5,635 results
Search Results
2. Two-Stage Unit Commitment Modeling for Virtual Power Plants
- Author
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Lauven, Lars-Peter, Fortz, Bernard, editor, and Labbé, Martine, editor
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
3. Energy conservation and CO2 mitigation potentials in the Chinese pulp and paper industry.
- Author
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Kong, Lingbo, Hasanbeigi, Ali, Price, Lynn, and Liu, Huanbin
- Subjects
PAPER industry ,ENERGY conservation ,CARBON dioxide & the environment ,PAPER pulp ,ENERGY economics ,COST effectiveness - Abstract
China's paper production accounted for nearly a quarter of the world's total paper production in 2010. In this study, 23 energy saving technologies applicable to the pulping and papermaking process in China are identified and analyzed. The conservation supply curve (CSC) method is employed to assess the technical and economic aspects of energy conservation. The fuel CSC for Chinese pulp and paper industry shows the cost-effective and technical fuel conservation potential is 180 PJ and 254 PJ, accounting for 27% and 38% of total fuel used in 2010, respectively. The CO 2 mitigation potential related to the cost-effective fuel efficiency is 17 Mt CO 2 and the technical potential is 24 Mt CO 2 . The electricity CSC shows the technical electricity conservation potential is 2316 GWh, representing 4% of total electricity consumption. All of the electricity efficiency measures are shown to be cost-effective in this study. The CO 2 mitigation resulted from electricity efficiency is around 2 Mt CO 2 . In addition, sensitivity analyses for the parameters of penetration rate, discount rate, and energy price are conducted to assess their influence on the final results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
4. Policy mixes for the sustainability transition of the pulp and paper industry in Sweden.
- Author
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Scordato, Lisa, Klitkou, Antje, Tartiu, Valentina Elena, and Coenen, Lars
- Subjects
- *
PAPER industry , *INNOVATIONS in business , *ECOSYSTEM services , *ENERGY economics , *STAKEHOLDERS - Abstract
The need to view innovation policy through the lens of policy mixes has gained momentum given the growing complexity, the dynamics of real-world policy and the wide array of difficulties to address the current great societal challenges, notably the increasing pressure on the ecosystems that support our society. One of the main challenges concerning the transition towards bioeconomy, is to gain a more in-depth understanding on the policy mix to stimulate innovation in sustainability transitions. Our paper aims at enriching the portfolio of empirical case studies on policy mixes for innovation and sustainable transitions, by investigating the development of the policy mix underpinning the sustainability transition of the pulp and paper industry in Sweden. We apply a case study approach which draws on event history analysis, semi-structured interviews with industry and policy makers, literature reviews, a participative workshop with stakeholders from the pulp and paper industry, as well as on the IEA databases on climate change and energy efficiency policies and measures. Our analysis emphasises coordination, timing and scale in policy mixes as important elements to understand how instruments interact to accelerate sustainability transitions. The mapping of the policy mix shows that destabilising policies were crucial for accelerating the transition process of the industry. Prior to novelty creation policies, destabilising policies (e.g. environmental policies) were needed for 'innovation policy instruments' to be effective. More specific instruments (e.g. carbon tax), targeting particular functions of the innovation systems, require 'on-the-ground' policy intelligence and benefit from close interaction with industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2018
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5. The effect of regional factors on energy poverty
- Author
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Jové-LLopis, Elisenda and Trujillo-Baute, Elisa
- Published
- 2024
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6. Improved biohydrogen production and treatment of pulp and paper mill effluent through ultrasonication pretreatment of wastewater.
- Author
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Hay, Jacqueline Xiao Wen, Wu, Ta Yeong, Juan, Joon Ching, and Md. Jahim, Jamaliah
- Subjects
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HYDROGEN production , *PAPER mills , *ENERGY consumption , *WASTEWATER treatment , *ENERGY economics - Abstract
Pulp and paper mill effluent (PPME), a rich cellulosic material, was found to have great potential for biohydrogen production through a photofermentation process. However, pretreatments were needed for degrading the complex structure of PPME before biohydrogen production. The aim of this study was to gain further insight into the effect of an ultrasonication process on PPME as a pretreatment method and on photofermentative biohydrogen production using Rhodobacter sphaeroides NCIMB. The ultrasonication amplitudes and times were varied between 30–90% and 15–60 min, respectively, and no dilution or nutrient supplementation was introduced during the biohydrogen production process. A higher biohydrogen yield, rate, light efficiency and COD removal efficiency were attained in conditions using ultrasonicated PPME. Among these different pretreatment conditions, PPME with ultrasonication pretreatment employing an amplitude of 60% and time of 45 min (A60:T45) gave the highest yield and rate of 5.77 mL H 2 /mL medium and 0.077 mL H 2 /mL h, respectively, while the raw PPME without ultrasonication showed a significantly lower yield and rate of 1.10 mL H 2 /mL medium and 0.015 mL H 2 /mL h, respectively. The results of this study demonstrated the potential of using ultrasonication as a pretreatment for PPME because the yield and rate of biohydrogen production were highly enhanced compared to the raw PPME. Economic analysis was also performed in this study, and in comparison with raw PPME, the highest net saving was $0.2132 for A60:T45. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2015
