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There is a continuing debate on the measurement of living standards, especially in developing countries. The proliferation of social indicators in recent decades, motivated by both philosophical and pragmatic empirical considerations, has been illuminating. However, it has also led to some confusion: which indicator or set of indicators should be used? The most widely used indicator continues to be headcount poverty, or some refined variant of it. However, what of the many other indicators and, importantly, do they portray a similar picture? We illustrate these issues with reference to the Indonesian experience over several decades. Indonesia has experienced moderately fast economic growth since the late 1960s and, as a consequence, headcount poverty has fallen rapidly. Most other social indicators have also improved. However, the rate of progress has varied, from similarly rapid improvement to stagnation and in one instance, environmental amenities, to regression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper argues that recent inter-religious conflict in Indonesia highlights a need for the education system to address problems of religious intolerance through religious education and the religious culture in schools. The position of religion vis-à-vis the state and education indicates that such action is appropriate in the Indonesian context. The paper analyses approaches to inter-faith education and education for religious tolerance globally, and addresses some of the issues that arise. It then turns to Indonesia, outlining the curricula for religion as a school subject and recent changes in the education system. The ethnographic section of the paper examines how three exceptional private faith schools -- one Islamic and two Catholic -- in Yogyakarta and West Sumatra offer new ways of teaching inter-religious tolerance. The paper demonstrates how religious education in schools can foster inter-religious tolerance and understanding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research explores the relationship between cognitive writing strategies and students' writing performance. The primary aim of this paper is to explore whether or not the two variables are interrelated. It also investigates how strong are the relationship between the two variables. The target observation was students at the moderate level. The sample was drawn systematically from population of 80 students at the English department Hasanuddin University 2008-2009 Academic year. The students were divided into 3 groups based on the results of their achievement test. The results indicated that 37 students included at the moderate level. Data were mainly obtained by means of achievement test where the students were asked to write about approximately 300 words in 60 minutes. The test was evaluated based on the five writing elements, assessed by two raters. Another way of obtaining data was through strategies questionnaire (10 Questions) and data were analyzed quantitatively using Kendall's thau-c formula. Qualitative analysis was also applied. The results of the quantitative analysis through their achievement test are not significant (0.298). Its contribution is 11.4%. In contrast, in relation to questionnaire, the result shows that the correlation is significant (0.000) and its contribution is 70.3%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Indonesian education system is striving for an inclusive approach and techniques are needed which can support children with severe learning disabilities and their peers in this context. Manually signed language has proved useful both in supporting the development and empowerment of children with severe learning disabilities and supporting inclusive educational practices. The development of an Indonesian signed language approach for this purpose is therefore argued to be an appropriate goal. There is evidence that the use of signed language within classrooms is significantly influenced by teacher attitudes and beliefs. This paper examines the attitudes towards such an approach based on semi-structured interviews with 20 teachers in 7 schools in East Java and questionnaire responses from 69 teachers and educational professionals more widely located across Indonesia. The results suggest that teachers hold broadly positive attitudes to the possibility of signing. There is a complex relationship between social stigmatisation, the nature of signing and a possible classroom pedagogy. These issues need to be considered if the development of an Indonesian signed language approach for inclusive classrooms is to proceed successfully. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cultural disappearance in the social order is one of the concerns in Indonesia nowadays, one of which is Sundanese culture. In addition, the crash of globalization also requires people to be inspired by learning many aspects away from their own culture. This paper aims at increasing the position of ethno mathematics learning in attractive the disposition modeling of mathematics while maintaining the traditional culture. This quantitative study applied the Rasch Wins Step Model to survey 90 elementary pre-service elementary teachers education students as the respondents in which they were grouped based on educational background, namely science or non-science, and Sundanese language ability background, and by Sundanese and non-Sundanese language, based on educational background, 59 respondents were the students of natural science class, and 31 respondents were not the students of natural science class and consisting of 42 Sundanese respondents and 48 non-Sundanese respondents. The data were gathered by means of questionnaires regarding mathematics modeling disposition. The consequences exposed that most students decided to increase mathematics modeling disposition with ethno mathematics learning because student curiosity increases the understanding of Sundanese culture in learning mathematics. The more ordinary science and Sundanese origin support ethno mathematics learning compared to non-science and non-Sundanese mathematics modeling disposition. Mathematical modeling activities will be more meaningful for students if they use culture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Children who are