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As the aging population, including frail older people, continues to grow in Mainland China, quality of life and end-of-life care for frail older people has attracted much attention. Advance care planning is an effective way to improve end-of-life care for people with advanced diseases, and it is widely used in developed countries; however, it is a new concept in Mainland China. The effects of advance care planning and its acceptability in Mainland China are uncertain because of its culture-sensitive characteristics. The objective of this article is to discuss the serious social issue of caring for frail older people and illustrate the possibility of implementing advance care planning in nursing homes in Mainland China through a review of relevant literature, which will focus on legislation, healthcare system engagement, public engagement, and cultural issues. Recommendations to promote and implement advance care planning include choosing nursing homes as a proper setting, establishing an ethical climate, and enhancing public awareness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim A discussion which aims to explore the diversity of decision-making during teenage and young adult cancer treatment. The discussion will be related to the concepts of autonomy, dependence and decision-making in this age group. Background The experience of cancer involves a significant series of treatment decisions. However, other non-treatment decisions also have to be made which can relate to any aspect of everyday life. These decisions occur against the backdrop of young people's disease experience. Design Discussion paper. Data sources A literature search for the period 1990-2013 was undertaken. This included searching the following databases: Cumulative Index for Nursing and Allied Health Literature ( CINAHL), SCOPUS, Medline, DARE, Applied Social Sciences Index and Abstracts ( ASSIA), (Psych Info) and The Cochrane Library. Implications for nursing There is a lack of evidence into the experience of everyday decisions made by young people during cancer treatment. This may affect them in the form of unmet needs that nurses, or other professionals, fail to appreciate. Conclusion Further exploration of how teenagers and young adults experience the range and process of decision-making during cancer treatment could be useful in helping to provide effective supportive care for this age group. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This paper seeks to deepen and improve our understanding of business ethics in services by developing a typology that reconciles and integrates disparate and often conflicting ideas and viewpoints while providing practical guidance for ethical decision-making. Design/methodology/approach: The paper examines current theoretical approaches in ethics to provide an understanding of the ethical theories, how they have been applied and how they have evolved in businesses and marketing. It discusses conceptual issues related to ethical dilemmas and the available typologies. Findings: Based on the axioms of the Triple-A Framework for Ethical Service Research, the Typology of Ethical Dilemmas in Services (TEDS) is proposed. The typology identifies three types of dilemmas based on four dimensions considering all service interactions guided by normative ethics (virtue, deontological and consequentialism). Practical implications: The proposed DILEMMAS process illustrates the practical application of TEDS. Originality/value: This paper extends the ethics and services literature by offering a novel theoretical and practical approach to addressing ethical dilemmas. TEDS is authentic, advances our knowledge and applies to all service organizations that aim to manage ethical dilemmas effectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To construct effective compliance programmes, the phenomenon of non-compliance and variations in its abidance must be elucidated. The purpose of this paper is to discuss the social reality of ethical decision making, which examines the internalisation of moral norms and realities of social behaviour and, therefore, the general non-compliance with everyday laws (Tyler, 2006). Design/methodology/approach: This paper makes use of several social theories, including social proof theory, traditional social theory and social control theory. Humans are social beings, and decision-making in ethics is strongly influenced by herding behaviour (Roy, 2021). The behaviour of others and normative ethical standards inform the compliance of behaviour to an undiminishable degree. Findings: Although there is a host of factors to consider, the success of compliance can largely be attributed to people's perception and reception of authority. The perception of authority and legitimacy plays a vital role in appreciating the complexity of rule following. Legitimacy, and its embodiment by persons in public roles, is a cornerstone of the subsequent discussion. Originality/value: This paper uncovers the underlying motivations of non-compliance as well as the social psychology involved in the ethics of compliance. Cross-disciplinary connections are made between the private and public sector and practical compliance recommendations. The significant impact of integrity culture and value-based compliance emerges from the dissection of the social reality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Humans are experiencing the inclusion of artificial agents in their lives, such as unmanned vehicles, service robots, voice assistants, and intelligent medical care. If the artificial agents cannot align with social values or make ethical decisions, they may not meet the expectations of humans. Traditionally, an ethical decision-making framework is constructed by rule-based or statistical approaches. In this paper, we propose an ethical decision-making framework based on incremental ILP (Inductive Logic Programming), which can overcome the brittleness of rule-based approaches and little interpretability of statistical approaches. As the current incremental ILP makes it difficult to solve conflicts, we propose a novel ethical decision-making framework considering conflicts in this paper, which adopts our proposed incremental ILP system. The framework consists of two processes: the learning process and the deduction process. The first process records bottom clauses with their score functions and learns rules guided by the entailment and the score function. The second process obtains an ethical decision based on the rules. In an ethical scenario about chatbots for teenagers' mental health, we verify that our framework can learn ethical rules and make ethical decisions. Besides, we extract incremental ILP from the framework and compare it with the state-of-the-art ILP systems based on ASP (Answer Set Programming) focusing on conflict resolution. The results of comparisons show that our proposed system can generate better-quality rules than most other systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A large proportion of hospital inpatients are affected by cognitive impairment, posing challenges in the provision of their care in busy, fast-paced acute wards. Signs and symbols, known as visual identifiers, are employed in many U.K. hospitals with the intention of helping healthcare professionals identify and respond to the needs of these patients. Although widely considered useful, these tools are used inconsistently, have not been subject to full evaluation, and attract criticism for acting as a shorthand for a routinized response. In order for visual identifiers to be used effectively in acute care settings, thorough consideration must be given to the ethical and legal issues that are engaged in this context, and their potential benefits and harms must be weighed and balanced. This paper proposes a set of legal and ethical principles that can be used to guide the implementation of visual identifiers. Together, these principles provide a framework applicable in the design and implementation phases to systematically identify relevant considerations arising from the use of these tools. We outline some tensions that arise between principles and conclude that selecting a preferred moral framework could help to guide decision-making, as does clarity around the purpose and objectives of the identifier. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is a direct response to a recent article in this journal by Gass et al. (CASW 39: 291–302) in which the authors describe an "ethical" model for the involuntary transport of youth into Outdoor Behavioral Healthcare programs, often synonymously referred to as wilderness therapy in the literature. These authors suggest that international law supports involuntary transport and that their approach is research-based, trauma-informed, ethical, and does not interfere with client outcomes. We believe each of these claims to be in error: The international laws cited include strict rules about involuntary transport, professional codes of ethics forbid all but exceptional uses of force, and there is a large literature on the harms of involuntary transport and admission that appears to be ignored. We suggest that involuntary transport is almost always contraindicated for wilderness therapy and this practice is a symptom of what has been called the "troubled teen industry." [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper seeks to reimagine ethical leverage in technology for peaceful synodality (the term peaceful synodality is coined to mean a synodality that welcomes participation and inclusion of people from different backgrounds and views without compromising the truth and respecting their dignity and journeying together) through the lens of the bioethics of synodality with technology. The concept of this paper is that technology can be leveraged ethically to promote peaceful synodality in the Catholic Church and that such an approach to technology is rooted in reimagining a bioethics of synodality that emphasize the need for journeying hand in hand with the speed at which technological advancement moves in order to enhance ethical decision-making processes. Ethics has moved at a different pace than technology, especially in matters involving human life. Ethics has been viewed as problematic in technology, especially where science wants to be neutral, but rethinking ethics as a companion of emerging technologies will be helpful in directing the ethical uptake of technology. To argue this thesis, the paper will employ a review of relevant literature while presenting the theological and ethical perspectives of synodality. By and large, an interdisciplinary approach will be employed where various disciplines play a key role. Such methodology advances the theme of reimagining Catholic ethics by offering a fresh perspective on the ethical implications of technology in the context of synodality. By emphasizing the importance of journeying together through enhanced ethical guidelines for proper decision-making and by exploring how technology can respect human rights and dignity among other values, this paper contributes to a broader conversation about how Catholic ethics can be reimagined in light of technological developments. Ultimately, this paper argues that a bioethics of synodality with technology can offer a vision for technology that is grounded in Catholic social teaching that promotes universally accepted human dignity and the common good. A cross-cutting method will also be used, given that ethics has basically constant principles, yet technology keeps on changing. Reimagining ethics means studying the advancement brought about by biotechnology and seeing to what degree human beings are affected in their basic rights and the risks versus the benefits brought about by the same. The assumption is that decisions made regarding the ethics of various technologies will be at par with the rate at which new technologies emerge and are employed. What is of vital importance is that ethics can have the power to journey together with technology, not as an adversary but in synodality. Reimagining ethics means being ever alert in the developing technologies that serve humanity so that in consultation with various experts, the best practices can be embraced within the ethical guidelines for the common good. The outcome of this research is that reimagining Catholic ethics involves listening to the needs of humanity and how technology is bringing solutions to them. Participating in bioethical debates, training on bioethics and listening to experts in various fields will enable a critical, analytical and pneumatological discernment of how ethical decisions on frontier technologies can benefit non-humans and humans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines how internal advisors can enhance ethical decision-making beyond the scope of a corporate code of conduct, using a case from a major Dutch financial institution. The case study explores a decision involving a loan request for selling laughing gas, where the internal advisors' assessment went beyond legal compliance to consider ethical implications, potential consequences, and stakeholder interests. The analysis highlights the use of ethical theories such as consequentialism, deontology, and stakeholder analysis, demonstrating how internal advisors can provide a human and interactive dimension to ethical decision-making. Ultimately, the paper underscores the importance of integrating internal advisory roles with corporate codes of conduct to foster comprehensive and ethically sound decisions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This paper aims to provide an objective and comprehensive evaluation of the understanding of the professional code of ethics of Indian Professional Management Accountants in Business (PMAIBs). It further delves into their individual, job and organizational characteristics as determinants of their understanding of the code. Design/methodology/approach: This study relies on data from 247 responses to a survey-based questionnaire. Overall scores and sub-scores of the level of understanding of the code were calculated based on questions grounded in IESBA Code and ethical dilemmas. The drivers of these scores were then examined using one-way ANOVA, OLS, Probit and ordered probit regressions. Findings: This study found considerable heterogeneity in Indian PMAIBs' understanding of their professional code of ethics and substantial scope for improvements. PMAIBs were stronger in Application, Resolution and Threats but weaker in Theory and Principles. Further, PMAIBs who had ranked themselves higher on code-familiarity, had higher moral maturity, hailed from western India and worked for foreign-listed, foreign-owned firms were found to have a higher level of understanding of the code. Highly educated elderly professionals and professionals with more responsibility areas exhibited a lower level of understanding of the code. Research limitations/implications: Insights from the study can help professional bodies, employers and academics identify and segment PMAIBs based on their ethics-training needs and customize interventions, which can benefit businesses and society through reduced corporate ethical failures. Considering the risk implications of Indian PMAIBs' inadequacies in understanding their code of ethics, the Indian professional accounting organization (ICAI-CMA) should mandate ethics in continuing professional development and expedite its long pending convergence with the IESBA code, a global benchmark for professional accountants. Originality/value: This paper assesses the understanding of the professional code of ethics of PMAIBs, which is crucial yet amiss in the accounting ethics literature. While ethical decision-making is extensively researched, how well the professionals understand their code is yet unexplored. Research on PMAIBs, despite their unique ethical