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- View/download PDF
7. Effects of firm characteristics and energy management for improving energy efficiency in the pulp and paper industry.
- Author
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Lawrence, Akvile, Karlsson, Magnus, and Thollander, Patrik
- Subjects
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ENERGY management , *ENERGY consumption , *PAPER industry , *ENERGY economics , *ECONOMIC competition - Abstract
The Swedish pulp and paper industry (PPI) must increase energy efficiency to remain competitive on the global market, which has experienced entries from countries with cheaper energy and raw material supplies. Interactions among variables for energy use, production, energy management, electricity price and firm characteristics (FC), in different types of mills, i.e., pulp, paper and integrated mills, in Sweden from 2006 to 2015 indicate that correlations among the studied variables were different in different types of mills. This difference between types of mills seemed to originate partly from varying accessibility to production residue that could be used for energy. For all types of mills, variation of electricity prices did not correlate significantly with energy efficiency during the study period. The studied FC were firm's age, number of employees, number of companies in company group, net sales and profit for the year. Energy efficiency was more affected by the variables characterizing energy and production compared to the variables representing FC. This study also suggested presence of possible discrepancies between FC that were perceived as barriers to energy management towards energy efficiency, according to previous studies, and what was shown by the data combining variables representing energy use, production and FC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2018
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8. Spillovers of underground gas storage facilities and their role in the sustainable energy markets: assessment and policy recommendations
- Author
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Chrysochoou, Anastasios, Zissis, Dimitris, Chalvatzis, Konstantinos, and Andriosopoulos, Kostas
- Published
- 2024
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9. Discussion of Hoffman and Hausman Papers
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Mokyr, Joel
- Published
- 1984
10. Potential for reducing paper mill energy use and carbon dioxide emissions through plant-wide energy audits: A case study in China
- Author
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Kong, Lingbo, Price, Lynn, Hasanbeigi, Ali, Liu, Huanbin, and Li, Jigeng
- Subjects
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PAPER mills , *CARBON dioxide mitigation , *ENERGY economics , *ENERGY consumption , *ENERGY conservation - Abstract
Abstract: The pulp and paper industry is one of the most energy-intensive industries worldwide. In 2007, it accounted for 5% of total global industrial energy consumption and 2% of direct industrial carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. An energy audit is a primary step toward improving energy efficiency at the facility level. This paper describes a plant-wide energy audit aimed at identifying energy conservation and CO2 mitigation opportunities at a paper mill in Guangdong province, China. We describe the energy audit methods, relevant Chinese standards, methods of calculating energy and carbon indicators, baseline energy consumption and CO2 emissions of the audited paper mill, and nine energy-efficiency improvement opportunities identified by the audit. For each of the nine options, we evaluate the energy conservation and associated CO2 mitigation potential. The total technical energy conservation potential for these nine opportunities is 967.8terajoules (TJ), and the total CO2 mitigation potential is equal to 93,453tonnes CO2 annually, representing 14.4% and 14.7%, respectively, of the mill’s total energy consumption and CO2 emissions during the audit period. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]
- Published
- 2013
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11. Transportation fuel production from gasified biomass integrated with a pulp and paper mill - Part B: Analysis of economic performance and greenhouse gas emissions.
- Author
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Isaksson, Johan, Jansson, Mikael, Åsblad, Anders, and Berntsson, Thore
- Subjects
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FUEL industry , *BIOMASS gasification , *PAPER mills , *ENERGY economics , *GREENHOUSE gas mitigation , *GAS turbines , *GAS as fuel - Abstract
This paper presents a comparison between four gasification-based biorefineries integrated with a pulp and paper mill. It is a continuation of 'Transportation fuel production from gasified biomass integrated with a pulp and paper mill - Part A: Heat integration and system performance'. Synthesis into methanol, Fischer-Tropsch crude or synthetic natural gas, or electricity generation in a gas turbine combined cycle, were evaluated. The concepts were assessed in terms of GHG (greenhouse gas) emissions and economic performance. Net annual profits were positive for all biofuel cases for an annuity factor of 0.1 in the year 2030; however, the results are sensitive to biofuel selling prices and CO 2,eq charge. Additionally, GHG emissions from grid electricity are highly influential on the results since all biofuel processes require external power. Credits for stored CO 2 might be necessary for processes to be competitive, i.e. storage of separated CO 2 from the syngas conditioning has an important role to play. Without CO 2 storage, the gas turbine case is better than, or equal to, biofuels regarding GHG emissions. Efficiency measures at the host mill prior to heat integration of a gasification process are beneficial from the perspective of GHG emissions, while having a negative impact on the economy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2016
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12. Citation-based systematic literature review of energy-growth nexus:An overview of the field and content analysis of the top 50 influential papers
- Author
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Reza Fathollahzadeh Aghdam, Irfan Butt, Amjad Naveed, and Nisar Ahmad
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Economics and Econometrics ,020209 energy ,05 social sciences ,02 engineering and technology ,Energy policy ,Energy consumption ,Systematic literature survey ,General Energy ,Systematic review ,Citation analysis ,Content analysis ,0502 economics and business ,0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering ,Sociology ,050207 economics ,Positive economics ,Literature survey ,Citation ,Energy economics ,Nexus (standard) ,Economic growth ,Nexus - Abstract
This study is a systematic survey of literature on the energy-growth nexus, which has been carried out with a view to identifying the leading sources of knowledge in the forms of the most influential journals, authors, and papers. This study not only recognizes and classifies the well-known methodologies used in the energy-growth nexus analysis but also reveals intriguing content-based findings, with quantitative measures for the top 50 papers ranked according to the highest average citations per year. This survey is unique in that the process of selecting articles is entirely objective, allowing the research community's opinions to take the lead in the process rather than any subjective judgments of the authors. In this way, we examine 1041 peer-reviewed articles that specifically focused on the energy-growth nexus. We found that, as of the end of 2017, with 200 articles, Energy Policy is the leading journal publishing on this area while Energy Economics, with a total of 25,352 citation counts, holds the highest impact on this field of research. In addition, the most frequently cited article by the scholastic community in terms of average citations per year has been a literature survey conducted by Ozturk (2010) . Our study's main conclusion, based on a thorough content analysis, is that the nexus results of previous studies are generally inconclusive, with conflicting policy implications. This is not helpful and to a large extent is due to a lack of an appropriate theory. This, we contend, is essentially a methodological weakness and could be addressed by incorporating an appropriate testable economic/environmental theory.
