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A prominent philosophical debate concerns whether we should accept causal decision theory (CDT) or evidential decision theory (EDT) as our best theory of rational choice. However, instead of accepting one of these theories at the expense of the other, an alternative would be to accept that both theories play a partial role in the true account of rational choice. In this paper, I defend a pluralist account of this sort. In particular, I argue that rational permissibility is an indeterminate notion, with EDT and CDT each corresponding to one sharpening of this notion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper considers the impact of threats on professional service workers, especially as these emerge in healthcare services. Based on interviews with healthcare professionals and prison guards, this paper discusses the ethical dilemmas inherent in viewing the doctor-patient relationship from a solely rule-based ethical approach when threatening behaviour is involved. It is argued that under threatening circumstances, a service worker will not be able to exclude personal moral beliefs from the decision-making process. Consequently, the tradition of relying on rule-based ethics is insufficient on its own and must be supplemented with a repersonalised ethics of 'the Other'. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is divided into two sections. In the first section, I discuss “what is spirituality?” and in the section that follows, I examine some of the implications of my definition to the teaching of spirituality in an undergraduate business ethics course. For the purposes of this paper, spirituality is defined as the planned experience (the inner feeling) of blending integrity and integration through 1 – acceptance (of the past), 2 – commitment (to the future), 3 – reasonable choice, 4 – mindful action, and 5 –continuous dialog (both internal and external). This definition is a work-in-progress and offered mainly as a point of departure rather than a final destination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is difficult to overstate the global impact of Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) outbreak. From lockdowns to resource scarcity, the effects of the virus have been widespread and felt by all. Less obvious, but equally severe, is the impact on the practice of psychology. In this time of crisis, complex ethical challenges arise daily in our practice, many of which likely to remain with us for years to come. Thus, there is a pressing need for a pragmatic ethical framework that psychologists can use to navigate the conflicting duties and rapidly changing demands during this time of crisis. To that end, we suggest utilizing the Georgetown principles, four pragmatic ideals developed by biomedical ethicists which can aid clinicians in framing and managing ethical dilemmas. In this work, we show how these principles can be applied to complex ethical conflicts typical of clinical practice in the era of COVID-19. We will discuss ways in which the Georgetown principles are echoed in the Psychologists Code of Conduct, emphasizing items in the Code that are directly relevant to the COVID-19 pandemic. Our goal is to leave the reader with a practical ethical methodology that can be used for quick, effective, and morally sound decision-making. The goal of this paper is not to tell clinicians what decisions they should make; rather, herein we will provide clinicians with tools that will enable them to make ethically-informed decisions on their own. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the past few years, the ethical ramifications of AI technologies (in particular data science) have been at the center of intense debates. Considerable attention has been devoted to understanding how a morally responsible practice of data science can be promoted and which values have to shape it. In this context, ethics and moral responsibility have been mainly conceptualized as compliance to widely shared principles. However, several scholars have highlighted the limitations of such a principled approach. Drawing from microethics and the virtue theory tradition, in this paper, we formulate a different approach to ethics in data science which is based on a different conception of "being ethical" and, ultimately, of what it means to promote a morally responsible data science. First, we develop the idea that, rather than only compliance, ethical decision-making consists in using certain moral abilities (e.g., virtues), which are cultivated by practicing and exercising them in the data science process. An aspect of virtue development that we discuss here is moral attention, which is the ability of data scientists to identify the ethical relevance of their own technical decisions in data science activities. Next, by elaborating on the capability approach, we define a technical act as ethically relevant when it impacts one or more of the basic human capabilities of data subjects. Therefore, rather than "applying ethics" (which can be mindless), data scientists should cultivate ethics as a form of reflection on how technical choices and ethical impacts shape one another. Finally, we show how this microethical framework concretely works, by dissecting the ethical dimension of the technical procedures involved in data understanding and preparation of electronic health records. