6 results on '"Skjærseth, Jon Birger"'
Search Results
2. Explaining the significant 2008 changes of EU emissions trading.
- Author
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Skjærseth, Jon Birger and Wettestad, Jørgen
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EMISSIONS trading , *ENVIRONMENTAL policy , *ENVIRONMENTAL law , *POLLUTION control costs , *ENVIRONMENTAL impact charges - Abstract
This paper discusses the revision process of the EU emissions trading system (ETS). The ETS has so far operated on the basis of a main directive adopted in 2003 and a 'linking directive' adopted in 2004. In January 2008 the European Commission put forward a formal proposal for a revision of the system and hence new rules for trading in the 2013-20 period. The proposal was debated in the EU decision-making bodies in the course of 2008 and the final revised directive was adopted in December 2008. With the outcome of the process and the significant changes adopted as the dependent variable, the paper discusses three main explanations. First, applying 'intergovernmentalist' lenses, the key determinants for EU policy are found at the level of member states. The member states are the ultimate and main decision-makers, through decisions in the Council. Second, applying the lenses of multi-level governance theory, key determinants for EU policy are (increasingly) found in the positions and actions of the European Commission and the European Parliament. The Commission is the formal agenda-setter in the EU, but has also formal and informal influence in the decision-making phase. The Parliament has become a formal co-decider in the EU. Third, looking through global lenses, key determinants for EU policy may be found in global factors and institutions. Not least, EU policy-making is often embedded in global regimes/institutions. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2009
3. The origin, evolution and consequences of the EU emissions trading system.
- Author
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Skjærseth, Jon Birger and Wettestad, Jørgen
- Subjects
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EMISSIONS trading , *DECISION making , *POWER (Social sciences) ,UNITED Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (1992). Protocols, etc., 1997 December 11 - Abstract
The paper addresses the rapid initiation, decision-making and implementation of the EU emissions trading scheme (ETS) in light of EU resistance to emissions trading during the Kyoto negotiations. It discusses the explanatory power of three explanatory perspectives, all rooted in established theory traditions. First, we discuss the relevance of âLiberal Intergovernmentalismâ, indicating that the EU ETS was requested by central Member States and the rapid decision-making process was possible because a majority of Member States quickly came to favour such a system. Second, we assess âMulti-Level Governanceâ and institutional approaches to EU policy making, indicating that the EU ETS was initiated by the enrepreneurship of European Commission in alliance with non-state actors, and the rapid decision-making process was possible due to the leadership of the Commission and the European Parliament. The third perspective is inspired by literature on international regimes, indicating that the EU ETS was a result of external institutional factors, such as the Kyoto Protocol and developments within the climate regime. The paper concludes by using the relative explanatory power of these perspectives to shed light on the functioning of the EU ETS so far and discuss the prospects for an environmentally effective system in light of the recent proposal for a revised EU ETS for the period after 2012. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2008
4. EU emissions trading: Legitimacy and stringency.
- Author
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Skjærseth, Jon Birger
- Subjects
EMISSIONS trading ,ENVIRONMENTAL policy ,REVISIONS ,LEGITIMACY of governments - Abstract
In December 2008, the EU Emissions Trading System (EU ETS) was significantly revised and strengthened. This article explores the basis for, and the consequences of, the revision for legitimacy. The key to legitimate EU governance is seen in the convergence of different sources of legitimacy at various levels of society. In addition to member-state consent, participation of non-state actors, democracy, expertise and effectiveness are of relevance. The first conclusion is that the recent revision of the EU ETS has indeed been grounded in a broader multilevel legitimacy basis. Second, the system faces significant challenges with regard to carbon markets and effectiveness, which could reduce its legitimacy in the long term. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2010
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
5. Making the EU Emissions Trading System: The European Commission as an entrepreneurial epistemic leader
- Author
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Skjærseth, Jon Birger and Wettestad, Jørgen
- Subjects
EMISSIONS trading policy ,CARBON offsetting ,CLIMATE change mitigation ,GREENHOUSE gas mitigation ,GOVERNMENT policy ,EPISTEMICS ,LEADERSHIP ,INTERNATIONAL cooperation - Abstract
The EU has developed the first and largest international emissions trading system in the world. This development is puzzling due to the EU's scepticism to international emissions trading in greenhouse gases (GHGs) in the run-up to the 1997 Kyoto Protocol. This article analyses how the EU ETS was initiated in the first place mainly from the perspectives of Liberal intergovernmentalism (LI) and multi-level governance (MLG). LI emphasises change in the positions of the EU member states as the key to understand what happened and why, whereas MLG opens up for change in the position of supranational entrepreneurial leaders as the key explanation. The main conclusion is that entrepreneurial epistemic leadership exercised by the European Commission was crucial for making the EU ETS. The principal means of leadership involved building up independent expertise on how an EU ETS could be designed, and mobilizing support from state and non-state actors at various levels of decision-making. This type of leadership may be needed more generally to deal with challenges characterized by high scientific uncertainty and social complexity in which learning is pertinent, such as climate change. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]
- Published
- 2010
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
6. Non-State Actors and Environmental Governance: Comparing Multinational, Supranational and Transnational Rule Making.
- Author
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Gulbrandsen, Lars H., Andresen, Steinar, and Skjærseth, Jon Birger
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NON-state actors (International relations) , *ADMINISTRATIVE procedure , *INTERNATIONAL relations , *MULTI-level governance (Theory) , *POLICY sciences , *EMISSIONS trading - Abstract
This paper examines the role and influence of non-state actors in global environmental politics. It draws on the theoretical framework of multilevel governance, emphasising the influence of non-state actors at various policy-making levels. Empirically, we assess and compare the following cases: multilateral environmental negotiations (the climate change negotiations and the International Whaling Commission - IWC), the EU Emissions Trading System (ETS), and social and environmental certification programs The comparison across cases reveals that there is significant variation in both the role and influence of non-state actors in multilateral, EU-level and private governance programs. Careful attention to this variation is crucial for advancing our understanding of how and under what conditions nonstate actors influence policy outcomes. We argue that the influence of non-state actors is closely related to the authority and competence of nation states. Moving from multinational to supranational and transnational rulemaking, the cases show a declining role of nation states and increasing role of non-state actors. Moreover, in all three cases, we see that because rulemaking is an ongoing and iterative process, the goal attainment and influence of various actor groups change over time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2011
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