going to be the next generation that will be the citizens in today's cities and cities in the future are going to live in the majority of the villages that have transformed into very big cities in Indonesia. These cities, with all their complex problems, require their citizens to appreciate as well as interact nicely with them and their communities. Therefore, it is very significant to groom the new generation that knows the green cities' social behavior. The aims of this research are as follows: First, to describe the level of comprehension of the awareness of cultural behavior as the necessary behavior required to reside in the cities to build the great communities; Second, to organize the typical guidance for the child education on cultural behavior to green cities. The methodology employed in this research is the descriptive quantitative design together with tendency test that compares the mean or average of the research result as well as the ideal mean. The study was carried out in Surabaya, Indonesia. The result of the study indicated that the understanding level of cultural behavior revealed a reasonably good standard for all the four categories and a good level for the entire research. Reasonably good level implies that the understanding level is fair and needs to be improved to make it conform to the Surabaya development shortly. Thus, it is essential to develop guidance for children for cultural behavior education toward creating green cities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Indonesia, the definition of inclusive education tends to be a narrow one. Even though the goal of the national policy on inclusive education underlines non-discrimination for all learners, early childhood education (ECE) practices still do not accommodate every child's needs. This study focuses on inclusive practices in ECE by exploring the provision of inclusive ECE in Yogyakarta, one of the big cities in Indonesia, where ECE inclusive pedagogy has been implemented for more than five years. By exploring ECE practitioners' experiences, this study aims to discuss the (mis)alignments between inclusive education policy and practices. The data sources are two-fold. First, we conducted online interviews with ECE manager and teachers (N = 5). The second form of data comprised ECE teachers' online discussions on the topic of inclusion. The data collected were analysed using a thematic analysis method. The results indicate that distributed leadership, an organisational culture that respects diversity, and inclusive ECE pedagogy are the main aspects that need to be developed to enable inclusive ECE. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Disasters are events that threaten and disrupt people's lives and livelihoods due to natural and/or non-natural factors as well as human factors that cause human casualties, environmental damage, property losses, and psychological. The implementation of disaster preparedness has not been carried out comprehensively and continuously throughout Indonesia. This study aimed to determine the effectiveness of landslide preparedness education interventions in increasing the landslide preparedness capacity of households in the Sukabumi Regency. The minimum sample was 118 for each intervention and control group. Random sampling was used for sampling technique. Data analysis was done using an independent t-test. The results of the study mean that the difference in knowledge scores showed a significant difference between the intervention group and the control group (F = 23.41, p-value = 0.000). In addition, the average difference in household preparedness scores for landslides showed a significant difference between the intervention and control groups (F = 190.08, p-value = 0.000). After the intervention, the intervention group's household disaster preparedness improved significantly. Meanwhile, no significant increase was observed in the control group's household disaster preparedness score after the intervention. Household disaster preparedness training may have an impact on the knowledge, attitudes, and behavior of individuals and families. Trainings such as online and simulation using live or recorded demonstrations should be developed and evaluated for their effectiveness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Al-Ta'lim is the property of State Institute for Islamic Studies IB Padang and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Al-Ta'lim is the property of State Institute for Islamic Studies IB Padang and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The purpose of this paper is to find the relationship between public expenditure in the educational sector and the economic growth in Indonesia since the government decided to spend 20% of the state budget on education. We used time series data from 1988 to 2018 and the Cobb–Douglas production function as an economic theory for measurement. In the methodology, we employed Autoregressive Distributed Lag bound tests to find the relationship between variables. The results show that public expenditure on education has an insignificant relationship in the long- and short-term estimation. However, they both have different directions, which is a positive relationship in long-term and a negative relationship in short-term estimation. Meanwhile, gross fixed capital formation shows a positive relationship, and the labour variable has a negative relationship in the short and long terms. In conclusion, the Indonesian government should manage the education system regarding the relationship between education expenditure and economic growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Does education promote economic growth? The aim of this study is to find out the impact of education on economic growth in Indonesia. This research employed panel data technique to investigate the relationship between education and economic growth in Indonesia during the period 1996-2009. The empirical results show that education per worker has a positive and significant impact on economic growth. The estimates of panel model suggest that a 1% increase in average education per worker will lead to about 1.56% increase in output. By using instrument analysis, researchers found that Jawa Timur is a province with highest economic growth in Indonesia. In contrast, Bengkulu experiences the lowest position with the lowest economic growth. The results show us that there are still substantial disparities within the provinces in Indonesia [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Indonesia's higher education system is changing rapidly: in 2010 there were about 5 million students, up from 2,000 in 1945. Effectively the tertiary system has four tiers, three of which are within the public sector. However, the system is increasingly private sector driven. The key themes of this paper on universities are rapid growth; overcoming the historical backlog; and the need for further fundamental reform. The quality of Indonesia's tertiary institutions is highly variable. Governance structures and incentives regimes within the state universities are complex and obscure. The government both over-regulates and under-regulates. Major reforms are under way and increasing financial resources are available. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

In recent years, overseas work-integrated learning practica have become an increasingly important part of development studies curricula in ‘Northern’ universities. This paper examines the factors that shape pedagogical effectiveness in the provision of such programmes, focusing on the case of the Australian Consortium for ‘In-Country’ Indonesian Studies' Development Studies Professional Practicum. Particular attention is given to the five principles of effective practice identified by Benjamin Lough in relation to international social work placements. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This paper discusses the pedagogical beliefs of practicing teachers in two countries--Indonesia and Australia. It investigates what teachers deem to be important in planning and implementing teaching for effective student experiences in the classroom. Pedagogical beliefs are directly related to teachers' decision-making in planning and implementing their teaching; thus, they are directly relevant to attempts to understand and reform practice. In this study, pedagogical beliefs are constructed along the dimensions of Productive Pedagogy, a teaching framework developed in Australia and is increasingly used as research and professional development tool in a variety of educational settings. This paper argues that the main benefit of this type of research is not the measurement of teachers' beliefs but the potential of leading to action to improve teaching. It is hoped that further research might not only look at measuring beliefs but understanding of the contextual factors that give rise to these and to conduct interventions to change these towards improving practice. This study points to the observation that a universal program that is designed to reform teachers' beliefs and actions in teaching cannot be one-size-fits-all. It has to take local conditions into account. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores Indonesia's Javanese culture and the way to develop closer relationship between expatriates and the host country nationals. Previous research determined that strong social relationship is a major factor in enhancing expatriate adjustment and the overall business operations in Indonesia. This article examines two factors underlining the Javanese culture: (1) the concept of social status and (2) the Javanese business values. The article also suggests three human resource development interventions that may enhance expatriates' understanding of the Javanese culture and that may assist them in building strong relationships with the locals: (1) cross-cultural training, (2) storytelling technique and (3) boundary spanning activities. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This paper focuses on the problem of class teaching and solutions through classroom action research. The main problem in teaching, namely students are less motivated to learn and therefore their English language skills are still lacking. From these two problems, we carried out several activities ranging from observation, interviews, to teaching in the classroom with the blended learning model, then discussing what had been done to find out the root of the problem. This action research uses the design of "action research spiral structure" advocated by Stringer (2007) which consists of three levels, look, think and act. The results show progress in teaching where students' summative grades are higher than the minimum requirement of completeness scores. This progress is obtained through transformation in teaching techniques by creating student-centered classes by involving them in class discussions, interacting, and integrating LMS Edmodo into the learning so that it becomes more interesting, interactive, and resourceful. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper focuses on Indonesian poverty alleviation programs. It examines the national poverty reduction programs of cash-based support projects for the poorest of the poor and highly marginalized groups. Indonesia was the country hardest hit by the East Asian financial crisis of the late 1990s. In 2005, Indonesia began unconditional cash transfers (UCT) for the first time - giving cash money to the poorest, poor and near-poor targeted households. As a result, the income of the poorest households receiving UCT increased by 1.3 times compared to that of non-recipients. The UCT can be seen as a new benchmark for Indonesia as a mechanism of a 'shockbreaker' for the poor affected by the crisis. In 2007, the government of Indonesia began a trial of the conditional cash transfer (CCT) program known as the Hopeful Family Program (Program Keluarga Harapan or PKH). The CCT program was provided to poor families with an allowance conditional on their attention to their children's education and health. With this program, women in the community gained access to new resources, in the form of the additional cash. CCT is planned to be the basis of the development of a future social security system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This note examines the likely impact of increased government expenditure on education in Indonesia resulting from new policy initiatives since the year 2000. These initiatives were consolidated in 2003 following the enactment of a new 'Law on National Education System'. The effectiveness of this policy