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Turkey's rapid population and economic growth have caused a significant increase in energy demand over the last two decades. As a result, a process of evaluating alternative energy strategies and policies was required to be formulated carefully along with the country's longer-term decarbonisation aims. Although Turkey's considerable renewable energy potential exists, its dependency on foreign energy and its dramatically depreciating currency have been the main drivers of revisions to these renewable energy-related policies. This paper aims to demonstrate and evaluate all the strategies and challenges of Turkey's green steps toward a sustainable future. Sustainable developments of many developed countries have been examined and compared to assess Turkish strategies and significant policies that have been taken. As findings, it has been revealed that policy revisions regarding the use of domestic technology in green power plants decelerate investments for a short time. However, it has been found that renewable energy patent applications have declined, although domestic technology in green energy plants has been promoted through these policy revisions. As a result of this dilemma, the quality and effectiveness of green research and development (R&D) in Turkey have been investigated and then benchmarked with most leading countries. It has been observed that there is no correlation and relation between the patent application and the articles on renewable energy. Therefore, the paper has provided insight into new policies and strategies to enhance the productivity of R&D for both Turkey and developing similar countries. Consequently, potential measures to increase Turkey's green energy use and production are discussed and proposed systematically, considering those findings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Renewable energy is an important alternative energy source in terms of both sustainable growth and climate change. In this paper, the causality nexus between renewable energy consumption and economic growth is analyzed in 15 emerging countries covering the period from 1990 to 2015. The paper adopts the bootstrap panel causality test which is developed by (Kónya, Econ Model 23:978–992, 2006) to consider the cross-sectional dependence. The results of (Kónya, Econ Model 23:978–992, 2006) prove the validity of the neutrality hypothesis in all countries. Then, we analyze asymmetric causality among the variables. Asymmetric test denotes a causality from negative shocks of economic growth to negative shocks of renewable energy consumption in South Africa, Thailand, and Turkey. Thus, a negative shock in economic growth hampers renewable energy consumption in these countries. Our results demonstrate the consequences of the application of disaggregated data in the analyses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently, interest in industrialisation has increased again, and reindustrialisation policies have begun to be discussed. Because empirical and theoretical evidence indicates that industrialisation plays a significant role in economic growth and development. Nevertheless, studies analysing the factors affecting industrialisation are limited. In consequence, the main purpose of this paper is to analyse the dynamics of industrialisation in Türkiye over the period 1990-2020. For this purpose, the effects of foreign direct investments (FDI), trade globalisation, and renewable energy, which are thought to affect industrialisation significantly, are investigated. The ARDL bounds test, and the Toda-Yamamoto (1995) causality test are employed in this respect. The findings prove that FDI, trade globalisation, and renewable energy consumption positively impact industrialisation in the long-run. At the same time, Toda-Yamamoto's (1995) causality test results indicate a unidirectional causality from FDI to industrialisation, bidirectional causality between renewable energy and industrialisation and no causality between trade globalisation and industrialisation. In this regard, for sustainable industrialisation, effective policies are necessary for FDI, trade globalisation, and renewable energy. In addition, FDI inflows should be directed to specific sectors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Energy is an indispensable requirement for the sustainable development of countries. Turkey has been trying to increase the use of renewable sources in electricity energy production with the policies it has implemented recently. This study investigates the effect of disaggregate energy consumption on economic growth in Turkey via the Augmented ARDL. Robust results are obtained by Augmented ARDL in econometric analysis. In this context, it is to examine the impact of renewable energy, natural gas, and coal consumption. Considering the 2001 crisis in Turkey, we add a dummy variable to the cointegration equation. The paper employs the recently developed augmented ARDL approach in the presence of one structural break to investigate annual time series data during the period 1988–2018. The results obtained in this study showed that all variables were statistically significant eventually. Long-term estimation results suggest that among the energy sources examined in the study, on economic growth has a positive effect coal consumption, natural gas consumption, and renewable energy. Moreover, empirical results indicated that economic growth and energy consumption also contribute to environmental damage. On the contrary, natural gas both increases economic growth and is effective in