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As the field of psychology continues to make efforts to diversify the field, training programs must adapt to include the needs of diverse students. Universities in the United States mirror middle-class norms and values, which implies that students are expected to separate from familial roles and focus on their personal growth. This conflicts with core values and intentions of students from collectivist cultures. Although psychology trainees are obligated to adhere to professional ethical standards, a growing number of psychology trainees from collectivistic cultures need support to manage role conflict within potentially ambiguous standards regarding how to care for family and community members. This need is further complicated when training programs consider the lack of equitable access to mental health care resources in communities where their psychology trainees come from. In this paper, we engage in ethical decision making to address two scenarios representing role conflict between training program expectations and collectivist community and familial obligations. Through this exercise we develop and propose a Decision-Making Model for Addressing Role Conflict for Psychology Trainees. This conceptual model details a novel framework to assist psychology trainees when addressing the mental health of family and community while also providing guidance to help graduate training programs proactively equip their students with the skills and ethical framework they need to balance role conflicts such as when family and community members desire and need mental health support. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Evidence shows that medical education includes a variety of basic and clinical skills. Ethical and human values are not typically considered in medical school curricula, and this is evident in medical practice in certain scenarios such as decision-making at pediatric cancer patients' end of life. Methods: This study explores a bioethical approach to address complex decision-making at the end of life in children and adolescents with cancer. We are a cross-functional group of scientists from several academic disciplines who conducted a systematic review of the literature using our newly developed meta-bioethical analysis and synthesis of findings. The search was carried out in five databases, resulting in 10 research papers. Following quality screening, seven articles were ultimately selected for further analysis. Results: Our focus is on the state of the art to better understand the bioethical deliberation at the end of life in pediatric oncology. Here, we report a systematic review that includes (i) classification of the screened articles by the type of decision-making they use, ii) the system values that are at the core of the decision-making at the end of life, and iii) bioethical and ethical discernment queries. We conclude with a discussion regarding the best practices of ethical discernment and decision-making at the end of life. This study highlights the need to develop more research to better understand the influence and origin of these multidimensional factors determining critical decisions that define the quality of life of patients in a highly sensitive moment. Conclusion: We conclude that personal aspects of the physician define their actions more than knowledge or organized structure. It is thus necessary that pediatric oncologists receive ethics and humanistic education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vignettes are a widely-used research tool in investigating ethical decision-making. Although several studies have discussed the creation of original vignettes used in social and behavioral research, papers detailing the process involved in their development are limited. This methodological paper explains a seven-step process used to develop written and video vignettes employed as a tool in ethical decision-making in the context of a developing country with a unique cultural system, Sri Lanka. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim To discuss ethical and methodological challenges related to in-depth interviews with patients and partners when interviewed together or separately. Background Increased interest in exploring illness phenomena from both patients' and partners' perspectives has emerged. The decision about how to collect data is challenging. Patients and partners can be interviewed separately or together; in both scenarios researchers face complex questions of methodology and ethics. This paper contributes to the ongoing debate on individual or joint interviewing and the effect of absence/presence of the partner on data collection. Design Discussion paper that draws on data from three phenomenological studies. Data sources Referring to three cases from our phenomenological studies, we discuss the different types of ethical and methodological dilemmas faced when undertaking joint and separate interviews with couples. Furthermore, we discuss how the unexpected presence of the partner potentially influences the data gathered from the patient. Implication for nursing The cases demonstrate the interrelatedness of ethics and methodology in studies based on in-depth interviews with couples. Nurse researchers may be caught up in a dilemma between ethical concerns and methodological considerations. We argue that the presence of the partner during an interview session might influence the data and favour expressions of shared rather than individual experiences of the phenomenon studied. Furthermore, we argue that ethical concerns must be given higher priority than methodology when interviewing couples. Conclusion An increased awareness of the