- Published
- 2020
13. Industrial verification of energy saving for the single-tier cylinder based paper drying process.
- Author
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Chen, Xiaobin, Man, Yi, Zheng, Qifu, Hu, Yusha, Li, Jigeng, and Hong, Mengna
- Subjects
- *
ENERGY consumption , *DRYING , *ENERGY economics , *BOUNDARY value problems , *SURFACE temperature - Abstract
Abstract The paper drying process has the highest level of energy consumption in the pulp and paper production process. Analysis and optimization of the energy system during the paper drying process is critical for improving the energy efficiency of the entire paper mill. In the existing model for the paper drying process, the solution requires accurate boundary conditions such as the air temperature and humidity of the pocket area and the cylinder surface temperature, which are very difficult to obtain in the papermaking process. This can result in significant deviations between the model solution and the actual production process. This paper focuses on the single-tier dryer cylinder-based paper drying process that has been widely used with high-speed papermaking machines in recent years. A mathematical model is proposed based on real-time data. The verification via industrial production demonstrates that the proposed model is reliable for the paper drying process. Based on the simulation results, two optimization operations have been proposed. The energy consumption decreases from 1.51 t steam/t paper to 1.44 t steam/t paper, 4.6% of the steam and 1.26 × 106 RMB can be saved for a medium-scale paper mill with the annual production capacity of 105 t paper. Highlights • Mathematical model for the single-tier cylinder based paper drying process is proposed. • Both the steam-condensate system and the paper drying process are considered. • The simulation results are verified by the industrial data from a papermaking enterprise. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
14. Energy use and recovery strategies within wastewater treatment and sludge handling at pulp and paper mills
- Author
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Stoica, Alina, Sandberg, Maria, and Holby, Ola
- Subjects
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WASTEWATER treatment , *INCINERATION of sewage sludge , *PAPER mills & the environment , *INDUSTRIAL waste incineration , *REFUSE as fuel , *ENERGY economics , *BIOGAS production - Abstract
This paper presents an inclusive approach with focus on energy use and recovery in wastewater management, including wastewater treatment (WWT) and sludge handling. Process data from three Swedish mills and a mathematical model were used to evaluate seven sludge handling strategies. The results indicate that excess energy use in WWT processes counters the potential energy recovery in the sludge handling systems. Energy use in WWT processes is recommended to aim for sufficient effluent treatment, not for sludge reduction. Increased secondary sludge production is favourable from an energy point of view provided it is used as a substrate for heat, biogas or electricity production. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]
- Published
- 2009
- Full Text
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15. A world model of the pulp and paper industry
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Emeeli Hytönen, Antonio Soria, Juha Forsström, László Szabó, and Janne T. Keränen
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Pulp and paper sector ,Geography, Planning and Development ,Global warming ,Climate commitment ,Climate change ,Time horizon ,Energy consumption ,Bottom-up modelling ,Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law ,Pulp and paper industry ,Greenhouse gas ,Heat generation ,SDG 13 - Climate Action ,Environmental science ,SDG 7 - Affordable and Clean Energy ,Energy economics - Abstract
This article introduces a bottom-up global model of the pulp and paper sector (PULPSIM) with a focus on energy consumption and carbon emissions. It is an annual recursive simulation behavioural model with a 2030 time horizon incorporating several technological details of the industry for 47 world regions. The long time horizon and the modular structure allow the model users to assess the effects of different environmental, energy and climate policies in a scenario comparison setup. In addition to the business as usual developments of the sector, a climate commitment scenario has been analysed, in which the impacts of changing forest management practices are also included. The climate scenario results reveal that there is a significant carbon reduction potential in the pulp and paper making, showing a number of specific features: the central role of the fibrous resource inputs and the potential impact of increased waste wood and black liquor based heat generation.
- Published
- 2009
16. A Swedish integrated pulp and paper mill—Energy optimisation and local heat cooperation
- Author
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Bahram Moshfegh, Sofia Klugman, and Magnus Karlsson
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Engineering ,business.industry ,Boiler (power generation) ,Paper mill ,Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law ,Combustion ,Turbine ,General Energy ,Biofuel ,Secondary sector of the economy ,Process integration ,Operations management ,Process engineering ,business ,Energy economics - Abstract
Heat cooperation between industries and district heating companies is often economically and environmentally beneficial. In this paper, energy cooperation between an integrated Swedish pulp and paper mill and two nearby energy companies was analysed through economic optimisations. The synergies of cooperation were evaluated through optimisations with different system perspectives. Three changes of the energy system and combinations of them were analysed. The changes were process integration, extending biofuel boiler and turbine capacity and connection to a local heat market. The results show that the single most promising system change is extending biofuel and turbine capacity. Process integration within the pulp and paper mill would take place through installing evaporation units that yield less excess heat but must in this particular case be combined with extended biofuel combustion capacity in order to be beneficial. Connecting to the local heat market would be beneficial for the pulp and paper mill, while the studied energy company needs to extend its biofuel capacity in order to benefit from the local heat market. Furthermore, the potential of reducing CO2 emissions through the energy cooperation is shown to be extensive; particularly if biofuel and turbine capacity is increased.
- Published
- 2009
17. Meta-analysis data for 104 Energy-Economy Nexus papers
- Author
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Agáta Kociánová, Vladimír Hajko, and Martina Buličková
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Estimation ,Energy ,Multidisciplinary ,Computer science ,020209 energy ,Scopus ,02 engineering and technology ,lcsh:Computer applications to medicine. Medical informatics ,Data science ,GDP ,Granger causality ,Energy-Economy Nexus ,Meta-analysis ,0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering ,Econometrics ,lcsh:R858-859.7 ,lcsh:Science (General) ,Nexus (standard) ,Energy economics ,Data Article ,lcsh:Q1-390 ,Multinomial logistic regression - Abstract
The data presented here are manually encoded characteristics of research papers in the area of Energy-Economy Nexus (empirical investigation of Granger causality between energy consumption and economic growth) that describe the methods, samples, and other details related to the individual estimations done in the examined empirical papers. Data cover papers indexed by Scopus, published in economic journals, written in English, after year 2000. In addition, papers were manually filtered to only those that deal with Energy-Economy Nexus investigation and have at least 10 citations at (at the time of query – November 2015). This data are to be used to conduct meta-analysis – associated dataset was used in Hajko [1] . Early version of the dataset was used for multinomial logit estimation in Master thesis by Kocianova [2] .
- Published
- 2017
18. Exploring green energy in economics: conceptual evolution. A literature review based on text mining and sentiment analysis.