increasing environmental quality. The fact that the positive effect of renewable energy sources on economic growth eventually is greater than natural gas is the most striking finding of the study. In line with these results, it can be said that Turkey can reduce its energy dependence by increasing the use of domestic and renewable energy sources and providing sustainable economic growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes the impact of renewable energy consumption, total factor productivity (TFP), income, imports, and exports on consumption-based CO2 emissions in Turkey from 1990 to 2019, utilizing the Autoregressive Distributed Lagged (ARDL) method. The findings indicated that the use of renewable energy, total factor productivity and exports negatively influence CO2 emissions. On the other hand, the positive impact of income and imports on CO2 emissions was found. The negative impact of renewable energy consumption and total factor productivity highlights the importance of implementing environmentally friendly measures in the energy sector (particularly raising the proportion of renewable energy in overall energy consumption) and technological innovation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Within the literature on energy and environmental economics, it is generally acknowledged that renewable energy can improve environmental quality; however, certain papers suggest that an optimal level of the usage of renewable energy sources may exist. Consequently, the utilization of renewable energy sources can result in environmental degradation up to a certain threshold. Then, environmental quality can be enhanced through the continued application of renewables. This indicates that the link between renewable energy and environmental devastation is inverted U-shaped. This paper presents empirical evidence concerning this possible association between renewable energy and environmental destruction in Türkiye, a country where fossil energy predominates in the energy mix. Additionally, the paper investigates the environmental influences of natural resource rents and schooling. This study utilizes annual data from 1971 to 2020 and implements time series methodologies that rely on the Fourier approximation. The paper thus accounts for an undetermined quantity of structural breaks. The results suggest that an inverted U-shaped link occurs between renewable energy and environmental destruction, signifying renewable energy initially contributes to a diminution in environmental quality before subsequently improving it. Additionally, environmental quality is positively associated with natural resource rents and negatively associated with schooling, according to the findings. Furthermore, the findings reveal that schooling worsens the combined effect of renewable energy on environmental degradation. These conclusions are discussed in the paper. [Display omitted] • A nonlinear pattern exists between renewable energy and the environment. • Natural resource rents decrease environmental destruction. • Schooling increases environmental destruction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Turkey is a developing country with rising energy demands. Energy access is one of the key parameters to sustain the development, since the country meets a considerable part of energy demands by imported fossil fuels. Distributed photovoltaic power generation (DPPG) is one of the sustainable solutions to increase renewable energy sources (RES) shares in primary energy demand. This paper investigates Turkey's current policy system with its excellences and shortcomings in different stages of distributed photovoltaic power generation development in the country. By the assessment of the current situation, a strengths (S) and weaknesses (W) and external opportunities (O) and threats (T) analysis is also conducted to propose urgent strategies to contribute the development of DPPG sector in Turkey. In conclusion, future roles of the government and energy market are discussed to increase integration of DPPG in Turkish renewable energy market comprehensively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wind power has become one of the cost-effective options for improving the energy mix, while the wind farm installations reach higher shares by new capacity additions in Turkey, similar to many other countries, in order to support the sustainable development targets. Various methodologies are implemented and applied for planning and optimizing energy systems of countries, taking into consideration the energy, economy, and ecology aspects as a whole. The objective of this paper is to demonstrate the implications of "2023 energy targets" policy in terms of wind power. A futuristic scenario was tailored and applied to a comprehensive energy model for the energy system of Turkey. The official wind energy vision and goal of Turkey were analyzed by applying a scenario based on 20,000 MW wind power capacity installation by the year 2023. The results indicated that, if applied, this action will increase the share of wind power utilization to the level of 16% in the total renewables while the installed wind capacity will reach 18%. Finally, the total cost of this strategic target which doubles the installed capacity and electricity generation by wind power, including the respective investment costs and subsidizations results, were calculated as $24.78 billion on the analysis horizon. