcoy, Spain (b) Departamento de Ingenieria Quimica y Nuclear, Universidad Politecnica de Valencia, EPSA-UPV, Paseo del Viaducto 1, E-03801 Alcoy, Spain (c) Departamento de Quimica, Instituto de Tecnologia Quimica, Universidad Politecnica de Valencia, UPV-CSIC, 46071 Valencia, Spain Article History: Received 21 July 2004; Revised 10 November 2004; Accepted 23 February 2005 Article Note: (miscellaneous) Communicated by: Associate Editor Sixto Malato-Rodriguez

Glass, T.W., Breed, G.A., Laird, C.R., Magoun, A.J., Robards, M.D., Williams, C.T., and Kielland, K. Terrain Features and Architecture of Wolverine (Gulo gulo) Resting Burrows and Reproductive Dens on Arctic [...]

Kvern, M., Fitzpatrick, P., and Fishback, L.A. Empowering Churchill: Exploring Energy Security in Northern Manitoba. Pigford, A.-A.E., Hickey, G.M., and Klerkx, L. Networked Relationships for Science-Informed Innovation in the Arctic: [...]

The shift to online learning in Nova Scotia during the 2020-2021 academic year forced faculty to digitize activities that would traditionally be done using paper and pen. This included geology [...]

This study investigates the geotechnical properties of seven paper mill sludges. Paper mill sludges have a high water content and a high degree of compressibility and behave like a highly organic soil. Consolidation tests reveal a large reduction in void ratio and high strain values that are expected due to the high compressibility. Triaxial shear-strength tests conducted on remolded and undisturbed samples showed variations in the strength parameters resulting from the differences in sludge composition (i.e., water content and organic content). Laboratory permeability tests conducted on in-situ specimens either met the regulatory requirement for the permeability of a landfill cover or were very close. With time, consolidation and dewatering of the paper sludge improved the permeability of cover. Freezing and thawing cycles increased the sludge permeability about one to two orders of magnitude. Maximum permeability changes occurred within 10 freeze and thaw cycles.

Prichard, A.K., Welch, J.H., and Lawhead, B.E. The Effect of Traffic Levels on the Distribution and Behavior of Calving Caribou in an Arctic Oilfield. Seguin, R., Lefsrud, M.G., Delormier, T., [...]

Aagard, Troels Aitken, Alec Akoglu, Ahmet Allard, Michel Ansdell, Kevin Archibald, Donnelly Arnaud, Emmanuelle Atkinson, Gail Averianov, Alexander Azizi, Hossain Baird, Graham Barendregt, Rene Barr, Sandra Bauer, Bernard Bedard, Jean [...]

The action required to stem the environmental and social implications of climate change depends crucially on how humankind shapes technology, economy, lifestyle and policy. With transport CO2 emissions accounting for about a quarter of the total, we examine the contribution of CO2 output by scientific travel. Thankfully for the reputation of the scientific community, CO2 emissions associated with the trips required to present a paper at a scientific conference account for just 0.003% of the yearly total. However, with CO2 emissions for a single conference trip amounting to 7% of an average individual’s total CO2 emissions, scientists should lead by example by demonstrating leadership in addressing the issue. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

PHOTO (COLOR): RMS Program Cover by Susan Robinson THE THIRTY-SEVENTH TECHNICAL SESSION of the Rochester Mineralogical Symposium was cancelled this year due to the COVID-19 virus. By experimenting with the addition of mica of varying thickness to the optical path when viewing a flattened gahnite and garnet in crossed polars, we found that the observed interference figure was the result of the mica even when exceedingly thin. Multiple flattened almandine crystals have also been extracted from muscovite books from Avondale, Pennsylvania. White included the results of optical analyses performed by our research group on a flattened gahnite, which showed that the crystal exhibited a distinctly biaxial interference figure despite being an isometric mineral. [Extracted from the article]