is questioned by comparing the expenditure and enrolment rates between Indonesia and other High Performing Asian Economies (HPAEs) - Singapore, Hong Kong, South Korea, Thailand and Malaysia from 2000 to 2007. Privatisation of educational institutions, not greater government involvement, has been the norm across most of the other HPAEs during the 2000s. Privatisation leads to improvements in the quality and cost of education. Enrolment rates indicate that the quality of education has not improved in Indonesia as compared to other HPAEs. Improvements in quality will become a particularly important issue for Indonesia as it continues to cope with the challenges brought about by China and India's unprecedented growth as labour-intensive manufacturing powerhouses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we question whether and how the sibship extension to foster children, a common practice in many developing countries, affects children's school enrolment status. Based on Indonesian data, we show that children's school enrolment increases with the number of foster grandchildren in their sibship. Given that grandchildren fostering is associated with positive transfers from biological to host parents, this result reflects either a release of liquidity constraints in the host household or the uncommon preferences of host grandparents. Conversely, the proportion of other foster children in a sibship does not have any effect. The latter result's explanation depends on the reason children other than grandchildren are fostered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Jalan Sesama was developed to address the developmental needs of Indonesian children ages 3 to 6 years. Using a randomized experimental research study design, this study examined the effect of a 14-week intervention on 160 children in the Pandeglang District in Indonesia’s Banten Province. Results offer solid evidence that early cognitive skills, literacy, mathematics, health and safety knowledge, social development, environmental awareness, and cultural awareness significantly improved from baseline to post-intervention. Those with the greatest exposure to Jalan Sesama performed the best, even after controlling for baseline scores, gender, age, and parents’ education. This paper describes how an educational media intervention can have great benefits, even in locales where the children face difficult hardships and lack basic resources. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This paper will examine to what extent the unprecedented global financial crisis has affected the Indonesia's economy. The differences between Indonesia's experience of the global financial crisis (GFC) and Asian Financial Crisis (AFC) in 1997-98 will be illuminated. The government's priority on the development of education -- together with achieving quality growth, reducing poverty, creating jobs, improving infrastructure -- have accelerated the economic recovery and improved key indicators in education. Despite budgetary adjustments, the Indonesian government continues to prioritize investment in education. As a result, the GFC has not affected number of students in Indonesia significantly. The GFC has not affected the interest of students to get higher education at the Indonesia's universities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article assesses the impact of the decentralization process on multi-level governance in Indonesia by focusing on the functional assignment of roles and responsibilities among central, provincial and district/city governments. The case of functional assignment in the health and education sectors is used to analyse the decentralization effects of recent legal reforms and is evaluated using the managerial grid model. The research finds that despite recent reforms aimed at deconcentration, central government remains the dominant actor in the system of governance and the delivery of public services. Although in general local governments are allocated a large range of functions, they are not accompanied by sufficient budget allocation. It is observed that functional assignment delegated to local governments vary and should depend on the capacity of each region. To conclude there is a need to establish an independent institution that is responsible for functional assignment to regions in accordance with their respective capacity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract While there are numerous studies available on general elections and young voters in Indonesia, far less research has systematically studied the particular connection between young voters and electing female representative. This contribution deals with Indonesian young voters (17–24 years old) by investigating (a) their shared political knowledge on electoral systems and (b) their preferences in electing female legislators. Using data from 234 respondents with various backgrounds, it argues that the vast majority of Indonesian youth are relatively less-informed with regards to the country's political and electoral systems. This paper demonstrates the gender gap exists in both political knowledge and preferences. It also suggests that young electorates offer a massive support to male over female candidates as nearly 75% of respondents are more inclined to elect a male parliamentarian. The study finds that there is no significant difference in terms of voting behaviour between young and non-young Indonesian voters during legislative elections, as both groups are influenced by gender stereotypes about the ability of male and female politicians to represent the constituents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Writing in a second language (L2) is a challenging task. It is demanded in academic context and considered a lifetime skill. In Indonesia, writing is the most neglected skill in schools, resulting in low writing proficiency among university students. The aim of this study is: 1) to identify the writing process of Indonesian EFL proficient student writers; and 2) to explore the writing strategies used by Indonesian EFL proficient student writers. Williams' writing process model was used as the basis for identifying the writing process, while Leki, Sasaki and Mu's writing categories were used to identify the writing strategies. This study used the qualitative case