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper is to specify people's awareness, acceptance and needs for the Renewable Energy (RE) and Energy efficiency (EE) innovations in Jordan. This took place after having studied the most influential innovations on RE and EE in Germany, Spain and Turkey. Then, two suitable innovations were selected; in particular, PV mobile charger and sodium light unit regulator. Our research was based on the analysis of qualitative interviews and a questionnaire. The results showed that (53%) are willing to buy PV mobile charger depending on its life cycle and efficiency even if it is expensive. About (89%) of respondents realized that it is important to develop and support the EE innovative solution of using sodium regulator in lighting the streets by the municipalities, and about (49%) would like to take practical steps for the RE and EE developments if they could. The results also show that all respondents are willing to pay extra cost to obtain green energy; (20%) want the cheapest possible solution in this regard. the study results indicate that Jordanian people do expect more from the public sector about renewable energy production; whereas a large percentage (63%) thinks that public sector should take the first step towards renewable energy production. The acceptance and awareness of the society on RE and EE innovations is one of the most important drivers towards the transition to RE and EE in Jordan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine the impacts of (non-renewable and renewable) energy consumption and trade on environmental pollution in an environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) setting in Turkey for the 1965–2016 period.Design/methodology/approach Besides conventionally used unit root tests, Zivot–Andrews unit-root test is also employed to account for a possible structural break. To investigate the interrelationships among the variables, the autoregressive distributed lag and the vector error correction methodologies are employed.Findings The results verify the EKC hypothesis. Moreover, increases in trade and non-renewable energy consumption rise carbon emissions in long run, while renewable energy consumption reduces it in both short- and long-run. The causality analysis reveals that there are bi-directional long-run causalities between non-renewable energy consumption and carbon dioxide emissions, and between trade and carbon dioxide emissions. Additionally, the neutrality hypothesis is valid for the renewable energy consumption-income nexus in both short- and long-run. For the non-renewable energy consumption-income nexus, the neutrality hypothesis holds only in short-run and the conservation hypothesis holds only in long-run.Originality/value This is the first study which incorporates both renewable energy consumption and trade into its environmental pollution model for Turkey. Moreover, by investigating short- and long-run causalities among the employed variables, more robust policy implications are put forward. Lastly, this study employs a longer sample period and considers a structural break in its models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Turkey’s rapid economic growth followed by increasing gap between domestic energy production and consumption signifies the large-scale integration of low-carbon and renewable resources into energy system. Turkey’s energy demand is increasing and supplying fossil energies such as oil and gas is becoming more challenging due to the lack of domestic hydrocarbon resources. The country is facing two main issues; first, maintaining energy balance and second, handling environmental issues. Nevertheless, Turkey has substantial renewable and low-carbon energy resources with co-benefits for the country’s fast growing economy and environmental sustainability. This paper aims to present a comprehensive update on Turkey’s renewable and low-carbon energy sector. It reviews not only the current status of the technology, policy and economy, but also provides an insight into the social aspects as well. From a policy point of view, the paper critically discusses Turkey’s energy strategy and perspectives and from the social point of view, the paper argues that there is a research gap in recent literature regarding public awareness and social acceptance of low-carbon energy technologies. Also, the future challenges for promoting low-carbon society in Turkey are discussed in terms of sustainable development and socio-environmental conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The energy sector with 70% public budget influence in Turkey is unsurprisingly one of the sectors over which most policies have been developed. Although Turkey is rich in terms of renewable energy sources such as solar, water, wind, geothermal; as the speed of the consumption of the energy generated through these resources is higher than the production, the use of other non-renewable energy sources is at stake, and increases the emission amount released into the environment depending on this type of energy used. In this study, Energy Extended Input-Output Analysis has been conducted using the data of emission occurred depending on energy use within the framework of energy economy as an interdisciplinary field of study. And research has been carried out on the mutual interdependency between energy and economy. This paper employs an analysis recently published as an input-output table of the year 2014 of Turkey and energy use emission data of the same year in the World Input-Output Database. The emission occurred as a result of one single unit of energy use in the sector of electricity, gas, steam, and air conditioning supply, which are one of the two sectors including the whole components of the energy sector in