Red heartwood, a dark nonhomogenous discolouration in paper birch trees (Betula papyrifera Marsh.), limits the applications and uses of sawn boards to nonvisible low-value products, thus resulting in substantial value loss. The occurrence and distribution of red heartwood were investigated in 12 paper birch trees grown in the province of Quebec, Canada. The youngest tree was 62 years old at breast height and the oldest 86 years old for an average of 75 years old. In this study, 225 occurrences of external traits, relating to branch scars and forks, previously proposed as initiation points for red heartwood were identified and measured. The distribution of red heartwood was digitally mapped and the effect of these external traits on the red heartwood surface and shape inside each tree was examined. Results show that red heartwood initiates from an external trait and that multiple external traits can contribute to the development of a red heartwood column following the longitudinal axis of the stem. Red heartwood appeared to initiate mainly from external traits at the base of the tree. A modelling exercise indicated that the width of the red heartwood column inside a standing tree can be estimated from branch scar width and height from the ground. Tree vigour could not be linked to the proportion of red heartwood inside standing trees. A three-dimensional analysis of log shape could potentially be used to detect red heartwood presence in a log before processing to optimize the log sawing pattern. Resume: Le coeur rouge, une coloration foncee irreguliere du bois presente chez certains bouleaux blancs (Betula papyrifera Marsh.), limite les applications et les usages du bois scies a des produits non visibles de faible valeur, ce qui entraine une perte de valeur substantielle. La presence et la distribution du coeur rouge ont ete etudiees chez 12 bouleaux blancs croissant dans la province de Quebec, au Canada. L'arbre le plus jeune avait 62 ans a hauteur de poitrine et le plus vieux avait 86 ans; la moyenne d'age etait de 75 ans. Dans cette etude, 225 defauts externes relies a des cicatrices de branche et a des fourches, precedemment consideres comme points d'origine du coeur rouge, ont ete identifies et mesures. La distribution du coeur rouge a ete cartographiee numeriquement et l'effet de ces defauts externes sur la surface et la forme du coeur rouge a ete examine dans chaque arbre. Les resultats montrent que le coeur rouge est initie a partir d'un defaut externe et que plusieurs defauts externes peuvent contribuer au developpement d'une colonne de bois de coeur rouge le long de l'axe longitudinal de la tige. Le coeur rouge semblait etre initie surtout a partir de defauts externes situes a la base de la tige. Un exercice de modelisation a indique que la largeur de la colonne de bois de coeur rouge a l'interieur d'un arbre sur pied peut etre estimee a partir de la largeur des cicatrices de branche et de leur hauteur a partir du sol. La vigueur de l'arbre ne pouvait etre reliee a la proportion de bois de coeur rouge a l'interieur d'un arbre sur pied. Une analyse tridimensionnelle de la forme des billes pourrait possiblement etre utilisee pour detecter la presence du coeur rouge dans une bille avant d'etre transformee afin d'optimiser le schema de debit de la bille. [Traduit par la Redaction], Introduction Physical and visual characteristics influence both the value and utilization of wood in appearance products such as furniture and wood flooring. Among these characteristics, wood colour is a determinant [...]

Technological growth in production and efficient utilization of input factors are the two biggest contributors to total factor productivity (TFP). TFP of the four major forest industries (logging, pulp and paper, sawmill, and veneer and plywood industries) of Ontario are compared by analyzing their production structures using duality theory in production and costs. The study uses annual data of output and four inputs--labour, capital, energy and materials--from 1967 to 2003. Different restrictions on the translog cost function are applied to each industry to determine the cost function that best describes each industry's technology, which is further used to estimate Morishima elasticities of substitution, ownprice and cross-price elasticities, rate of technological change, and TFP. The production structure of sawmill and veneer and plywood industries is found to be linear homogeneous and homothetic, and that of logging and pulp and paper industries is non-homothetic. Further, Hicks neutral technological change for all four industries is rejected, indicating that the production structure in all four industries is biased in favour of certain inputs and against others. This suggests that policies that improve the efficiency of each industry should focus on input-saving factors of that industry, thereby improving its competitive position. Resume: Le progres technologique dans la production et l'utilisation efficace des intrants sont les deux elements qui contribuent le plus a la productivite globale des facteurs (PGF). La PGF de quatre grandes industries forestieres (exploitation forestiere, pates et papiers, sciage ainsi que placages et contreplaques) de l'Ontario est comparee en analysant leur structure de production et en utilisant la theorie de la dualite dans la production et les couts. L'etude utilise les donnees annuelles de production et de quatre intrants--la main-d'oeuvre, le capital, l'energie et les matieres premieres--de 1967 a 2003. La fonction de cout translog de chaque industrie est restreinte de differentes facons afin de determiner la fonction de cout qui decrit le mieux la technologie de chaque industrie. Cette fonction est ensuite utilisee pour evaluer les elasticite s de substitution de Morishima, les elasticites-prix et les elasticites-prix croises, le taux de changement technologique et la PGF. Les structures de production de l'industrie du sciage et de l'industrie des placages et contreplaques sont lineaires homogenes et homothetiques alors que celles de l'industrie de l'exploitation forestiere et de l'industrie des pates et papiers ne sont pas homothetiques. De plus, il n'y a pas de progres technique neutre au sens de Hicks dans les quatre industries, indiquant que leur structure de production favorise certains inputs et en neglige d'autres. Ces resultats indiquent que les politiques visant a ameliorer l'efficacite de chaque industrie devraient se concentrer sur les mesures d'economie specifiques aux intrants que privilegie chaque industrie et ainsi ameliorer leur position concurrentielle. [Traduit par la Redaction], Introduction With over 72 million hectares of forest land, representing 16% of Canada's total estimated forests, the province of Ontario is a critical contributor to Canada's forest products industries (Ontario [...]