vulnerabilities and increasingly vital role in organizations, is still dormant. This study aims to fill these gaps by examining PMAIBs from India, an emerging economy under-represented in accounting ethics literature. India offers an important and rich setting for the study due to its large size, fast growth, deep integration with the global economy, high perceived corruption levels and poor ethical behavior of its firms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, Peter Ellis discusses the topic of mental capacity. What does it mean to lack capacity? [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This American College of Physicians position paper aims to inform ethical decision making for the integration of precision medicine and genetic testing into clinical care. Although the positions are primarily intended for practicing physicians, they may apply to other health care professionals and can also inform how health care systems, professional schools, and residency programs integrate genomics into educational and clinical settings. Addressing the challenges of precision medicine and genetic testing will guide ethical and responsible implementation to improve health outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper interrogates the skepticism surrounding comparative ethics, particularly the question of its relevance in a world where ethical decision-making processes are primarily presumed to be dictated by one universalist culture. The paper argues that all cultures are inherently intercultural, evidenced by the historical coexistence of ideas and practices. Post-comparative ethics, which emphasizes the situational application of intellectual comparison and integration, is inevitable for postcolonial, non-Western societies. Historically, societies have navigated a variety of ethical frameworks, with some, like medieval Chinese society, embracing a plurality of beliefs. This pluralism is exemplified by the harmonious accommodation (yuanrong 圓融) of Confucianism, Daoism, and Buddhism. Using the example of Song Dynasty Chan master Dahui Zonggao 大慧宗杲, this article illustrates that intercultural ethics can be both diverse and sincere. Dahui's pluralistic approach demonstrates that sincere commitment to multiple ethical systems is possible in our multicultural situation. I will discuss common approaches to the multicultural situation, such as expedient synthesis, theoretical synthesis, and crude syncretism, before illustrating the advantage of Dahui's kanhua 看話禪method as harmonious accommodation through confrontation. This underscores the importance of shifting the debate from "Why compare?" to "How to compare?" in achieving the accommodation of different ethical frameworks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Food production is a complex matter, affecting people's lives, organizations' profits, and the well-being of the whole planet, and has multifaceted ethical considerations surrounding its production, distribution, and consumption. This paper addresses the pressing need to confront ethical challenges within the food system, encompassing issues such as environmental sustainability, food security, and individual food choices for better oral and systemic health of all individuals around the globe. From agricultural practices to global trade and food waste, ethical implications are addressed across various domains, highlighting the interconnectedness of ethical decision-making in the food industry. Central themes explored include the ethical dimensions of food production methods, the impact of global trade on food ethics, and the role of individuals in making ethically informed food choices. Additionally, this paper considers the spiritual and physical significance of food, particularly through the lens of oral health as a gateway to holistic well-being. Recognizing the complexity of the food and mouth ecosystem, this paper calls for serious interventions in legislation and economics to promote ethical protocols and techniques for sustainability reasons. It emphasizes the importance of ethical considerations in food safety management systems, regulatory frameworks, and quality standards. Moreover, this paper underlines the need for a comprehensive approach to address ethical dilemmas and moral values inherent in the food industry and oral health policies, adopting the precautionary principle and ethical decision-making frameworks. This article finally aims to serve as a call to action for stakeholders across the food industry and the healthcare sector, to prioritize ethical practices, promote transparency, rearrange economic parameters, and work towards a more sustainable and equitable food system for inner and outer oral and systemic health and human sustainability for all. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

By employing Utility tools or moral conducts based on "the greatest good for the greatest number", the Utilitarian mechanism maximizes the Utility for majority. This ethical theory is evidently grounded in human reason free from any transcendent revelation which is all the way expounded as a purely secular product of renaissance. While, in contrast to "Utilitarianism", the Islamic "Maṣlaḥah" transcends the spatial structure and materiality to connect the life hereafter, hence the immediate good and bad of this world are but the function for the final good or bad pertaining to the Afterlife. Reviewing and analyzing relevant contents, this paper explores the key differences and similarities between Western "Utilitarianism" and Islamic "Maṣlaḥah". Firstly, the paper identifies that both "Utilitarianism" and "Maṣlaḥah" aim to promote human welfare and happiness, but differ in their approach to defining and measuring the concept. Secondly, the paper examines the role of reason and revelation in shaping ethical decision-making in both traditions. Finally, it discusses the practical implications of "Utilitarianism" and "Maṣlaḥah" in contemporary societies. While "Utilitarianism" is often associated with individualistic and secular societies, Islamic "Maṣlaḥah" is deeply embedded in Islamic culture and tradition, which emphasizes community values and religious obligations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Two ethical challenges of nursing home nurses during the COVID-19 pandemic in Sweden are discussed in this paper. Background: Historically, the nurse's primary concern is for the person who is ill, which is the core of nurses' moral responsibility and identity. In Sweden, person-centered care is generally deemed important in nursing older nursing home residents. Objective: To chart moral responsibilities of nursing home nurses in two cases involving older residents during the COVID-19 pandemic in Sweden. Methods: We used Margaret Urban Walker's framework for moral responsibilities and the International Council of Nurses (ICN) code of ethics for nurses (2021) for our normative analysis. Ethical considerations: Written and verbal consent was obtained before the interviews, and information was given that participation was entirely voluntary and possible to cancel at any time before the work was published. The Swedish Ethical Review Agency gave an advisory opinion stating that there were no ethical objections to this research project (Dnr. 2020-05649). Findings: Case #1: a palliative older nursing home resident who was coercively tested for COVID-19, and case #2: a COVID-19–infected resident with dementia who was isolated using sedation. The decision that was finally made in the respective case was analyzed in the light of either consequentialist/utilitarian or non-consequentialist/deontological reasons. Discussion: Empowerment of nurses as moral agents is required for the application of practical wisdom in the balancing of different care relationships (responsibilities), moral identities (professional virtues), and competing moral values. This requires resources and opens possibilities for profound ethical reflection in nursing education and at work. Conclusion: During the COVID-19 pandemic, the moral and professional responsibility of nursing home nurses to deliver person-centered care was sometimes problematically abandoned in favor of a more utilitarian manner of ethical decision-making. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ethical scandals in businesses have raised important questions about the ethical conduct of leadership. The world has seen major corporate scandals in the last decade which were a result of unethical practices. Increasingly, ethical leadership has received considerable attention in recent times. Various corporate scams and skeletons, around the globe, keep surfacing almost on a daily basis. Given this stormy business weather, the answers to all these issues in bringing tranquillity and equilibrium point towards developing and enhancing ethics in leadership. Ethics can be defined as the well-founded standards of right and wrong, that prescribes what a human ought to do, usually in terms of rights, obligations, benefits to society or specific virtues. Therefore, every leader has to be backed by ethics in order to emerge as an ethical leader. Ethical leadership is leadership that is directed through respect for ethical beliefs and values and for the dignity and rights of others. Ethical leadership can be an essential component of a thriving, reputable, and ethical organization. Ethical leadership influences corporate culture and enhances an organization's reputation beyond the company. Ethical leaders make use of all those traits, skills, and abilities that are essential for the effective functioning of the organization as it contributes both to short term and long-term benefits for an organisation. In the long term, ethical leadership can prevent corporate fraud, moral conundrums, and difficult choices. It can also enhance corporate reputation and branding in the market place and establish market leadership. It also helps organizations gain more partnerships and customers who are also on the journey of ethical leadership, which can lead to more solid and sound business at the end of the day. When faced with a challenge, decision-making is a process that requires some level of insight and social action to decide from among a set of possibilities. A strong leader can use his position to encourage and enable others to act and think in approaches that advance strategic goals. Humans are bound to make mistakes, but then how a leader restrains from committing an error while making a decision is the main theme of this paper. Ethical Leadership (EL) is an important concept to understand the development of ethics within an organization. Leaders make the difficult decisions -- the "tough calls". This paper explores the various challenges faced by the leaders, also the challenges posed to the leader by the organization itself as well as the marketplace. Additionally, this paper focuses on clarifying and explaining the circumstances that lead to errors or difficulties faced by leaders in decision making, in particular ethical decision making, in order to keep up with ethical values. The fundamental to developing ethical leaders is to increase personal, leadership, cultural and corporate values to a higher level of consciousness and to raise their awareness of how their behaviour impacts their own performance and that of the people around them. Developing leaders in an organization is a lifelong process. Along with how a leader restrains himself and various stakeholders including his team, this paper further tries to explain the need and ways in which Ethical Leaders can be developed through training and education. OBJECTIVE 1. To Understand The Concept Of Ethical Leadership-Ethical leadership (EL) is an essential component of successful and reputable organizations. Ethical leadership impacts corporate culture and positively affects an organization's external reputation. An ethically operating organization reaps many external benefits. Regardless of industry, the correlations between ethics, professionalism, and leadership in the workplace all yield similar findings. Because the benefits of having an ethical leader in command are numerous, it is significantly preferable. EL not only hold short term benefits like boosting employee morale and promoting positivity in the organisation but also has long terms benefits such as prevention of company scandals, ethical dilemmas and ethical issues. Therefore, the paper tries to understand the very concept of EL in an organisation. 2. To analyze how ethical leaders, withstand challenges and make error free decisions-All management and company operations are built on decision-making (DM), and excellent decision-making starts with each executive's deliberate and consistent strategic thinking process. High ideals, earnest efforts, intelligent leadership, and, of course, skilled implementation lead to good judgments, assessments, evaluations, and thus decisions. As a result, the idea of organizational performance and organizational goals are closely related. The paper will explore how ethical leaders withstand ethical dilemmas and how they attempt error free decisions under all conditions. RESEARCH METHOLOGY The present study has adopted the doctrinal method of research. It is also following the secondary research guidelines. The study has been divided into three parts based on the objectives sought to be achieved by the present study. The study has first tried to present the background of the key subject matter, that of Ethical Leadership, in brief through a literature review. Secondly, the study presents the major concerns of the research, especially, the conditions under which the decision making of leaders gets challenged. Lastly, the study concludes with a critical analysis of both EL and DM and the author recommends steps for further research and consideration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This paper presents a critical reflection of pertinent methodological and ethical issues associated with qualitative research on domestic abuse, and synthesises existing models of research to provide ethical, practical, and methodological implications. Methods: Drawing on the combined research and front-line experience of the authors it explores four critical areas: power, participation, payment, and platform. Results: Current practices sometimes lack transparency and may perpetuate marginalisation in studies of some with lived experience of domestic violence and abuse which can be considered symbolic violence. There lacks consistency in participant payment, or research on participants' perceptions of payment. The final section addresses challenges of including perpetrators as participants, highlighting the learning that could occur as a result of inclusion, noting the associated risks of perceived collusion or endorsement of harmful behaviour. Conclusions: This paper contributes to scholarship regarding domestic abuse research through exploration of participation, remuneration, and the unique complexities of domestic abuse perpetrator involvement. We foreground the importance of articulating and managing power dynamics in domestic abuse research, and suggest measures to ensure such dynamics are mitigated successfully to ensure participation is accessible to all. The paper argues for further consideration of payment protocols, and inclusion of the decision-making process in published research. Further it recognises perpetrator exclusion from research can result in victim/survivors being held responsible for raising awareness and developing knowledge of domestic abuse, consequently researchers should consider perpetrator participation where possible. The paper concludes with recommendations for those engaged in domestic violence and abuse research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Some basic and preclinical biomedical research models require the use of animals. It is not always clear which model is best