tension between ethical and methodological challenges in joint or individual interviewing with patients and partners is necessary, as this issue is underexposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While the influence of emotion on individuals' ethical decisions has been identified by numerous researchers, little is known about how emotions influence individuals' ethical decision process. Thus, it is not clear whether different emotions promote and/or discourage ethical decisionmaking in the workplace. To address this gap, this paper develops a model that illustrates how emotion affects the components of individuals' ethical decision-making process. The model is developed by integrating research findings that consider the two dimensions of emotion, arousal and feeling state, into an applied cognitive-developmental perspective on the process of ethical decision-making. The model demonstrates that certain emotional states influence the individual's propensity to identify ethical dilemmas, facilitate the formation of the individual's prescriptive judgments at sophisticated levels of moral development, lead to ethical decision choices that are consistent with the individual's prescriptive judgements, and promote the individual's compliance with his or her ethical decision choices. In particular, the model suggests that individuals experiencing arousal and positive affect resolve ethical dilemmas in a manner consistent with more sophisticated cognitive moral structures. Implications for theory and practice are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Acknowledging the increasing attention in the literature devoted to the incorporation of ethical considerations into consumers' purchase decisions, this paper explores the notion of an ethical product. It is argued that ethical issues have long been involved in consumers' product evaluations, but that there has been little academic investigation of ethics in terms of product concepts and theories. Ethics are thus examined in the context of the augmented product concept, and two dimensions of ethical augmentation are identified: direction and content. These dimensions are set out and discussed at some length, and then they are used to construct an ethical product matrix. It is shown how this could be used to provide structure and coherence to examinations of the perceived ethics of any given product offering. The implications of the analysis offered in the paper are discussed, and a number of limitations of the ethical product notion are identified. Finally some conclusions and directions for future research are suggested. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to examine the expected ethical behaviour of accounting students. Design/methodology/approach: An on-line survey was conducted using a questionnaire that addressed - attitude, perceived control, subjective norms, behavioural intention, and past ethical behaviour to operationalise the variables required to deploy the Theory of Planned Behaviour model. The relationship between the variables was analysed using the structural equation modelling (SEM) software package JASP (2023, Version 0.17.3). There were 15 usable responses from a cohort of 58 2nd year accounting undergraduate students. Findings/Results: The results of the structural equation model revealed that Behavioural Intention (ß = 0.61, p < 0.001) positively and significantly impacted on Expected Ethical Behaviour. Attitude toward behavioural intention was negative and not significant, whilst perceived behavioural control and subjective norms were both positively related but also not significant in influencing behavioural intention. Implications/Contributions: The low number of subjects is acknowledged as potentially being a contributing factor to the unexpected findings along with the limited number of items used to operationalise the variables. The study contributes to applicability of the Theory of Planned Behaviour by providing a basis for future research to build upon. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ethical leadership is an important construct in the literature on behavioral ethics in organizations, given its link with employee attitudes and behaviors. What remains unclear, however, is what leader characteristics are associated directly with ethical leader perceptions and indirectly with employee unethical behavior. In this paper, we use a socio-cognitive lens to integrate goal orientation theory with the literature on ethical behavior in organizations. Specifically, we propose that certain patterns of managers' goal-oriented behavior provide signals and cues to employees about their managers' ethical leadership, which then relates to employee displays of more unethical behavior. Using a sample of 265 manager–employee dyads, our findings largely support our claims. We found that leader performance-avoid goal orientation was negatively related to perceptions of ethical leadership and positively related to employee unethical behavior. Moderated mediation tests indicated that the positive indirect effect of leader performance-avoid goal orientation on employee unethical behavior through perceptions of ethical leadership was attenuated by higher levels of leader learning goal orientation. Taken together, these findings suggest that when leaders emphasize avoiding failure while downplaying the importance of personal learning and development, employees perceive them as less ethical and are more willing to engage in ethical misconduct. We discuss implications of our findings for both theory and practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, I draw on Hannah Arendt's notion of 'banality of evil' to argue that as long as AI systems are designed to follow codes of ethics or particular normative ethical theories chosen by us and programmed in them, they are Eichmanns destined to commit evil. Since intelligence alone is not sufficient for ethical decision making, rather than strive to program AI to determine the right ethical decision based on some ethical theory or criteria, AI should be concerned with avoiding making the wrong decisions, and this requires hardwiring the thinking activity as a prerequisite for decision making. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bioethicists are increasingly engaged in considering the ethical issues associated with the care of transgender people. One such issue facing paediatric clinicians is requests for chest surgery from transgender male adolescents. For transgender young people who identify as male but have already progressed through the mid to late stages of puberty, hormone treatment will not reverse breast development. Some of these young people are distressed by their chest, and request surgery to remove this tissue. Demand for this surgery during adolescence is increasing. However, few paediatric hospitals make this intervention available to adolescents. This paper focuses on the following ethical question: Should clinicians make chest surgery available to transgender male adolescents? We argue that making chest surgery available to transgender male adolescents under some circumstances is ethically justifiable for three reasons, based on the concepts of beneficence, privacy, and non‐discrimination. Firstly, the limited evidence to date suggests that chest surgery is beneficial to transgender male adolescents who seek this intervention. Secondly, chest surgery protects transgender adolescents' privacy by enabling them to better control disclosure of their transgender identity. Thirdly, chest surgery is already performed on other adolescent males for psychosocial reasons, such as in the case of gynaecomastia; non‐discrimination thus provides a further reason for making chest surgery available to transgender male adolescents whose male gender identity is consistent. We suggest that the ethical justifiability of chest surgery in any specific transgender adolescent's case will depend on the individual patient's circumstances. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we investigate how data about public preferences may be used to inform policy around the use of controversial novel technologies, using public preferences about autonomous vehicles (AVs) as a case study. We first summarize the recent 'Moral Machine' study, which generated preference data from millions of people regarding how they think AVs should respond to emergency situations. We argue that while such preferences cannot be used to directly inform policy, they should not be disregarded. We defend an approach that we call 'Collective Reflective Equilibrium in Practice' (CREP). In CREP, data on public attitudes function as an input into a deliberative process that looks for coherence between attitudes, behaviours and competing ethical principles. We argue that in cases of reasonable moral disagreement, data on public attitudes should play a much greater role in shaping policies than in areas of ethical consensus. We apply CREP to some of the global preferences about AVs uncovered by the Moral Machines study. We intend this discussion both as a substantive contribution to the debate about the programming of ethical AVs, and as an illustration of how CREP works. We argue that CREP provides a principled way of using some public preferences as an input for policy, while justifiably disregarding others. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The circumstances of a public health emergency (PHE) shape reasoning and decision-making in ways that deviate from routine circumstances, where adherence to established values, principles, and methodologies is expected. Understanding what drives these deviations is critical to assessing their ethical consequences. In this paper we describe four conditions that influence decision-making during PHEs, in particular regarding the deployment and conduct of research on experimental or novel biomedical interventions. These four conditions are politicization, urgency, uncertainty, and fear. We argue that taken together these four conditions create pressure to address the most visible targets of immediate crisis events, driving emphasis on research and development of biomedical interventions. However, this emphasis raises ethical concerns regarding the extent to which attention to and investment in the underlying causes of PHEs, particularly impoverished global public health infrastructure, is diminished as a result. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current paper examines whether knowledge of an ethical principle influences moral awareness and ethical decision making. Using hypothetical scenarios (Studies 1 and 2) and a behavioral task (Study 3), three experiments examine the effects of deepening people's knowledge of ethical principles (conflicts of interest in Studies 1 and 3; safety in Study 2). In each study, an analogical encoding learning intervention led to greater knowledge of an ethical principle, which in turn resulted in a greater likelihood of moral awareness and making ethical decisions. These findings suggest that moral awareness is partly a matter of the depth of individuals' knowledge of ethical principles. The findings provide further reasons to link work on ethics with work on expertise and knowledge transfer as well as indicate new approaches to ethics training. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Rostrum of Asclepius / Vima tou Asklipiou is the property of Technological Educational Institute of Athens and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Clinical competency committees (CCCs) are increasingly used within health professions education as their decisions are thought to be more defensible and fairer than those generated by previous training promotion processes. However, as with most group-based processes, it is inevitable that conflict will arise. In this paper the authors explore three ways conflict may arise within a CCC: (1) conflicting data submissions that are presented to the committee, (2) conflicts between members of the committee, and (3) conflicts of interest between a specific committee member and a trainee. The authors describe each of these conflict situations, dissect out the underlying problems, and explore possible solutions based on the current literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose of the article: The article aims to explore the role of ethics within the context of digital technologies to provide additional insight into the phenomenon of digital transformation, and thus to contribute to a better understanding of the opportunities and challenges that companies encounter in a rapidly changing business environment. Specifically, the paper determines the role of ethics discussed in the most recent scientific literature in the context of digital transformation. Methodology/methods: An explorative approach to the analysis of scientific literature was adopted to answer the research question: What is known from the available scientific literature about the role of business ethics in the digital transformation of a company? The Scopus and ScienceDirect scientific databases were used for the literature search. The selected articles were assessed, grouped around the topics and analysed. Scientific aim: To investigate the challenges in the business ethics related to an increased impact of digital transformation on the company's performance. Findings: 1) Business ethics ensures that digital technologies and the company's decisions based on the information provided by these technologies are in line with the ethical considerations. 2) There is a demand for the increased organisational accountability for data management to ensure legal and ethical implications of data ownership. 3) Ethical decisions promote a long- run sustainable development of a company. 4) Ethical decision-making allows digitalisation solutions to be applied in accordance with the values and principles of employees. Conclusions: Ethical considerations provide deeper understanding of the impact of digital transformation at a higher level and in its long-term perspective. Limitations: the literature search was conducted in two scientific databases. Implications: the findings of this study form the basis for further research to investigate the interdependence between ethical responsibility of a company and technological advances towards achieving sustainable development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the few, but important legal and coronial cases concerning withdrawing or withholding life-sustaining treatment from severely disabled or critically impaired infants in Australia. Although sparse in number, the judgements should influence common clinical practices based on assessment of 'best interests' but these have not yet been adopted. In particular, although courts have discounted assessment of 'quality of life' as a legitimate component of determination of 'best interests,' this remains a prominent component of clinical guidelines. In addition, this paper highlights the lack of uniform clinical guidelines available to medical professionals and parents in Australia when making end-of-life decisions for severely ill infants. Thus, it is argued here that there is a need for an overarching prescriptive uniform framework or set of guidelines in end-of-life decision-making for impaired infants. This would encourage greater transparency, consistency, and some degree of objectivity in an area that often appears subjective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper discusses the Saudi Arabian case by Abdallah Adlan and Henk ten Have, published in a 2012 issue of the Journal of Bioethical Inquiry, regarding a congenitally disabled child enrolled in a research project examining the genetics of her condition. During the course of the study, her father was found not to be genetically related, and the case discussed the dilemma between disclosing to the family all findings as promised in consent documents or withholding paternity information because of the likely severe social repercussions. Using Adlan and ten Have's example, this paper proposes a framework to consider cases outside of the conventional bioethics frame of reference, splitting the bioethical task into three elements: understanding the problem from the patient's and the clinician's perspective and then engaging in dialogue to decide what to do next. The process of dialogue between affected parties is vital. Presuming that there is a common morality undermines the effectiveness of the dialogue needed to find a resolution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper aims to review the current state of the knowledge in an attempt to renew the interest in studying