- Author
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PERNICI, Andreea, STANCU, Stelian, and VULPE, Monica-Ioana
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SUSTAINABLE development ,CLEAN energy ,ENERGY economics ,LITERATURE reviews ,SENTIMENT analysis - Abstract
Green energy has become one of the most recurrent topics of the last decade, with a clear ascending trend in terms of popularity and strategic relevance. Although the term has been a fundamental element in the energy, environmental science, or engineering domains, we can now observe frequent linkages with the highly dynamic and versatile economic context. With this in mind, in the current paper, we aim to present the related literature approaches that integrated green energy in economics, while also identifying the evolutionary differences of perspectives and frameworks. Therefore, the methodology will start by showcasing the clear evolution of the concept, with statistical overviews that confirm its increasing frequency. Afterward, we will limit the review to the papers that integrated green energy in the title, in an endeavor to illustrate the main connections and synergies found within the economic and business area. A selection of 50 papers will be made, 25 being published in the 2010-2019 period and 25 starting in 2020. Consequently, a classification framework will be constructed to allocate each paper based on the general subject and the main methodology used. After profiling the periods and extracting valuable comparisons, the papers will be curated through the computation of different text-mining techniques, resulting in insightful statistics on the most common words, complementary concepts, and general sentiment. The study's main conclusion will be the observed prevalence of a new economic framework, based on economic growth and sustainability: green growth. Therefore, in terms of contribution, by using data mining and sentiment analysis, we have extracted valuable information from a large volume of text, methodically proving that green energy is frequently linked with economic development, and evolving conceptually throughout the last decades. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
19. Introduction by the guest editor.
- Author
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Xu, Jintao
- Subjects
ELECTRIC vehicle industry ,SUBSIDIES ,ENERGY intensity (Economics) ,WIND power industry ,ENERGY economics ,ECONOMIC indicators - Abstract
Will climate action be synergic to China's other socio-economic goals, such as poverty alleviation, healthy aging society, etc.? What kind of structural changes are needed to reduce carbon emissions in the most efficient and effective way? Paper 3: Development of the Electric Vehicle Industry in China by Jianwei Xing, Xiyuan Liu, Yushuai Zhang This paper aims to unravel the past decade's development story of the EV industry in China. Papers in this special issue are works resulted from a research project organized at the National School of Development, Peking University, and sponsored by the Energy Foundation (China). [Extracted from the article]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
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20. Biorefinery Opportunities in the Pulp and Paper Industry
- Author
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Pratima Bajpai
- Subjects
Engineering ,Carbon neutrality ,business.industry ,Business opportunity ,Fossil fuel ,Paper mill ,Renewable fuels ,business ,Pulp and paper industry ,Biorefinery ,Energy economics ,Renewable energy - Abstract
There is a significant opportunity now for investors to build, own, and operate biorefineries at existing pulp and paper sites that will work synergistically and economically for the pulp and paper mill owner and the biorefinery owner. The pulp and paper industry is the world’s largest nonfood biomass collection system. The pulp and paper industry is a mature industry producing low-margin commodity products. But it has the ideal infrastructure, experience, and resources to capitalize on the strategic interest in renewable fuels via the biorefinery. Industry leaders, investors, policy-makers, and others are now beginning to better understand the vital role to be played by biorefineries as we move from a fossil fuel-based energy economy toward a bio-based one. When properly located and operated, the potential of an integrated forest biorefinery is expected to be huge: a very attractive and synergistic business opportunity for both the colocated pulp and paper mill and the biorefinery itself. Biorefineries are a key pathway to our biofuture, displacing fossil fuels and supplying clean, renewable, and carbon neutral energy. Biorefineries fit very well at pulp and paper mills because of their inherent ability to gather and process biomass and create energy from biomass.
- Published
- 2013
21. Exergetic and exergoeconomic optimization of a cogeneration pulp and paper mill plant including the use of a heat transformer
- Author
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Cortés, E. and Rivera, W.
- Subjects
- *
EXERGY , *ENERGY economics , *PAPER mills , *ELECTRIC transformers , *ENERGY conservation , *ENERGY consumption , *COGENERATION of electric power & heat - Abstract
Abstract: Energy conservation is a central concern of the current industrial world, where increasing efficient energy usage is the only way of reducing a high energy demand. In the present study the optimization of a pulp and paper mill with a cogeneration plant has been carried out. The optimization was realized with a methodology which includes exergy, exergoeconomics, thermoeconomics and pinch analysis. The proposed methodology was useful in determining not only the best plant operating conditions but also establishing the components or subsystems with the highest irreversibilities. As a result of the study, operation changes in the recovery boiler, the turbogenerator, the thermal treatment and the deaerator were realized. Due to the higher irreversibility in the actual evaporator line, a new line of evaporators was proposed. Also, an innovative heat recycling technology as to the use of heat transformers was proposed in order to reduce waste heat discharged to the atmosphere. The results obtained with the proposed methodology, which integrates the different optimization methods, allowed reaching higher efficiencies and lower operational costs than those obtained with the optimization methods working separately. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]
- Published
- 2010
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
22. Papers on the role of natural resources in international trade
- Author
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Edward Osei
- Subjects
Discounting ,Creditor ,business.industry ,media_common.quotation_subject ,International trade ,Debtor ,Natural resource ,Interest rate ,Internationalization ,Debt ,Economics ,business ,Energy economics ,media_common - Abstract
In this work we present three papers that consider the economic implications of international trade in goods when exhaustible natural resources are used as inputs in the production process. In the first paper we investigate the possibility of violation of the static trade theorems when natural resource intensities in two goods are different. In this and the second paper we build on the generalized H-O framework of Kemp and Long (1984). The second paper analyzes the dynamic implications of incorporating natural resources into trade models. Issues relating to production and trade patterns and natural resource extraction rates are investigated under alternative assumptions of factor intensities and natural resource extraction technologies;The third paper of this work considers natural resource extraction and trade issues as they apply directly to developing countries. In this paper developing country debt burden, default risk, creditor response and capital investment are some of the issues considered. The role of the world interest rate and the discount factor is also analyzed. Various useful propositions are derived some of which relate the conservation of the natural resource to the rate of interest, whether or not the debtor nation defaults and the uncertainty in income.