suited to a project—animals or models based on, e.g., in vitro or in silico methods? This choice is influenced not only by personal beliefs and experience, but also by societal debates. Moreover, people often process information unconsciously. In this study, 13 people involved in relevant areas of research were interviewed. The responses were qualitatively assessed and subjected to an ethical analysis. This paper presents 66 reasons why researchers use animals (27 reasons) or alternative methods (39). Many reasons are tied to the work environment (29) and to scientific standards (22). Such reasons are often pragmatic and can only be influenced by individuals to a limited extent. Other reasons were assigned to personal attitudes (11) and animal welfare (4). Even if few reasons can be rejected outright from an ethical point of view, there are good reasons to give some more weight than others, as an exemplary discussion shows. The study raises awareness of the ethical decision-making process and the underlying reasons that we are often unaware of. This can help to reflect on and justify decisions. Background: Research model selection decisions in basic and preclinical biomedical research have not yet been the subject of an ethical investigation. Therefore, this paper aims, (1) to identify a spectrum of reasons for choosing between animal and alternative research models (e.g., based on in vitro or in silico models) and (2) provides an ethical analysis of the selected reasons. Methods: In total, 13 researchers were interviewed; the interviews were analyzed qualitatively. The ethical analysis was based on the principlism approach and a value judgement model. Results: This paper presents 66 reasons underlying the choice of researchers using animal (27 reasons) or alternative models (39). Most of the reasons were assigned to the work environment (29) and scientific standards (22). Other reasons were assigned to personal attitudes (11) and animal welfare (4). Qualitative relevant normative differences are presented in the ethical analysis. Even if few reasons can be rejected outright from an ethical point of view, there are good reasons to give some more weight than others. Conclusions: The spectrum of reasons and their ethical assessment provide a framework for reflection for researchers who may have to choose between animal models and (investing in) alternatives. This can help to reflect on and ethically justify decisions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This article explores the roles of humanoid robots as CEOs in modern corporations, with a focus on Mika and Tang Yu as case studies. It compares their decision-making processes and emphasizes the importance of human oversight for ethical decisions. The article also discusses the European Union’s guidelines on decision-making of AI and human oversight. Additionally, it examines the potential for robots to replace CEOs and the importance of humanrobot collaboration in the future of corporate management and decision-making. Design/methodology/approach: This article begins by providing statistics on the humanoid robot market and then profiles two well-known humanoid robots, Mika and Tang Yu, who function as CEOs. The research compiles data from various sources to create a comprehensive dataset on their roles and functions. It analyzes their responsibilities, decisionmaking processes, and interactions with humans to identify differences and similarities between them. The paper also examines EU guidelines on AI decision-making and explores the future of corporate management and decision-making. Findings: Two humanoid robots, Mika and Tang Yu, have assumed CEO roles with distinct approaches. Mika, a real humanoid robot, focuses on community engagement and efficient data-driven decisions. Tang Yu, a virtual humanoid robot, concentrates on workflow optimization through data-driven decision-making and significantly improving the company’s stock market value. While Mika’s decision-making encompasses emotional and strategic elements, Tang Yu’s approach emphasizes data-driven analysis. Both CEO robots require human oversight to align with company values and ensure ethical decision-making. The future holds potential for robots to reshape corporate leadership, but ethical concerns and human-robot collaboration remain crucial. Practical implications: The research shows that the corporate management is undergoing change and evolution by integrating humanoid robots into future roles as managers, leaders, and CEOs. CEO robots are expected to reshape corporate leadership through their evolving decision-making capabilities, adaptability, and a focus on data-driven, analytical, and strategic decision-making. Social implications: The introduction of humanoid robots as CEOs represents a significant shift in corporate leadership. While the potential benefits in terms of efficiency and decisionmaking are substantial, the associated social implications, including job displacement and ethical considerations, must be managed carefully to ensure a smooth transition and positive outcomes for society as a whole. Originality/value: The article presents and compares two humanoid robots who act as CEOs. It analyses the EU guidelines in terms of decision-making and human oversight and makes a valuable contribution to the discussion of the future of corporate leadership and management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using a combination of co-citation and co-word analysis, this paper reviewed the intellectual structure of the sales ethics research domain and its development over time. This multi-method bibliometric analysis included 183 sales ethics articles published between 1990 and 2020. Using co-citation analysis, we identified intellectual clusters within the research domain and explored the evolution of these clusters across three decades. We further leveraged co-word analysis to identify core themes (keywords) and delineated the field's changing landscape. The evolutionary trends and keyword network disconnections (i.e., structural holes) suggest promising areas for future research. In particular, our analyses identified potentially fruitful opportunities related to topics such as compensation, relationship marketing outcomes, salesperson job attitudes and well-being, training, sales force control, and sales technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction and purpose: Palliative care is designed to ensure proper comfort in living and dying, primarily by alleviating suffering in patients for whom medical interventions have proved ineffective. In situations where suffering is unbearable, palliative care offers "last resort" treatment, namely palliative sedation. This involves the intentional administration of sedative drugs to the patient to reduce the level of consciousness, even inducing sleep, in order to control suffering caused by conditions that are resistant to other treatments. The aim of this article is to present various perspectives on palliative sedation. Description of the state knowledge: Topics discussed include: cessation of hydration and nutrition, loss of patient control over decision-making in treatment progression after the induction of pharmacological coma, the principle of double effect, complications arising from the use of indiscriminate polypharmacy, and views on life shortening through palliative sedation or its comparison to euthanasia. The distinction between palliative sedation and euthanasia is explored, with arguments on both sides contributing to ongoing debates. The paper concludes by advocating for comprehensive guidelines and interdisciplinary assessments to ensure ethical and patient-centered decision-making in the application of palliative sedation in terminally ill patients. Summary: A discussion is necessary on the creation of acceptable and appropriate procedures that would not arouse the controversies currently associated with the use of palliative