study research design integrating four data collection methods, that was, observation, interview, think-aloud protocol and video-stimulated recall interview. The results show that the student writers undertake a five-step writing process: prewriting, planning, drafting, pausing and reading and revising and editing, utilising 10 writing strategies: mechanics of writing; relating the topic to past experience and knowledge; talk-writing; freewriting; outlining; listing; using online materials; seeking help; taking the reader into consideration; and text organisation in each stage of the writing process. The study significantly contributes to the body of knowledge on writing, helps L2 writing teachers and L2 learners at all levels of writing using the model of the writing process and the proposed writing strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this paper is to explore the issue of possible cultural and historical explanations of why Indonesian women's higher participation in tertiary accounting studies has failed to lead to a commensurately higher participation in the upper echelons of public accounting careers. This paper has adopted the ideographic subjectivist approach which suggests that research should be culturally and historically informed. Women interviewed for this study repeatedly mentioned two cultural and historical barriers to their fuller participation in the public accounting profession. Firstly, it was noted that Javanese expectations of "proper" behavior in women did not lend itself to some aspects of public accounting work (the need to travel away from home and to have contact with male colleagues and clients were particularly mentioned). Secondly, Javanese expectations that women ensure the smooth running of the household made it difficult for women to devote the time and energy required for a full professional life if they also had to balance the needs of a family. The methods of unstructured interviews with women working in Indonesian public accounting practices and a literature review on the issue of cultural and historical influences on Indonesian women are used to direct attention to participation issues and to encourage future exploration of barriers to women's full participation in public accounting in Indonesia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With an increasing emphasis on creativity in education and language teaching, it is important for teachers and students to examine their own views on and perceptions of creativity. What is regarded as creativity may vary from one context to another. This paper examines the perceptions of creativity reflected in the evaluation of creative poems by students and teachers in an Indonesian context. The participants evaluated short poems written by a group of Indonesian university students. This resulted in several characteristics of creativity being highlighted: honesty, reality, truthfulness, and personal value. The poems were voted on and the ones which received the greatest number of votes were also analysed. The more creative poems demonstrated higher degrees of language play and creative language use. This paper1 suggests several activities which could be conducted by teachers and students in other contexts to help them examine their own explicit and implicit views on creativity. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Indonesians appear content with local public education, despite independent concerns about quality in the international context. Over 85 percent of respondents from the recent Governance and Decentralization Survey claim to be at least somewhat satisfied with primary school education. This study argues that the generally high levels of reported satisfaction are probably exaggerated because of courtesy bias, low expectations, and optimistic predispositions. Survey responses are best thought of as indicative of relative, and not absolute, levels of satisfaction. The empirical examination shows that objective measures of service quality and governance conditions are both significant determinants of the probability that households are satisfied with local public education. The significance of governance holds regardless of whether pertinent variables are assumed to be exogenous or whether they are specified as endogenously determined, although the endogenous specification performs much better, in general. The evidence suggests a cautious approach toward the use and interpretation of score card initiatives, which attempt to employ citizen satisfaction as a close proxy for actual quality of services, in nonrandom samples, and without controlling for other factors. In addition, the results provide a novel rationale for improving the local governance environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyses the issues involved in promoting lesson study in an Indonesian university, based on a case study of the Faculty of Mathematics and Science (FMIPA) of the State University of Yogyakarta. Five points are discussed. First, conducting lesson study with schools revealed that the faculty managers noticed the ignorance about lesson study in FMIPA and decided to conduct lesson study by themselves to learn more. Second, despite using a didactic teaching approach initially, more faculty members began using group work in their lessons. Third, despite the emphasis on the importance of observing students' learning realities, most faculty members focused on teaching methodology. Fourth, in terms of reflection, they could be classified as evaluation-minded in order to be critical about the observed lessons, and learning-minded to appreciate the observed lessons. Fifth, the strong involvement of managers is necessary to develop lesson study as a daily teaching and learning practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper considers urban-rural location and education as the main factors of expenditure inequality, and attempts to examine inequality changes associated with urbanization and educational expansion in Indonesia. The urban sector's higher educational group is found to have contributed significantly to overall inequality. Its within-group inequality increased significantly. This, together with educational expansion, led to a conspicuous rise in urban inequality. Overall inequality rose, due not only to the rise in urban