- Published
- 2018
23. Energy efficiency developments in the pulp and paper industry
- Author
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Lee Schipper, Kornelis Blok, and Jacco Farla
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Engineering ,Cross country ,Primary energy ,business.industry ,Energy consumption ,Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law ,Pulp and paper industry ,Energy accounting ,General Energy ,Manufacturing ,Electricity ,business ,Energy economics ,Efficient energy use - Abstract
A method is presented for cross-country, cross-time comparison of energy efficiency developments in the manufacturing industry. The method is based on the use of physical production data as a measure of activity growth for the manufacturing industry. The methodology was applied to the pulp and paper industry of eight countries of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD). With the methodology it is possible to follow energy efficiency developments, separately, for fuel and electricity consumption. Between 1973 and 1991, the production growth in the pulp and paper industry in the analysed countries would have resulted in an average increase in the primary energy consumption by 42%. Changes in the product mix had hardly any effect on the primary energy consumption. Because of energy efficiency improvements, the growth of primary energy consumption was limited to only 16%. The average annual efficiency improvement amounted to 1.6%. The methodology presented enables physical energy efficiency comparisons to be made between countries without the need for data at the process level.
- Published
- 1997
24. Nuclear energy economics in India [1] [1] This paper is a modified version of [Ramana et al., 2005] incorporating the suggestions offered by the reviewer.
- Author
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Ramana, M.V., D'Sa, Antonette, and Reddy, Amulya K.N.
- Subjects
ENERGY economics ,NUCLEAR energy ,ELECTRIC power production ,FINANCE - Abstract
Using a discounted cash flow methodology, we have performed a detailed analysis of the current costs of electricity from two Indian nuclear reactors. We compare these costs to that from a recently constructed coal-based thermal power plant of similar size. Our results show that for realistic values of the discount rate, electricity from coal-based thermal power stations is cheaper than nuclear energy. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]
- Published
- 2005
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
25. A Bibliometric Study: General Equilibrium Models on Energy Economics.
- Author
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İpek, Ezgi and Derin-Güre, Pınar
- Subjects
BIBLIOMETRICS ,ECONOMIC impact analysis ,ENERGY economics ,SOCIAL accounting ,RENEWABLE energy sources - Abstract
Copyright of Hacettepe University Journal of Economics & Administrative Sciences / Hacettepe Üniversitesi Iktisadi ve Idari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi is the property of Hacettepe University, Faculty of Economic & Administrative Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
26. Synthesis of heat recovery systems in paper machines with varying design parameters
- Author
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Jarmo Söderman and Frank Pettersson
- Subjects
Mathematical optimization ,Work (thermodynamics) ,Engineering ,Paper machine ,business.product_category ,Process (engineering) ,business.industry ,Heat recovery ventilation ,Duration (project management) ,business ,Energy economics ,Energy (signal processing) ,Task (project management) - Abstract
The heat recovery system (HRS) is a vital part in a paper machine when it comes to the overall energy economy in papermaking. For a typical newsprint machine more than 60% of the exhaust energy from the dryer section can be recovered, resulting in a recovery of about 30 MW. The synthesis task of a HRS is a decision process where the target is on the one hand to achieve maximal energy recovery and on the other hand to obtain this recovery with minimal investment costs. These goals are contradictory and thus the problem is to find a solution minimizing the overall costs, considering simultaneously both energy and investment costs. This synthesis task can be performed with e.g. pinch-analyses or optimization methods. One of the first tasks for the designer is to decide which design parameters, including process flow streams, temperatures and heat transfer coefficients are to be applied. This task is in general not trivial and the result will have a great impact on the overall economy of the final HRS. One challenge is how to take into account uncertainties and known variations in some parameters. The desired design must be capable of handling all evolving situations but it should also be the most economical one when considering the duration of the different operational situations. In this work the importance of taking the variations and uncertainties into account in the design stage is shown with a case study.
- Published
- 2003
27. Design of robust heat recovery systems in paper machines
- Author
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Pettersson, Frank and Söderman, Jarmo
- Subjects
- *
HEAT recovery , *PAPERMAKING machinery , *ENERGY economics , *PAPERMAKING - Abstract
Abstract: The heat recovery system (HRS) is a vital part in a paper machine when it comes to the overall energy economy in papermaking. For a typical newsprint machine more than 60% of the exhaust energy from the dryer section can be recovered, resulting typically in a regain of about 30MW. The synthesis task of a HRS is a decision process where the target is on the one hand to achieve maximal energy recovery and on the other hand to obtain it with minimal investment costs. These goals are contradictory and thus the problem is to find a solution minimizing the overall costs, considering simultaneously both energy and investment costs. One further challenge is how to take into account known variations in the parameters so that the design is robust, i.e. it is capable of handling all evolving situations and furthermore the design should be the most economical one when also considering the duration of all expected operational situations. In this work a hybrid method based on evolutionary programming and non-linear programming for the synthesis of robust and optimal heat recovery systems (HRS) for paper machines is presented. Variations and uncertainties on process parameters are modeled with probability distributions and the cost of the utilities are thus obtained as an integrated value of all different situations expected to evolve. The importance of obtaining a robust design is shown in a case study. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]