Turkey, comes first with 51.4327 TJ/million-dollar coefficient, manufacture of coke and refined petroleum products, which is the other sector, ranks at the ninth row with the coefficient of 4.4556 TJ/million-dollar. As a result of the conducted analysis, while normalized total backward energy use emission linkages coefficients (BL j) equal 10.1074 TJ for Electricity, gas, steam, and air conditioning supply sector, they are 1.1676 TJ for the manufacture of coke and refined petroleum products. Normalized total forward energy use emission linkages coefficients (FL i) are 21.448 TJ for electricity, gas, steam and air conditioning supply, yet they are 1.3941 TJ for manufacture of coke and refined petroleum products. Policies on the sustainable use of energy in Turkey have been developed through the achieved results in the content of the study. Policies by focusing on the economy and prioritizing the role of energy in providing sustainable development, preferring environmentally friendly renewable energy sources, and encouraging less production of emission, have especially been mentioned. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Total energy consumption per capita of any country is a critical input for the economic and social development. But nowadays, the current energy production systems are not sustainable and they are not environment friendly. Increased fossil energy consumptions in manufacturing, transportation and standard of living in the growing population have the highest impact on the environment in terms of global warming potential and air pollution. Also fossil fuel prices are increasing because of shortening of fossil fuel sources. Sustainable development improves standard of life economically and environmentally over the long term in a way that must be supported by the industrial structure of the country. In order to sustain energy availability and keep environment livable for future generations, finding new alternatives is necessary. Increased awareness of society about environmental issues and fossil energy sources depletion support new clean alternatives. These alternatives are one of the important and determinant policy areas for the countries, and should include both short and long term energy policies. This paper discusses the environmental pollution caused by energy consumption, and the role of conventional and renewable energy technologies as one component of the effective sustainable development and solution. Also, renewable energy potential of Turkey for assessment of the green energy systems is investigated in terms of sustainable development, environmental impact and prices. All the given results in this paper will be useful to researchers, engineers, decision and policy makers in industry and government. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: This present paper deals with exergoeconomic results of the Wind Turbine Power Plants (WTPPs) for the first time to our knowledge. Ratio of exergy loss rate to capital cost-exergy efficiency graph and correlation are presented. Monthly exergoeconomic results are also presented for the three turbines. Ratio of exergy loss rate to capital cost and ratio of energy loss rate to capital cost depending on the wind speed are studied. And also as meteorological variables temperature (density of air) and humidity effect on ratio of exergy loss rate to capital cost are discussed and the results are given by the table and graphs clearly. The paper describes an exergoeconomic evaluation of wind turbine power plant. The analysis of the field data demonstrates the proposed system is a viable option for wind turbine power plant (WTTP) installations. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The article discusses a study on the issues of energy use and air pollution in Turkey. This paper focuses on the growth of environmental concerns in the region as carbon dioxide emissions have increased with the rise of energy consumption. Turkey's demand of energy and electricity has also increased and is dependent on imported energy resources. This gives additional burden to the economy. Renewable energy resources are being turned to for solutions and environment protection. The renewable energy policies and utilization of energy in Turkey are reviewed.

With developing technology, energy consumption and requirements are steadily rising. Wind energy emerges as an indispensable energy source in the world, where energy requirements are increasing gradually due to important features such as being renewable, sustainable, easily accessible, and environmentally friendly. In recent years, wind energy investments in Turkey have increased significantly, in line with the rest of the world. In recent decades, a significant number of investors have performed investment studies in this area. In this study, the wind energy potential of the Balıkesir Province in Turkey was calculated using geographical information system (GIS) functions. A wind speed map was created by using wind speed data measured at a 10 m altitude at 32 meteorological stations. The wind speeds were extrapolated to 100 m considering the land cover data, and a wind speed map of the Balıkesir Province was created using GIS functions. An equation was produced to calculate the number of turbines that can be placed in a certain area depending on the national regulation, which is also the novelty of this study. By using this equation, the wind energy potential values of the Balıkesir Province and its districts were obtained according to varying wind speed ranges. The results obtained in this study were compared with the wind energy potential atlas of Turkey (REPA). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Food supply security is one of the most important problems facing the world today. Although fertile agricultural lands are decreasing day by day due to climate change caused by global warming, the demand for food is increasing with the increasing population from around the world. In addition, energy input costs in food production are increasing day by day. One of the energy input costs is the energy spent for agricultural irrigation. Meeting the energy required for agricultural irrigation from the Sun will both prevent environmental problems caused by fossil fuels and reduce agricultural irrigation costs. In this study, the province of Mus, which is one of the least developed cities in Turkey, with a high potential for agriculture and solar energy, is considered as a case study. In this study, firstly, the equipment that can be used in the solar-powered irrigation system was determined, after the necessary formulas and calculations were made in detail, finally, the cost analysis of this irrigation system was made and the time that the system could pay for itself was calculated. With this study, when the size of a field and the distance of the water source from the field are known, the required water pump size, PV panel size and installation cost can be easily calculated. Thus, a tool has been developed that can be easily used by every farmer. It is believed that this program will make a great contribution to encouraging farmers to engage in irrigated agriculture by utilizing solar energy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to the increasing energy demand and the climate crisis in the world, the importance of alternative energy generation techniques, which are clean and cheap, is increasing. Since renewable energy sources are clean and sustainable, their integration into the grids at transmission or distribution levels as distributed generation sources provides significant benefits both economically and environmentally. Rooftop solar panels are also an application of small-power renewable distributed generation technologies. In this study, the economic and environmental analysis of the rooftop photovoltaic system designed to increase the green energy usage rate and reduce the greenhouse gases released to the environment has been made. Considering the electricity consumption data and roof area of an office building of a factory located in the north of Turkey, solar radiation data obtained from three different sources such as the General Directorate of Meteorology, National Aeronautics and Space Administration, and Photovoltaic Geographical Information System were used during the analyses carried out in the Hybrid Optimization Models for Energy Resources program. By providing an annual average of 160 000 kWh (11%) clean energy generation, the annual release of pollutants such as 101.353 kg of carbon dioxide, 0.439 kg of sulfur dioxide, and 0.215 kg of nitrogen oxide to the environment has been prevented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A plethora of studies have shown that structural change helps nations achieve socioeconomic growth. The influence of structural change on environmental quality, on the other hand, has yet to be thoroughly investigated. As a result, the current study assesses the asymmetric impact of structural change on CO2 emissions while controlling for the effects of economic progress, renewable energy utilization, and nonrenewable energy in Turkey. To this end, this research used yearly data stretching from 1965 to 2019. The study applied several econometric approaches including nonlinear auto-regressive distributed lag (NARDL) and spectral causality to assess these associations. The outcomes from the NARDL reveal that variations in the regressors have a nonlinear influence on CO2 in Turkey. Moreover, the transition in the economy's structure helps to boost ecological quality, while the findings also show that Turkey's current economic progress trajectory is unsustainable due to the country's reliance on fossil fuel-based energy consumption. The outcomes of the spectral causality test also show that structural change can predict CO2 emissions in Turkey at different frequencies. Based on the study findings, the government should encourage investment in the service sector in order to maintain a suitable level of environmental sustainability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Social Sciences Research / Sosyal Bilimler Arastirmalari Dergisi is the property of ODU Journal of Social Sciences Research and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

[Display omitted] • A model is proposed to maximize market performance including tradable certificates. • The long-term impacts of regulations on market are discussed by fine and subsidy. • Three important objectives for government are investigated under four scenarios. • The obtained results are validated by Turkey's energy data as a real case study. • Fine policy is more effective than a subsidy to empower renewable electricity. In the last decades, due to the increasing environmental concerns such as energy-resource depletion and global warming, energy efficiency instruments and renewable energy production has been promoted more than ever. This paper investigates a comprehensive comparison between two energy markets, i.e., the tradable white certificate (TWC) market and the tradable green certificate (TGC) market. How to coordinate the two energy markets and what the coordination impacts become the main issues under a reward-penalty mechanism. This