inequality but also a widening urban-rural disparity, accompanied by urbanization. To mitigate overall inequality, the government needs to introduce policies that could reduce inequality among households with a tertiary education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In our understanding of tourism as a tool for development, small-scale enterprises are considered critical. From either the "trickle down" or "bottom up" perspective, small-scale entrepreneurs are considered central to the multiplier effect and economic development of communities in less economically developed countries. Whilst the potential exists for empowerment through entrepreneurship to be felt at an individual or community level, in many cases tourism does not lead to burgeoning entrepreneurial opportunities and the associated empowerment. This paper, based on long-term ethnographic research in Eastern Indonesia, examines the factors affecting entrepreneurial development. It assesses why, in some communities, tourism offers the hopes and dreams of development and the initial steps towards empowerment, but why the dreams rarely become realities. While the literature identifies both a lack of human capital and financial capital as barriers to entrepreneurial activity and empowerment, this paper identifies both deeper cultural barriers and external factors that constrain successful entrepreneurship in tourism. Using Hofstede's cultural dimensions as a starting point, this paper examines the relationship between these cultural dimensions and entrepreneurship. The paper also identifies that a lack of understanding, confidence and education act as barriers to the entrepreneurial potential of the community. The nature of tourism presents additional constraints both because global forces, beyond the villagers' control, dictate the flow of tourists; and the observable nature of tourism work leads to capital accumulation problems. The paper also explores how the high value placed on connections with foreigners, social networks and the importance of education motivates certain forms of entrepreneurship in this emerging destination in Eastern Indonesia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we lay the initial groundwork for anticipating Indonesia’s future burden of disease by developing a demographic model of population health. We develop this model within the analytic framework of a Markov-based multistate life table model to calculate an important indicator of the burden of disease, the expected years of active life of elderly Indonesians. The magnitude of the gap points to the potential consequences of improvements in the nation’s educational level for the future burden of disease. The results show that having some education increases life expectancy but it also expands the expected years with a major functional problem. Overall educational attainment levels, however, are very low, indicating that Indonesia’s elderly are at the leading edge of improvements in the nation’s social capacity for health. The life tables suggest that at the early stages of development, longer life is accompanied by an expansion of morbidity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines post-crisis export performance in Indonesia against the backdrop of pre-crisis experience and the comparative export performance of other Southeast Asian countries. It surveys trends and patterns of export performance, focusing on comparative experience in major commodity categories and changing revealed comparative advantage. It also examines the implications for Indonesia's export performance of China's emergence as a major competitor in world trade, considers market prospects for textile and garment exports following the demise of the Multi-fibre Arrangement, and explores the factors contributing to the post-crisis export slowdown. The findings support the view that Indonesia's poor export performance in the post-crisis era is largely supply driven. They strengthen the case for reversal of recent backsliding in macroeconomic policy reform, and for speedy implementation of the unfinished reform agenda. Prudent macroeconomic management, while necessary, is not sufficient to achieve rapid and sustained export growth in an era of rapid economic globalisation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As the most populous Muslim country in the world, Indonesia has a unique experience in dealing with Islamic education, a system that was established years before the country’s independence. This paper summarizes the development of Indonesian Islamic schools with special reference to their changing curricula. Using the social constructionist perspective as an approach, this research is trying to see the significance of political and social changes to the development of Islamic schools’ curricula throughout the country’s history. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines educational development in East Timor. It is particularly concerned with the period between October 1999 and May 2002 when the country was governed by the United Nations Transitional Administration in East Timor (UNTAET). The paper argues that UNTAET missed an important opportunity to implement the transformation in education that was called for by Timorese leaders. This was in part due to the extensive damage to East Timor’s education system as a result of Indonesia’s violent withdrawal in 1999. It was also due to the UNTAET period being the latest phase of a long history of external actors seeking to govern East Timor. As another (albeit far more benign) external actor, UNTAET’s efforts in the educational sector lacked legitimacy and thus popular acceptance from the people of East Timor. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