- Published
- 2007
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
28. Environmentally Friendly Degradations Technology Breakthrough.
- Author
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Bhatti, Muhammad Ishaq and Ghouse, Ghulam
- Subjects
SUSTAINABLE development ,ENERGY consumption forecasting ,RENEWABLE energy sources ,ELECTRONIC journals ,ENERGY intensity (Economics) ,NUCLEAR energy ,ENERGY economics ,BOX-Jenkins forecasting - Abstract
10.3390/en14102947 3 Pilatowska M., Geise A., Wlodarczyk A. The effect of renewable and nuclear energy consumption on decoupling economic growth from CO2 emissions in Spain. The last article, "Empirical Research on the Relationship amongst Renewable Energy Consumption, Economic Growth and Foreign Direct Investment in Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan", is authored by [[3]]. This editorial paper presents a brief review of the 11 selected papers recently published: nine from I Energies i and two from other journals, and their citations are compared. They examine the associations between foreign direct investment, economic growth, and renewable energy consumption in the case of Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan. [Extracted from the article]
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
29. Discovering Economics in the Classroom with Experimental Economics and the Scottish Enlightenment * *We are grateful to the International Foundation for Research in Experimental Economics for its generous financial support to develop the materials for this curriculum and to Jeffery Kirchner for programming the software to implement it. We thank the editor and two anonymous referees for suggestions that have improved the exposition of the paper. The Windows-compatible software and all other materials in the text are available upon request at: http://www.chapman.edu/ESI/software/default.asp
- Author
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Taylor Jaworski, Vernon L. Smith, and Bart J. Wilson
- Subjects
Philosophy and economics ,Political science ,Debriefing ,Economics education ,ComputingMilieux_COMPUTERSANDEDUCATION ,Engineering ethics ,Social science ,Experimental economics ,Energy economics ,Scottish Enlightenment ,Curriculum ,Education ,Low technology - Abstract
This paper describes a curriculum for teaching economics using laboratory experiments. The key features of the curriculum are the low technology barriers, complete instructions for running the experiment and debriefing the results, and a guide for teacher-led roundtable discussions motivated by the Scottish philosophers. Our main goal is to present economic principles to young students in a way that is both exciting and accessible, while emphasizing the discovery process underlying wealth creation in modern economies using laboratory experiments.
- Published
- 2010
30. The role of a paper mill in a merged district heating system
- Author
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Alemayehu Gebremedhin
- Subjects
Engineering ,business.industry ,Energy Engineering and Power Technology ,Environmental economics ,Turbine ,Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering ,Cogeneration ,Heating system ,Heat generation ,Electricity market ,Economic model ,Electricity ,business ,Energy economics - Abstract
Recent studies have shown that there is great potential benefit in utilities collaborating around heat supply. Analyses based on an extended system boundary clarify the advantage of mutual co-operation in the district heating markets. The purpose of this study is to show how far a local paper mill affects the degree of co-operation between two utilities. Current and future electricity prices and existing and potential plants are considered in the different scenarios in the study. The results in all the scenarios clearly show that the paper mill plays an active role in an integrated heat supply system. The scenario where co-operation, new plants and future electricity prices are considered, gives the lowest total system cost. A new back pressure turbine with a higher electricity-to-heat output ratio in combination with high trade prices promotes increased electricity and heat generation in the co-generation plant. The proportion of combined heat and power in district heating would increase if co-operation between the players were encouraged.
- Published
- 2003
31. Energy economics 'most influential papers'
- Author
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John P. Weyant, Richard S.J. Tol, Environmental Economics, and Institute for Environmental Studies
- Subjects
Economics and Econometrics ,General Energy ,Operations research ,Citation analysis ,Economics ,Classical economics ,Citation ,Energy economics ,Ranking (information retrieval) - Published
- 2006
32. Green paper: A European strategy for sustainable, competitive and secure energy
- Author
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Piebalgs, Andris
- Subjects
Q40 ,Q41 ,Renewable energy ,Q20 ,Q42 ,jel:D41 ,Energy supply ,European Union Energy Policy ,jel:Q40 ,Energy saving ,Europäische Wirtschafts- und Währungsunion ,jel:Q20 ,jel:Q42 ,ddc:330 ,Power industry ,jel:Q41 ,Energy economics ,Energieökonomik ,Q30 ,Energiepolitik ,Energieversorgung ,Regenerative Energie ,European Economic and Monetary Union ,Energieversorgung, Energiepolitik, Energiesparen, EU-Energiepolitik, Energiewirtschaft, Energieökonomik, Regenerative Energie, Internationaler Wettbewerb, Europäische Wirtschafts- und Währungsunion, Energy supply, Energy policy, Energy saving, European Union Energy Policy, Power industry, Energy economics, Renewable energy, Global competition, European Economic and Monetary Union ,EU-Energiepolitik ,Energiewirtschaft ,jel:Q30 ,Energiesparen ,Internationaler Wettbewerb ,Global competition ,D41 ,Energy policy - Published
- 2006
33. Introduction to the MathSport papers
- Author
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Dries Goossens and Frits C. R. Spieksma
- Subjects
Business economics ,Management science ,Economics ,Decision Sciences (miscellaneous) ,Energy economics ,Social Sciences (miscellaneous) ,Management - Published
- 2014
34. Do characteristics of the regulatory content have different impact on the risk in the electricity sector?
- Author
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Taffarel, Marinês, da Silva, Wesley Vieira, da Veiga, Claudimar Pereira, Clemente, Ademir, and Mairesse Siluk, Julio Cezar
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
35. Evaluating DSM: can an engineer count on it? A short note paper summarizing a panel session at the July 1992 summer power meeting
- Author
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N.R. Friedman, B. Hopkins, J. Peters, K. Keating, J. Flory, and L. Vogt
- Subjects
Engineering ,Hardware_MEMORYSTRUCTURES ,Distribution networks ,Operations research ,business.industry ,Energy Engineering and Power Technology ,Panel session ,Demand forecasting ,Engineering management ,Load management ,Integrated resource planning ,Least cost ,Electrical and Electronic Engineering ,business ,Energy economics ,Reliability (statistics) - Abstract
There is an increasing interest in demand-side management (DSM) by utilities and regulators throughout the USA. With this interest, there is an increasing need for DSM evaluation. Regulators expect utility engineers to use least cost planning and integrated resource planning approaches to adjust their generation capacity plans to reflect DSM. Increasingly, utilities are considering DSM to affect their T&D capacity plans. However, major utility DSM programs are less than a decade old. This leaves many utility engineers uneasy. How do they know that DSM will be there when they really need it? To verify and improve the contribution of DSM programs, utility analysts have developed a set of methodologies and procedures for evaluating DSM. The purpose of this panel session was to review these state of the art evaluations and the lessons learned from them so far. The authors explore the differences inherent in evaluating DSM at the T&D level versus the generation level, and review DSM's persistence and reliability in the residential, commercial, and industrial sectors. >
- Published
- 1994
36. Selected Papers from the 8th Annual Conference of Energy Economics and Management.
- Subjects
ENERGY economics ,ENERGY management ,ENERGY conservation ,SUSTAINABLE development ,RENEWABLE energy sources - Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
37. Environment and Energy Economics.
- Author
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Fowlie, Meredith and Knittel, Christopher R.