sedation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper addresses the critiques based on trade-offs and normativity presented in response to our target article proposing the Public Health Emergency Risk and Crisis Communication (PHERCC) framework. These critiques highlight the ethical dilemmas in crisis communication, particularly the balance between promoting public autonomy through transparent information and the potential stigmatization of specific population groups, as illustrated by the discussion of the mpox outbreak among men who have sex with men. This critique underscores the inherent tension between communication effectiveness and autonomy versus fairness and equity. In response, our paper reiterates the adaptability of the PHERCC framework, emphasizing its capacity to tailor messages to diverse audiences, thereby reducing potential stigmatization and misinformation. Through community engagement and feedback integration, the PHERCC framework aims to optimize the effectiveness of communication strategies while addressing ethical concerns. Furthermore, by involving affected communities in the communication strategy from the onset, the framework seeks to minimize ethical trade-offs and enhance the acceptance and effectiveness of public health messages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the increasing degrees AIs and machines, the need for implementing ethics in AIs is pressing. In this paper, we first survey current approaches to moral AIs and their inherent limitations. Then we propose the pluralist hybrid approach and show how these limitations of moral AIs can be partly alleviated by the pluralist hybrid approach. The core ethical decision-making capacity of an AI based on the pluralist hybrid approach consists of two systems. The first is a deterministic algorithm system that embraces different moral rules for making explicit moral decisions. The second is a machine learning system that accounts for calculating the value of the variables required by the application of moral principles. The pluralist hybrid system is better than the existing proposals as it better addresses the moral disagreement problem of the top-down approach by including distinct moral principles. Besides, the pluralist hybrid system reduces the opacity of ethical decision-making by implementing explicit moral principles for moral decision-making. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We are moving towards a future where Artificial Intelligence (AI) based agents make many decisions on behalf of humans. From healthcare decision-making to social media censoring, these agents face problems, and make decisions with ethical and societal implications. Ethical behaviour is a critical characteristic that we would like in a human-centric AI. A common observation in human-centric industries, like the service industry and healthcare, is that their professionals tend to break rules, if necessary, for pro-social reasons. This behaviour among humans is defined as pro-social rule breaking. To make AI agents more human-centric, we argue that there is a need for a mechanism that helps AI agents identify when to break rules set by their designers. To understand when AI agents need to break rules, we examine the conditions under which humans break rules for pro-social reasons. In this paper, we present a study that introduces a 'vaccination strategy dilemma' to human participants and analyzes their response. In this dilemma, one needs to decide whether they would distribute COVID-19 vaccines only to members of a high-risk group (follow the enforced rule) or, in selected cases, administer the vaccine to a few social influencers (break the rule), which might yield an overall greater benefit to society. The results of the empirical study suggest a relationship between stakeholder utilities and pro-social rule breaking (PSRB), which neither deontological nor utilitarian ethics completely explain. Finally, the paper discusses the design characteristics of an ethical agent capable of PSRB and the future research directions on PSRB in the AI realm. We hope that this will inform the design of future AI agents, and their decision-making behaviour. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim. The researcher's goal is to investigate how organizational characteristics affect the process of making ethical decisions. Methods. The study's focus was on certified accountants working in Kosovo during the Covid19 era. The task is qualitative in nature; SPPS is used to process the data after Excel has done so. This study used descriptive and regression analysis. Results. The study demonstrated that organizational criteria like size, industry, the presence of an ethics code, and ethical climate have an impact on how decisions are made. To identify organizational elements and, as a result, improve the ethical decision-making process, the paper's findings may have policy implications. Conclusions. This study provided insight into how to increase the influence of organizational elements in ethical decision-making, particularly in the accounting field. A sound foundation for an ethical decision-making process that is sustainable is provided by the recommendations at the end of the paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research paper explores the enduring relevance of Socratic philosophy and its applicability to the challenges faced by the young generation in today's complex and rapidly evolving society. Drawing upon the timeless wisdom of Socrates, this study aims to provide actionable advice for young individuals navigating the complexities of modern life. By examining key Socratic principles such as critical thinking, self-examination, and the pursuit of virtue, this paper offers a framework for personal growth, ethical decision-making, and the cultivation of a meaningful and purposeful life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores the transformative landscape of interpreter training through emerging methodologies aimed at enhancing interpreter competence and adaptability. With our world becoming increasingly interconnected, the demand for skilled interpreters has spurred innovative strategies to prepare professionals for the complexities of cross-cultural communication. New approaches in interpreter training encompass various dimensions. Technological integration could redefine training paradigms. Virtual reality (VR) and artificial intelligence (AI) might offer simulated environments for trainees to practice interpreting in lifelike scenarios, providing invaluable experiential learning. Cultural competence has become paramount, as interpreters are now equipped not only with linguistic proficiency but also with an understanding of socio-cultural contexts, allowing for nuanced communication. Experiential and immersive learning, featuring internships and real-world projects, bridge the gap between theoretical knowledge and practical application, fostering adaptability and domain versatility. Moreover, the emphasis on lifelong learning and professional development recognizes that an interpreter's journey is a continuous evolution. Ethical considerations and soft skills should be increasingly integrated into training curricula, emphasizing professionalism, empathy, and ethical decision-making. This paper concludes by highlighting the dynamic nature of interpreter training, suggesting that these new approaches are poised to produce interpreters proficient not only in language but also in navigating diverse cultural landscapes, ensuring effective and culturally sensitive communication. The paper also proposes a possible structure for experiential learning context for trainee interpreters, which could be further developed and applied to an interpreter training program. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Self-driving cars are expected to replace human drivers shortly, bringing significant benefits to society. However, they have faced opposition from various organizations that argue it is challenging to respond to instances involving unavoidable personal injury. In situations involving deadly collisions, self-driving cars must make decisions that balance life and death. This paper investigates the ethical and moral decision-making challenges for self-driving cars from an algorithmic perspective. To address this issue, we introduce the accident-prioritized replay mechanism to the Deep Q-Networks (DQN) algorithm based on early humanities research. The mechanism quantifies a reward function that takes priority into account. RGB (red, green, blue) images obtained by the camera installed in front of the self-driving cars are fed into the Xception network for training. To evaluate our approach, we compare it to the conventional DQN algorithm. The simulation results indicate that the Rawlsian DQN algorithm has superior stability and interpretability in decision-making. Furthermore, the majority of respondents to our survey accept the final decision made by our algorithm. Our experiment demonstrates that it is possible to incorporate ethical considerations into self-driving car decision-making, providing a solution for rational decision-making in emergency and dilemma circumstances. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This paper aims to identify predictors that affect business student perceptions on ethical decision-making. This paper also investigates how those predictors impact the decision-making related to ethical matters among Vietnamese business students. Design/methodology/approach: A survey was conducted to collect data for testing the hypotheses. Questionnaires were administered to 500 Vietnamese business students from four public and private universities. The independent t-test was applied to the usable sample to analyze and derive relationships. Findings: The empirical results showed that idealism and relativism significantly predict the perception of ethical decision-making. Idealism and relativism were found to influence high ethical decision-making significantly. Originality/value: The study contributes to the literature on ethical decision-making in a transitional economy. New findings and insights from the research serve as a foundation for future research with ethics and decision-making topics. The results offer some insights to business schools in improving their ethical teaching courses and to businesses in their recruitment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a conceptual framework for the intellectual virtues in the context of online search. Intellectual virtues are dispositions and skills that enable good thinking and wise reasoning, such as intellectual humility and attentiveness. Despite their importance, today the intellectual virtues tend to be underdeveloped across society. In light of the institutional role that online search plays in life today, there is an opportunity (perhaps an obligation) for online search to facilitate the development of intellectual virtue. The framework presented in this paper locates this development in three areas: the Searcher, the System, and Society. Major issues in information ethics and virtue epistemology are discussed for each of these areas, leading to recommendations for education, design, and research. This paper provides specific suggestions in this regard along with an agenda for future research at the intersection of ethics, epistemology, and online search. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study is to develop the "ethical student scale" to understand the underlying factors that lead to the decisions of cheating and plagiarism and where business students are developmentally from a moral perspective and to help academic institutions assess how best to develop ethical education throughout the curriculum. This three-dimensional nine-item scale based on Kohlberg's moral development model is proposed to serve as a valuable tool for educators who are struggling with identifying the best approach to help their students make ethical choices both within and outside of the walls of their educational institutions and once they join the workforce. Four survey design studies were conducted to determine what factors had previously been identified to both negatively and positively impact the propensity of a university student to engage in cheating and/or plagiarizing (Study 1, N = 179), to preliminarily validate the three dimension nine item scale that emerged from Study 1 (Study 2, N = 87); to test the construct validity of the three-dimensional nine-item scale (Study 3, N = 235); and to test the nine-item scale for convergent, divergent and predictive validity (Study 4, N = 201). The four surveys were administered to undergraduate students at two universities in the Northeast in the USA. To shed light on the underlying factors that lead to the decisions of cheating and plagiarism, the authors propose three factors that are engaged when students make these types of ethical decisions: rules and enforcement as an external control, personal morality as an internal control and social influences as a social control (Kohlberg, 1976). Through four studies, this paper presents a three-dimensional nine-item scale based on Kohlberg's moral development model to determine the factors that influence the propensity of a university student to engage in cheating and/or plagiarizing. The proposed scale showed strong reliability across the three dimensions. The limitations of the scale are that this research was restricted to an academic setting. The relationship between the academic environment, the resulting behaviors of students and the subsequent behavior of these students as managers also needs investigation to determine if business ethics education does have an impact on increasing ethical decision-making. The ethical student scale attempts to measure the development stage of students in a university setting and has the potential utility to help higher education institutions better understand the moral development of their students and what drives their decisions to engage in an ethical manner. Being a short yet reliable tool, ethical student scale may help business schools develop programs beyond a single business ethics course to instill ethical decision-making in students. One of the goals as business educators is to produce ethical managers. The ethical student scale can help us develop a more integrated approach to business ethics education. As the students become managers and leaders in organizations, the social implications for more ethical decision-makers and organizations are widespread and vital to the community and the economy. Ethical student scale is an attempt to quantify what types of controls (external, social, or personal) help develop ethical students and ethical managers. Based on Kohlberg's moral development model, this three-dimensional nine-item scale which shows strong reliability will serve as a valuable tool for educators who are struggling with identifying the best approach to the issue of unethical decisions and behaviors as they try to create strategies to help their students make ethical choices both within and outside of the walls of their educational institutions and once they join the workforce. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Risk and crisis communication (RCC) is a current ethical issue subject to controversy, mainly due to the tension between individual liberty (a core component of fairness) and effectiveness. In this paper we propose a consistent definition of the RCC process in public health emergencies (PHERCC), which comprises six key elements: evidence, initiator, channel, publics, message, and feedback. Based on these elements and on a detailed analysis of their role in PHERCC, we present an ethical framework to help design, govern and evaluate PHERCC strategies. The framework aims to facilitate RCC, incorporating effectiveness, autonomy, and fairness. It comprises five operational ethical principles: openness, transparency, inclusivity, understandability, and privacy. The resulting matrix helps understanding the interplay between the PHERCC process and the principles of the framework. The paper includes suggestions and recommendations for the implementation of the PHERCC matrix. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the increasingly volatile 21st century globalized and interconnected business landscape, organizations face increasing scrutiny concerning their ethical behavior, social responsibilities, and overall performance. This paper looks at some of the factors that link the notions of ethics, justice, and Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR), with an eye to their theoretical underpinnings and complexities and their relationship to the efficient and sustainable operation of Sustainable Performance Management (with special emphasis on CSR). Drawing on theoretical foundations and empirical evidence, we provide practical recommendations for organizations to promote ethics, justice, CSR, and effective and sustainable performance management. Suggestions include fostering ethical leadership by modeling ethical behavior and promoting ethical decision-making. We believe that the suggested practical measures may bridge the gap between academic perspectives and the practical realities of ensuring favorable, sustainable, work climates and work processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines whether authentic leadership provides the resources employees need to build their psychological capacities and well‐being so that they can embrace organisational change and engage in innovative work behaviour (IWB) within non‐profit organisation (NPO). The paper builds on previous research examining the antecedents of IWB such as 'innovation‐enabling culture' and psychological capital (PsyCap). The new variables examined in this study are authentic leadership and acceptance of change. Utilising a structural equation modelling methodology, 248 surveys from Australian not‐for‐profit employees were analysed revealing that authentic leadership accounted for more than a fifth of the variance of PsyCap; PsyCap, age, and authentic leadership accounted for 40% of employees' well‐being; and age, leadership, and acceptance of change accounted for a quarter of their IWB, although acceptance of change was not directly related to IWB. The main contribution of this paper is in explaining why authentic leadership is an important ingredient for building an 'innovation‐enabling culture' for NPO employees, suggesting that such leadership provides a pathway for developing effective workplace relationships built on trust and ethical decision making. Such behaviour builds a supportive culture for developing employees' personal resources, which promotes the conditions for promoting IWB. Points for practitioners: Authentic leadership behaviour provides a platform for developing the psychological capacities of employees in non‐profit organisations (NPOs) contracted to deliver social services to Australians.Authentic leadership behaviours and psychological capital enhance employees' well‐being.Authentic leadership behaviours and psychological capital are significant building blocks of an innovation‐enabling culture in NPOs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This study aims to determine the factors that influence ethical banking behavior among millennials and Gen-Z in Malaysia. Design/methodology/approach: A stratified sample of 525 millennials and Gen-Z of Malaysian banking customers was used. Extended ethical decision-making (EDM) model was tested using partial least square-structural equation model for the analysis. Findings: The findings indicated that the engagement of millennials and Gen-Z in ethical banking is influenced by factors such as intention, judgment and awareness, which shaped both generations' ethical banking behavior. Practical implications: This study could be a central reference point and assist banking institutions in understanding the preferences of millennials and Gen-Z. Originality/value: This study extends the previous EDM model that focused solely on consumer's belief systems. Three aspects differentiate this paper and contribute to its originality, namely, the uniqueness of millennials and Gen-Z behavior, incorporating new variables along with the EDM models and study in Malaysian context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many ethics initiatives have stipulated sets of principles and standards for good technology development in the AI sector. However, several AI ethics researchers have pointed out a lack of practical realization of these principles. Following that, AI ethics underwent a practical turn, but without deviating from the principled approach. This paper proposes a complementary to the principled approach that is based on virtue ethics. It defines four "basic AI virtues", namely justice, honesty, responsibility and care, all of which represent specific motivational settings that constitute the very precondition for ethical decision making in the AI field. Moreover, it defines two "second-order AI virtues", prudence and fortitude, that bolster achieving the basic virtues by helping with overcoming bounded ethicality or hidden psychological forces that can impair ethical decision making and that are hitherto disregarded in AI ethics. Lastly, the paper describes measures for successfully cultivating the mentioned virtues in organizations dealing with AI research and development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ethical standards of healthcare sector are important to the lives of people because healthcare is a profession that impacts the lives of people, their families and society. Healthcare professionals are inevitably involved in ethical decision-making in their working lives and address a conflict regarding competing values such as personal, organizational, professional, and community values. India is a country in South Asia where people are diverse in ethnicity, religion, and culture. So, revealing commonly accepted ethical standards for resolving ethical conflicts for healthcare professionals becomes more relevant for India. However, the research on this issue is limited. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to reveal the link between ethical standards for healthcare professionals in general and Indian cultural values such as Dharma, Nishkama Karma and Jnana. This paper used a scoping review to screen the relevant articles which were selected from the Scopus and Google Scholar databases. The keywords used for searching the research articles were "ethical standard", "ethics", "healthcare ethics", and "Indian cultural values". Then, the constructs of healthcare ethics were identified and the relevant ethical standards for each construct were not only evaluated based on the two key theoretical viewpoints namely deontology and teleology, but also justified by Indian cultural values. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The majority of the literature focused on whether consent should be extended to the adolescent population arises from themes adapted from American tort law. In contrast to the USA, Ontario does not delineate an age of consent for medical treatment and relying on American guidelines to guide practice in Ontario is problematic. While the literature is saturated with discussions for and against seeking adolescent consent, there are currently no bioethical guidelines on adolescent consent in the province of Ontario. This paper explores adolescent refusal of care and adolescent request for care in opposition to parental wishes. The paper seeks to answer the following questions: What is the difference between an adolescent and an adult in medical decision-making? What are the barriers to seeking adolescent consent? And, can the neurobiological argument be an accurate guide for obtaining adolescent consent? [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]