This paper reports on the use of the Index for Inclusion in five socioeconomically different primary school contexts in Indonesia. The research was designed and developed through Australian and Indonesian teachers and teacher educators collaborative efforts over a year. The work took place during the post-Suharto reform period and focuses on the field of Civics education. The research examines what the ethic of inclusion means to teachers participating in political and educational democratization as they attempt to embrace and develop citizenship classroom practices that feature respect for difference. The theoretical interest is in both citizenship theory and inclusion; showing how the civic cultures of school and nation intersect; and the implications of that intersection for inclusion theory and cross-cultural theorizing of inclusion more broadly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper describes a five-year Canadian-Indonesian faculty development project that involved a range of activities and resulted in sustainable faculty development: the creation of faculty development centres in two post-secondary institutions. The mentor–mentee literature that framed the experience resulted in a gradual shifting of responsibility from the Canadians to the Indonesians. Analysis of the experience resulted in five key points that might inform faculty development practice whether internationally or locally. The key points are: time to develop expertise, understanding the multiple cultural contexts, modelling a range of different kinds of knowledge, sharing an external object of study, and changing the nature of problem solving and posing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper sets out to understand the impact that training and education programmes have had on institutions and on individuals in Indonesia and to identify theoretical and practical approaches that appear to be effective in bringing about planned change. An analysis was made of evaluation and research studies that included significant components of training and education. The evidence of longer-term impacts does not support the belief that development and change will automatically follow from training. The studies show that the absence of systemic and institutional commitment and the absence of sustainable links in a complex chain of institutional arrangementsare impediments to the goals of development. For trainees, the outcomes derived from overseas training are a complex mix of professional, affective, cultural and career advantages mediated by the nature of the work environment. Although most graduates believe in the advantages of overseas training there are also important disadvantages, such as difficulties with re-entry, work relationships, and the development of appropriate professional networks. The studies identify several input and contextual factors that have had a significant influence on longer-term change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this modern era, child marriage still remains a practice in some regions. This phenomenon damages the normal life of families and negatively affects the human capitals of Indonesia. Higher number of child marriages would lead to increase in the divorce rates than normal, as those involved in this marriage have not developed the necessary emotional control for solving problems that might arise during these marriages. This led many to the path of divorce. The goal of this research is to understand the factors that led to child marriage in Cintapuri Village, Banjar Regency, Banjarmasin. This research uses the qualitative descriptive method with phenomenological model. Subjects in this research were teenage girls married in the age of 14-16 with Junior High School (SMP) being their last education level, parents, and village governance apparatus in Cintapuri Village, Banjar Regency, Banjarmasin. The data from this research was collected through careful observations and interviews with people related to the research's objective. The result of this research shows there are several factors leading to the rampant cases of child marriage, such as economical, educational, and cultural factors. Looked through from an economical point-of-view, many parents are marrying their children off to alleviate their economic burden. From an educational point-of-view, many parents are not aware of the adverse effects of child marriage and the laws that regulate the minimum age of marriage, because of the lack of education. From a cultural point-of-view, parents are feeling nervous and ashamed for the fact that their daughter do not have a partner yet, leading them in search of a suitable partner for their daughter even though their daughter do not always approve of the parent's suitable partner. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The purpose of this research is to find the form of socio-economic interaction of Sota - PNG border crossers in this case is Kle Kanume who settled in the territory of the Republic of Indonesia and the territory of Papua New Guiene. The method used is a qualitative method with a descriptive approach combined with interviews and observations. This research was conducted in Sota District, Sota Village, Merauke Regency, South Papua. The focus of this research is the local community of Sota-PNG border crossers, namely the Kanume Tribe/Klen. The reason for choosing this research focus is because some Klen Kanume are residents who inhabit the Sota Village of Sota District and some Klen Kanume inhabit the Morhead District of PNG. The results of this study found that this border crossing community is an actor who daily crosses the Sota-PNG border to conduct socio-economic interactions with various purposes (Socio-Cultural, Economic, Health, and Education). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

High illiteracy rates and a low average school year has contributed for Papua Province to had the lowest Human Development Index (IPM) in Indonesia. The educational achievement should not only be seen through statistical figures. The challenge of providing education services for Indigenous Papuans (OAP), especially in the central highlands area, should consider the socio-demographic context, geography, accessibility, availability of transportation, and the culture of OAP, along with local government capacity in managing education services. The 2001 Special Autonomy Law mandated a proportion of the allocation of education funds at 30%. However, its implementation for up to two decades has not been able to contribute to a significant increase in human resources. Therefore, the issue of education in Papua is not only a matter of funds. Implementation standards for education and teaching materials must be able to adapt to their needs, answer community’s problems, be in accordance with natural conditions, and not be urban biased. This study will explain three models of the development of the Papuan contextual education model implemented by education practitioners, a foundation, and local government with NGOs in several districts in Papua Province, which have become good practices for implementing Papuan contextual education for OAP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