- Subjects
ENERGY economics ,HAZARDOUS waste site remediation ,CLIMATE change adaptation ,ECONOMIC history ,NATURAL resources - Abstract
The December 2023 issue of The NBER Reporter provides a summary of research conducted by the National Bureau of Economic Research. The articles cover a range of topics, including the impact of Amazonian deforestation, the lasting effects of segregation on political behavior and economic opportunity, disease and economic surveillance during the COVID-19 pandemic, and generic drugs in the healthcare market. The Environment and Energy Economics Program, which focuses on environmental, energy, and natural resource economics, has produced numerous working papers and holds regular meetings and conferences on energy and environmental policy. The research presented in the article explores various aspects of energy transition, climate change, and wildfire risks, aiming to inform policymakers about effective and equitable policy design in these areas. [Extracted from the article]
- Published
- 2023
38. DESCARBONIZAÇÃO E O SETOR DE CELULOSE E PAPEL.
- Author
-
BERNI, MAURO
- Subjects
GREENHOUSE gas mitigation ,RENEWABLE energy sources ,GREEN fuels ,CLEAN energy ,EMISSIONS (Air pollution) ,PAPER industry ,ENERGY economics ,INDUSTRIAL energy consumption - Abstract
Copyright of O Papel is the property of Associacao Brasileira Tecnica de Celulose e Papel and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2023
39. Call for Papers: Health, Economics, and Family Role
- Author
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Manouchehr Mokhtari
- Subjects
Economics and Econometrics ,Health economics ,Social Psychology ,Public economics ,Economics education ,Economics ,Positive economics ,Energy economics ,Social policy - Published
- 2009
40. Energy planning and sustainable development of Pakistan
- Author
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Hayat, Farah, Khan, Abid Ali, and Ashraf, Muhammad Arif
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
41. Editorial.
- Author
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Szyszka, Adam
- Subjects
ENERGY economics ,INTERNATIONAL competition ,PERSONNEL management ,GIFT taxes ,SMALL states - Abstract
An introduction is presented in which the editor discusses articles in the issue on topics including the inclusion of six empirical papers, economic disparities between small E.U. member countries with differing development levels post-2004 E.U. accession, and promoting hotel employees.
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
42. Call for Papers: Special Issue on ‘Optimal Control Theory in Natural Resource and Energy Economics (NREE2008)’Optimal Control, Applications and Methods (OCA)
- Author
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Ujjayant Chakravorty
- Subjects
Mathematical optimization ,Control and Optimization ,Control and Systems Engineering ,Computer science ,Applied Mathematics ,Optimal control ,Energy economics ,Natural resource ,Software - Published
- 2008
43. Editorial: Recent advances in energy and environmental economics.
- Author
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Trujillo-Baute, Elisa, del Río, Pablo, and Blazquez, Mario
- Subjects
GREENHOUSE gas mitigation ,ENVIRONMENTAL economics ,ENERGY economics ,RENEWABLE energy transition (Government policy) ,CONSUMPTION (Economics) - Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
44. Energy Literacy of Economics Students in Rijeka: Knowledge, Attitudes, and Behavioral Approach.
- Author
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Cerović, Ljerka, Malnar, Ana, and Sinčić, Dorotea
- Subjects
ECONOMICS students ,ENERGY economics ,ATTITUDE (Psychology) ,POWER resources ,ENERGY futures ,ENERGY consumption - Abstract
The research problem of this paper is related to numerous open questions in the field of energy, its understanding, its use, and the challenges of the energy future. After the introductory part, in which a brief historical overview of energy literacy is provided, the paper focuses on energy literacy, its emergence, and the different approaches to its definition and measurement. The paper analyzes the energy literacy of students at the Faculty of Economics in Rijeka based on their cognitive, affective, and behavioral skills. Their knowledge about energy, energy processes, and the energy efficiency of the objects they encounter on a daily basis is examined. Their personal attitudes and values are examined through various forms of personal initiatives and active participation in energy sustainability projects. Finally, the habits and behavioral patterns that the respondents have in their daily lives and their tendencies to save energy resources and find energy-efficient solutions are examined. Despite some positive findings, the current results are not satisfactory and point to the creation of adequate public policies with a particular focus on education and the role of the corrective mechanisms of the state, but also the need for joint negotiations between policy makers, regulators, scientists, representatives of civil society, and the business community. The particular contribution of this work is reflected in being the first research of its kind conducted among Croatian economics students, as well as among Croatian students in general; in the creation of a research instrument that is conceptually consistent with the findings from the existing literature, but with an original set of questions within each energy literacy skill adapted to the cultural and sociological background of the respondents; and in a kind of progress from previous research by taking into account the quantitative aspect (in addition to the qualitative) assessment of the respondents' energy literacy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