multi-agent problem is discussed in an electricity supply chain consisting of two populations of traditional energy suppliers who want to decide about using one of them under government intervention. In this regard, the behavior of the suppliers is analyzed under three different Scenarios, including traditional power generation, energy efficiency program (EEP), and renewable portfolio standards (RPSs). An evolutionary game is applied to formulate the problem. The results show that a mandatory fine policy is more useful than an energy-saving subsidy to motivate the traditional suppliers to move toward sustainable energy generation. This policy also helps governments to meet their sustainable-oriented goals, as we discussed in this work. The findings can be applied to extend sustainable-based energy projects in developing countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Solar energy is a source of alternative energy for fossil fuels. The importance of solar energy is due to its qualities. It is both unlimited and nondestructive to nature. It also has zero emissions and limitations unlike fossil fuels. In this study, the conceptual design of a solar-powered unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV), with six hours of endurance, is performed. An evaluation of the literature and powertrain architecture design is carried out. Components, such as solar panels, battery, and Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) are evaluated. The city of Eskisehir in Turkey is selected as a flight region with a continental climate. Flight environment and solar energy generation efficiency are investigated. Monthly sunshine times are calculated and compared with the semi empirically calculated power requirement of the UAV. It has been found that the UAV that is the subject of this study can achieve six hours of solar flight during the period between the fourth and the tenth months in Eskisehir, with 472.29 Wh of electrical energy required to be generated within a 1.084 m2 wing area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Eukaryotic microalgae and prokaryotic cyanobacteria can grow in various water and wastewater types, and both can grow biomass by taking nutrients and converting atmospheric CO2 into useful products. Biofuels obtained by processing this landless grown biomass are defined as "third-generation biofuels". In this study, the effects of hydrodynamic cavitation (HC)-assisted NaOH pretreatment on methane production from cyanobacteria were investigated. Cyanobacterial biomass was isolated from thermal springs located in the southwest of Turkey (Denizli-Turkey) and identified as Desertifilum tharense. Desertifilum tharense biomass was grown on a laboratory scale, and along with its compositional characteristics, culture-specific parameters were determined. HC-assisted NaOH pretreatment was applied to evaluate optimum process conditions for enhancing methane production from D. tharense. In the experimental design, process parameters of cavitation number (Cv: 0.3-0.7), NaOH concentration (0–4%), solid content (1.5%), reaction time (4h), and reaction temperature (30°C) were combined to reveal the parameter-specific impact of HC pretreatment. The effect of the HC-assisted NaOH pretreatment was further investigated with molecular-bond and surface structure characterization. Along with the energy equivalent of obtained biofuel, energy requirements for cultivation, harvesting, pretreatment, and anaerobic digestion (AD) were calculated to determine the process's overall energy efficiency. Kinetic parameters of raw and pretreated D. tharense were determined by first-order, cone, modified Gompertz, and reaction curve models. The results revealed that by the application of pretreatment, a 2-35.3% soluble COD increase was achieved, whereas methane production was increased from 241.5 to 290.6 mLCH4 gVS−1. Application of HC with a low Cv of 0.3 boosted methane production up to 20.3% compared to the raw D. tharense. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: In the last decade, Turkish electricity demand has increased more than 8% per annum as a result of economic development. Being one of the renewable energy sources par excellence, non-exhaustible, non-polluting and economically more attractive than other renewable sources, hydropower has turned out to be an important contributor to the future energy mix of the country. Turkey''s renewable energy sources especially hydropower sources are plentiful and extensive, and represent the second-largest domestic energy sources after coal. Turkey has a total gross hydropower potential of 433 TWh/year and 140 TWh/year of this capacity can be used economically. Currently, Turkey has 172 hydroelectric power plants in operation with total installed capacity of 13,700 MW generating an average of 48,000 GWh/year, which is 35% of the economically viable hydroelectric potential. 148 hydroelectric power plants are under construction 8,600 MW of installed capacity to generate average annual 20,000 GWh representing 14% of the economically viable potential. The share of renewables in total electricity generation is 17%, while that of thermal is 80% in 2009. The projection for the period 2010–2020 is for annual growth of 8% in total electricity generation. The additional generation capacity needed up to 2020 will require huge investments. This paper deals with present situation and future prospect of renewable energy and the role of hydropower in Turkey. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Generating electricity, from renewable energy sources has become a high priority in the energy policy strategies at a national level as well as on a global scale. Although Turkey has many energy resources only coal and hydropower are significant at present, and as demand had risen, it has been necessary to import fuels to meet the total energy demand. The fossil resources, both indigenous and imported, have become expensive and also have undesirably high emissions. Turkey has an extensive shoreline and mountains and is rich in renewable energy potential. The share of renewables on total electricity generation is 35% while that of thermal power is 65% for the year 2010. Turkey is one of those countries that are considered rich and abundant in renewable energy resources. Turkey is facing serious challenges in satisfying its growing energy demand. To fuel a rapidly growing economy, the country’s electricity consumption is increasing by an average of 8–9% every year, and significant investments are needed in generation, transmission and distribution facilities to balance the power system’s supply and demand. With very limited oil and gas reserves, Turkey is increasingly turning to renewable energy sources as a means to improve its energy security and curb dependence on imported gas from Russia and Iran. This paper investigates the potential of renewable energy resources in Turkey at present and the magnitude of their present and future contributions to the national energy consumption. Energy politics are also considered. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The aim of this paper is to point out the importance of renewable energy as a key way for resolving the Turkey''s energy-related challenges. As a consequence of economic and social development, Turkey''s energy consumption has risen dramatically over the past three decades. At present, fossil fuels account for more than 90% of the total energy consumption in the country. Turkey has no large oil and natural gas reserves and it import nearly all of these fossil fuels. Turkey''s current energy mix is not likely to support development of sustainable energy. The energy mix shows a relatively small contribution from renewable energy sources in the country. They have the potential to make a large contribution to Turkey''s sustainable and independent energy future. In particular they can help to reach the environmental goals of Turkey and to increase the security of energy supply by reducing the dependence on imported-fuel supplies. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The consumption of fossil fuels has risen to be the main source of energy generation in most countries since the start of the industrial revolution around the world. The greenhouse gases generated from this use produce significant negative effects on the environment and human health. As a result of these disadvantages, the world needs to search for alternative energy sources that are low in carbon. The article focused on the amount of renewable energy generation in Turkey, Iran and Iraq from the collection of statistical data for the period from 2010-2020. Turkey occupied the clear progress to benefit from renewable energy sources, followed by Iran and Iraq. Where the percentage of annual growth of power generation based on hydropower in Turkey, Iran and Iraq (71.4%, 28.5% and 0.1%) respectively. With regard to other sources of renewable energy, Turkey had the largest share in generating energy from wind and solar energy, with an annual growth rate of (88.03%, 98.22%), respectively. Finally, renewable energy can be considered as a promising source of energy for future generations when correct planning policies are determined by countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Balkan & Near Eastern Journal of Social Sciences (BNEJSS) is the property of Balkan & Near Eastern Journal of Social Sciences (BNEJSS) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Environmental Kuznets curve literature mostly uses a single indicator as a measure for environmental degradation. However, each single variable captures only a part of the environmental problem, and a reduction in any single measure does not indicate that the environmental problem is diminishing in general. Our study is the first one which investigates the validity of the environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis for the Mexico, Indonesia, Nigeria, and Turkey (MINT) countries by employing the ecological footprint as the measure of environmental degradation. Autoregressive distributed lag results indicate that the environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis is valid for each of the MINT countries for the period of 1971–2013. The long-run coefficients of our augmented environmental Kuznets curve model show that fossil fuel energy consumption, exports, urbanization, and financial development are the most common causes of anthropogenic pressure on the environment. The effects of exports and imports are negative and positive on environmental degradation, respectively. The long-run coefficients of urbanization, financial development, and renewable energy consumption differ at certain levels for the sampled countries. The results of the analysis point to a number of different policy proposals for each country. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the rapid urbanization, migration from rural to urban areas and industrialization since 1950s, need and demand for energy is ever-increasing in Turkey. For Turkey, who is importing approximately 75 percent of the demanded energy; external dependence, the expenditure of the income from exports for the energy imports, threaten the energy security. To address the mentioned goals of minimizing external dependence, Turkey has accelerated the creation and implementation of policies on alternative energy resources and the efficient use of energy starting from 2000s. Accordingly, these legal arrangements and related actions cannot be carried out adequately enough by central government bodies and their provincial units alone. Approximately 93 percent of the population in Turkey today is living within municipal boundaries, of which 77.6 percent live in metropolitan municipalities boundaries, local governments have a great deal of responsibilities related to energy supply and efficiency, as well as the realization of the energy policies that can be accelerated from part to whole and from local to center. The main purpose of this study is to determine the energy-related political activity areas of local governments and to contribute to the development of a new political dialogue which engage all related stakeholders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As would be expected, the rapid expansion of energy production and consumption has brought with it a wide range of environmental issues at the local, regional, and global levels. With respect to global environmental issues, Turkey's carbon dioxide emissions have grown along with its energy consumption. States have played a leading role in protecting the environment by reducing emissions of greenhouse gases. In this regard, renewable energy resources appear to be the one of the most efficient and effective solutions for clean and sustainable energy development in Turkey. Turkey's geographical location has several advantages for extensive use of most of these renewable energy sources. This article presents a review of the energy and environmental policies in Turkey. Over the last few decades, a number of Turkish citizens who live in the eastern part of country have migrated to the western part of the country. This caused some problems in the energy utilization and environmental pollution in the western regions in Turkey. For this reason, in the coming decades, global environmental issues could significantly affect patterns of energy use in Turkey. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With heightening global concerns about the impacts of climate change, the debate around different carbon mitigation options is gaining momentum. A widespread argument is between those for and against utilizing nuclear energy as a low-carbon energy source. This debate is also relevant for Turkey, a country that is set to introduce nuclear energy to its electricity generation mix over the coming years. The purpose of the study is to assess the potential merits and drawbacks of the utilization of nuclear energy in the country versus the increased utilization of renewable energy sources. A fundamental merit order model is used for modeling the Turkish electricity market until 2025 under three scenarios. The comparative effects of renewable energy sources and nuclear energy are evaluated in terms of their impact on electricity generation costs, CO2 emissions and energy security. The results of the study show that the increased utilization of renewable energy has a more effective role in achieving the country's energy targets in comparison to nuclear energy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The global debate about large dams is at once overwhelmingly complex and fundamentally simple. It is complex because the issues are not confined to the design, construction, and operation of dams themselves but embrace the range of social, environmental, and political choices on which the human aspiration to development and improved well being depend. Over the last two decades, global electricity production has more than doubled and electricity demand is rising rapidly around the world as economic development spreads to emerging economies. Not only has electricity demand increased significantly, it is the fastest growing end-use of energy. Therefore, technical, economic, and environmental benefits of hydroelectric power make it an important contributor to the future world energy mix, particularly in the developing countries. This article deals with policies to meet increasing energy and electricity demand for sustainable energy development in Turkey. Turkey has a total gross hydropower potential of 433 GWh/yr, but only 125 GWh/yr of the total hydroelectric potential of Turkey can be economically used. By the commissioning of new hydropower plants, which are under construction, 36% of the economically usable potential of the country would be tapped. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over the last two decades, global electricity production has more than doubled and electricity demand is rising rapidly around the world as economic development spreads to emerging economies. Not only has electricity demand increased significantly, it is the fastest growing end-use of energy. Therefore, technical, economic, and environmental benefits of hydroelectric power make it an important contributor to the future world energy mix, particularly in the developing countries. On the other hand, Turkey has a total gross hydropower potential of 433 GWh/yr, but only 125 GWh/yr of the total hydroelectric potential of the country can be economically used. By the commissioning of new hydropower plants, which are under construction, 36% of the economically usable potential of the country would be tapped. Turkey's total economically usable small hydropower potential is 3.75 GWh/yr. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]