"This paper presents an overview of Asian student migration to Australia, together with an analysis of political and educational aspects of the overseas student programme. It focuses on some significant consequences of this flow for Australia. The characteristics of key student groups are contrasted to provide some perspective of the diversity of historical and cultural backgrounds, with the source countries of Malaysia, Indonesia and PRC [China] selected as case studies. Since the issue of PRC students in Australia has attracted considerable public attention and policy consideration, particular focus is placed on their experience." (SUMMARY IN FRE AND SPA), (excerpt)

"Beginning with a discussion of the sources and quality of Indonesian age data by sex, this paper examines the changes in the functional age groups of the population of Indonesia from 1971 to the year 2005, and the implications of these changes for education, labour force participation, dependency ratios and fertility. Data for the period 1971 to 1985 are based on actual enumerations, while those for the period 1990 to 2005 are based on projections. Although the provisional totals of the 1990 Census had been released before the publication of this paper, their breakdown by age was still not available. The functional age categories discussed in the paper include the pre-school years, the primary and intermediate school ages, the teenage years, the reproductive ages of women, the principal working ages and the post-work years. It concludes with a discussion of various policy and planning implications of these changes.", (excerpt)

The paper examines the factors within the household which determine enrolment of children aged between 13 and 18 years in Indonesia. It distinguishes three possible states, enrolled in the appropriate school level, delayed enrolment, and not enrolled. Delayed enrolment as a result of repetition is a serious problem in Indonesia. Although the focus is on the influence of family background characteristics on enrolment, researchers allow for variations in the provision of education to enter into the school enrolment decision. Ignoring regional variations in the provision of education could lead to biased estimates in the effect of background characteristics. Higher parent's education significantly reduces the probability of non-enrolment and delayed enrolment. The father's education has more effect on enrolment than the mother's education for both boys and girls. The mother's education has more effect on reducing delayed enrolment. Generally the effects of the parent's education are stronger for boys than for girls. A high birth order reduces the chances of being enrolled at the appropriate level.

For many years, education researchers have grouped students into categories based on their skills and abilities. This research can help teachers and curriculum developers to understand the transition through the overlapping stages of reading acquisition, and can provide opportunities for appropriate instruction and targeted interventions for students who are struggling with certain aspects of reading acquisition. Using Early Grade Reading Assessment (EGRA) data on a nationally representative sample of second grade students in Indonesia, we have developed a new approach for categorizing students into learning profiles, which are directly tied to their particular instructional needs. We divided students into five learning profiles based on their reading ability (Grade 3 Ready, Fluent, Instructional, Beginner, and Nonreader) and then examined the relationship among these profiles and their reading skills on a variety of EGRA subtasks in order to determine the instructional need required to promote students from one profile to the next. Although the exact cuts points will differ by orthography, the framework laid out in this paper is tied directly to two EGRA subtasks in order for it to be easily adjusted for use regardless of the language or country. Accordingly, this approach significantly increases the value of EGRA results in terms of their practical implications and can be used to provide clear guidance to researchers, ministry officials, aid organizations and policy makers aiming to address educational shortcomings and improve student performance across countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The implementation of KKNI curriculum in Indonesia requires meaningful learning-so does the biochemistry learning. In the mean time, biochemistry learning is constrained by the fact that its implementation and assessment have yet to be integrated with classroom learning and laboratory works. The Orientation/Decision/Do/Discuss/Reflect (OD3R) method seeks to integrate the elements and makes biochemistry learning meaningful. The implementation of the OD3R method in 4 universities in Indonesia (N = 216) shows that this method can help students to integrate information obtained from lectures by writing good laboratory reports, improve practical skills, and improving students' scientific attitudes. Each stage in the OD3R method meets cognitive, affective, and psychomotor domains in the biochemistry learning. More details on the OD3R method and its assessment are described in this paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the determinants of economic growth, income inequality, and their relationship in the context of education inequality. The results indicate that the relative dispersion of human capital has a disequalizing relationship with income distribution while the absolute dispersion has the opposite effect. This study also shows that economic growth has a significantly disequalizing effect on the income distribution and there is a quadratic relationship between income per capita and inequality (Kuznets' curve). Finally, human capital investment is positively related to the growth of the economy. Therefore, economic policies should be targeted on equal access to education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]