45. ELECTRICITY CONSUMPTION AND ECONOMIC GROWTH: EVIDENCE FROM NIGERIA.
- Author
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Mohammed, Badamasi Sani
- Subjects
ELECTRICITY ,ENERGY consumption ,ECONOMIC development ,GOVERNMENT agencies - Abstract
Copyright of Invest Journal of Sharia & Economic Law is the property of Invest Journal of Sharia & Economic Law and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
46. Electric power consumption, foreign direct investment and economic growth : A comparative study of India and Pakistan
- Author
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Alam, Abdullah
- Published
- 2013
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
47. Call for papers
- Author
-
Steve Lonergan and Jack Ruitenbeek
- Subjects
Human development theory ,Economics and Econometrics ,Ecological economics ,Applied economics ,Economics ,Regional science ,Developing country ,Consumer economics ,Energy economics ,General Environmental Science ,Green economy - Published
- 1993
48. LMDI decomposition analysis of energy consumption of Turkish manufacturing industry: 2005–2014
- Author
-
Zuhal Akyürek
- Subjects
Consumption (economics) ,business.industry ,020209 energy ,02 engineering and technology ,Divisia index ,Energy consumption ,010501 environmental sciences ,Pulp and paper industry ,01 natural sciences ,General Energy ,Energy intensity ,Manufacturing ,0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering ,Environmental science ,business ,Energy economics ,Intensity (heat transfer) ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences ,Efficient energy use - Abstract
Decomposition analysis is a proven approach to highlight the trends in energy economics and to clarify the changing factors in energy consumption. In Turkey, industrial sector is one of the major drivers of economy, which accounts for 32% of the final energy consumption. This paper uses the logarithmic mean Divisia index (LMDI) to divide the total energy consumption growth of ten Turkish manufacturing industries into activity effect, structure effect, and intensity effect in the period from 2005 to 2014. Manufacturing subsectors consist of (a) food products, beverages, and tobacco, (b) textile and textile products, (c) wood and wood products, (d) pulp, paper, and paper products; publishing and printing, (e) chemicals, chemical products, and man-made fibers, (f) rubber and plastic products, (g) non-metallic mineral products, (h) primary metals, (i) equipment goods, and (j) other manufacturing. Energy consumption of total manufacturing industry rose from 25,013 ktoe to 27,590 ktoe within the period. The subsector (a), (b), (c), (d), (e), (f), and (i) analyses results reveal that the activity effect has significant contribution to energy consumption, while structure and intensity effects are negligible. On the other hand, for the energy-intensive industries, influence of structure and intensity effects has observed simultaneously. The results also show that intensity and activity effects follow similar trends. Energy intensity of manufacturing industry has followed a slightly decreasing route (0.288 ktoe/$2005 in 2005 and 0.219 ktoe/$2005 in 2014) in the period, which is an indicative of contribution of activity changes, energy efficient technologies, and other energy efficiency efforts.
- Published
- 2020
49. Natural resource endowments and growth dynamics in Africa: evidence from panel cointegrating regression.
- Author
-
Adekunle, Ibrahim Ayoade, Maku, Olukayode, Williams, Tolulope, Gbagidi, Judith, and Ajike, Emmanuel O.
- Subjects
NATURAL resources ,RESOURCE curse ,RENT (Economic theory) ,ENVIRONMENTAL economics ,ENERGY economics - Abstract
Purpose: With heterogeneous findings dominating the growth and natural resources relations, there is a need to explain the variances in Africa's growth process as induced by robust measures of factor endowments. This study used a comprehensive set of data from the updated database of the World Bank to capture the heterogeneous dimensions of natural resource endowments on growth with a particular focus on establishing complementary evidence on the resource curse hypothesis in energy and environmental economics literature in Africa. These comprehensive data on oil rent, coal rent and forest rent could provide new and insightful evidence on obscure relations on the subject matter. Design/methodology/approach: This paper considers the panel vector error correction model (PVECM) procedure to explain changes in economic growth outcomes as induced by oil rent, coal rent and forest rent. The consideration of the PVECM was premised on the panel unit root process that returns series that were cointegrated at the first-order differentials. Findings: The paper found positive relations between oil rent, coal rent and economic development in Africa. Forest rent, on the other hand, is inversely related to economic growth in Africa. Trade and human capital are positively related to economic growth in Africa, while population growth is negatively associated with economic growth in Africa. Research limitations/implications: Short-run policies should be tailored towards the stability of fiscal expenditure such that the objective of fiscal policy, which is to maintain the condition of full employment and economic stability and stabilise the rate of growth, can be optimised and sustained. By this, the resource curse will be averted and productive capacity will increase, leading to sustainable growth and development in Africa, where conditions for growth and development remain inadequately met. Originality/value: The originality of this paper can be viewed from the strength of its arguments and methods adopted to address the questions raised in this paper. This study further illuminated age-long obscure relations in the literature of natural resource endowment and economic growth by taking a disaggregated approach to the component-by-component analysis of natural resources factors (the oil rent, coal rent and forest rent) and their corresponding influence on economic growth in Africa. This pattern remains underexplored mainly in previous literature on the subject. Many African countries are blessed with an abundance of these different natural resources in varying proportions. The misuse and mismanagement of these resources along various dimensions have been the core of the inclination towards the resource curse hypothesis in Africa. Knowing how growth conditions respond to changes in the depth of forest resources, oil resources and coal resources could be useful pointers in Africa's overall energy use and management. This study contributed to the literature on natural resource-induced growth dynamics by offering a generalisable conclusion as to why natural resource-abundance economies are prone to poor economic performance. This study further asks if mineral deposits are a source or reflection of ill growth and underdevelopment in African countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
50. Introduction to the special issue on new insights into economic epidemiology: Theory and policy.
- Author
-
Amir, Rabah and Boucekkine, Raouf
- Subjects
EPIDEMIOLOGY ,MATHEMATICAL economics ,COMMUNICABLE diseases ,SPACE in economics ,ENERGY economics ,FISCAL policy - Abstract
FOUNDATIONS AND EFFICIENCY ANALYSIS OF SANITARY POLICIES The first section of this special issue tackles a number of important research questions related to the foundations and design of epidemic control policies. It particularly focuses on the comparison between the herd immunity policies (as followed in Sweden in the first COVID wave) and lockdown policies under the capacity constraints of the health system (and in particular, the capacity of intensive care units, the so-called ICU constraint), more commonly conducted in Europe in this period of time. Another nice feature of the paper is to provide an accurate introduction to the theory of herd immunity policies (in particular to the inherent concept of overshooting), not at all accounted for in the first wave of COVID-related literature which was overwhelmingly focused on lockdown and testing policies. While the entire planet seems to coexist with COVID without major problems at present, as almost all the preventive measures have been lifted, there is increasing concern among epidemiologists and expert scientists that the worse of COVID-19 might not yet be over. [Extracted from the article]
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
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