cognitive side of entrepreneurial ethics. The paper explores how the two streams of the literature - entrepreneurial cognition and entrepreneurial ethics - can possibly be integrated to guide future research. It also reviews the literature at the intersection of entrepreneurial cognitions and ethics. In doing so, the paper draws upon the extant literature to propose a set of questions for future research. Given the ethical implications of entrepreneurial behavior, this paper calls for future interdisciplinary work among entrepreneurial cognition scholars and business ethicists. The extant literature has generally focused on exploring the linkages among entrepreneurial cognitions, moral awareness, and moral judgment. It appears that relatively sparse attention is paid to explore the underlying cognitive patterns of an entrepreneur's actions pertaining to unethical business practices. This gap in the literature at the intersection of cognitions and ethics holds significant potential for future research. The proposed questions for future research include the following: How do cognitive biases and heuristics make an entrepreneur more susceptible to immoral judgment and reasoning? Which of the cognitive schemas is more likely to enhance moral intentions of entrepreneurs? How does distributed cognition shape socially responsible entrepreneurial behavior? Do entrepreneurs prefer rule-based or cost/benefit-based reasoning approach while making moral judgment? Which of the cognitive dimensions of socially responsible behavior - utilitarianism, just, and rights - is more common among entrepreneurs in developed countries in comparison to the entrepreneurs in developing and emerging economies? Do immigrant and/or ethnic entrepreneurs experience identity ambiguity and how does it relate to their unethical actions? How does the level of motivation affect an entrepreneur's reliance on heuristics rather than employing a systematic response to process information for ethical judgment? The proposed questions potentially offer insights into the way in which entrepreneurial cognitions and entrepreneurial ethics are interconnected. Entrepreneurship scholars may enrich their future research efforts by exploring how might insights from entrepreneurial ethics better inform the theoretical developments of entrepreneurial cognitions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper concerns multicriteria decision making under uncertainty with scenario planning. This topic is explored by many researchers because almost all real-world decision problems have multiple conflicting criteria and a deterministic criteria evaluation is often impossible (e.g. mergers and acquisitions, new product development). We propose two procedures for uncertain multi-objective optimization (for dependent and independent criteria matrices) which are based on the SAPO method - a modification of the Hurwicz's rule for one-criterion problems, recently presented in another paper. The new approaches take into account the decision maker's preference structure and attitude towards risk. It considers the frequency and the level of extreme evaluations and generates logic rankings for symmetric and asymmetric distributions. The application of the suggested tool is illustrated with an example of marketing strategies selection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Literature on the teaching of ethics points to the need for realistic business problems in which students deal with ethical dilemmas. This paper presents the results of an experiment in which students take on the role of a Brand Manager who must decide on the level of support to allocate to four distinct business problems. The problems were presented as business problems including realistic profit and cost considerations, rather than being posed as "ethics cases". Students were able to select from a range of product support levels for each problem. The experiment isolated the factor effects which included level of realism, degree of competition, company situation in terms of fault and profit level, and problem type relative to damage and visibility. Company fault was the most important factor in determining the level of product support allocations. Allocations generally increased when there was an increase in profit level from low to medium. However, there was no additional increase in allocations above the medium profit level. The paper concludes with suggestions on how the results can be used as a springboard for discussion of the integration of ethical considerations in managerial decision making. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Etnográfica: Revista do Centro de Estudos de Antropologia Social is the property of Centro em Rede de Investigacao em Antropologia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Two cases help students identify the influence that self-interest can have on ethical decision making and encourage them to practice "giving voice to values." The learning objectives are to: (1) increase student awareness of the role of ethical fading in unethical decision making; (2) develop critical-thinking skills for ethical decision making; and (3) practice applying moral imagination to resolve ethical dilemmas. Specifically, we designed these case scenarios to develop skills in recognizing and resolving ethical dilemmas. Post-case survey responses indicate that beyond meeting the learning objectives, students personally relate to the protagonists. The cases are appropriate for graduate or undergraduate accounting courses, including capstone accounting courses, in which ethics, auditing, forensic accounting, and/or the professional code of conduct are discussed. Implementation guidance and Teaching Notes are provided to aid instructors seeking to motivate in-class discussions of the current and future ethical decisions students may face. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Relations between society and business are increasingly characterized by the societal demand for compliance with ethical standards. Companies are held responsible for behavior of their employees, which increases the demand for effective internal governance. To assure compliance, many companies enact codes of ethics. Despite a common core of ethical standards, codes differ considerably in formal design elements. Albeit theory suggests that a code's formal design, that is, how a code's content is presented, affects its behavioral impact, there is little research on this issue. Addressing this research gap, we conducted a between‐subjects experiment (factorial survey) in which we manipulated design elements of codes and examined how these elements affect behavioral intentions in various business situations. Holding the code's content constant, we manipulated its tone (positive vs. negative) and whether it was signed by the company's executive board (with vs. without signature). Our results indicate that the effectiveness of a code can be improved by using signed codes, while there is no effect for a code's tone. Our paper contributes designing internal governance in two ways: by giving experimental evidence on the relevance of a code's formal design and by providing practical guidance how to increase code effectiveness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

How can codes of ethics acquire legitimacy—that is, how can they lay down obligations that will be seen by their subjects as morally binding? There are many answers to this question, reflecting the fact that moral agents have a host of different bases on which they may acknowledge code duties as ethically binding—or, alternatively, may reject those duties as morally irrelevant or actively corrupt. Drawing on a wide literature on legitimacy in other practical fields, this paper develops a multidimensional legitimacy framework, describing ten distinct sources of legitimacy. It illustrates how these sources can be seized, not only by the code's content, but by opportunities presented in the main stages of code development, adoption and implementation. In so doing, it aims to provide practical resources for code developers and ethics reformers in organizations and industries to avoid critical missteps, and to maximize the impact and efficacy of their work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: Family surrogate decision‐making during the later stage of a patient's life may sometimes result in conflict and emotional distress among the parties involved. The present article aims to promote ethical end‐of‐life decision‐making among healthcare professionals in a view to eliminating any misunderstanding that may arise while meeting the care needs of the patient. Design: A case study involving a request for treatment withdrawal by the family of a patient on end of life. Methods: This paper draws upon a scenario encountered during practice to analyse the moral commitments in delivering high‐quality end‐of‐life care with much emphasis on pre‐existing palliative care guidelines for adults. Results: Healthcare professionals are bound by the principle of beneficence, non‐maleficence, autonomy and justice. Although the use of guidelines may be tenable, decisions often take into consideration the patient's choice and then weighed against the moral values of healthcare specialists and those required in the profession. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Rehabilitation professionals are required to be competent in serving multiculturally diverse individuals in a manner that promotes empowerment and full engagement. Multicultural competency is critical for accurate clinical assessment and diagnosis and for effectively serving a diverse population of clients. OBJECTIVE: The major objective of this paper is to promote multicultural competency and sensitivity by increasing knowledge and awareness of ethical considerations for multicultural populations in rehabilitation settings. CONCLUSION: Diagnostic tools and ethical decision-making models that integrate multicultural considerations are discussed, and recommendations for building multicultural competency are provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The physician-patient relationship is important because the patient's satisfaction affects trust in physician and accepting physician's recommendations in medical treatment decisions. Understanding a patient’s opinion about a trustworthy and friendly physician as well as ethical issues regarding family medicine, therefore, gains double importance. This paper attempts to provide a comprehensive evaluation of the subject. Methods: In summer 2018, a conventional qualitative content analysis was done on 21 participants who were referred to family physicians in the North of Iran. Data were collected by means of purposive sampling and semi-structured face to face individual interviews. Participants shared their experiences about ethical considerations in family medicine. All interviews were recorded and transcribed word for word, data were analyzed using qualitative content analysis. Results: Data analysis resulted in the extraction of 7 categories and 21 sub-categories from the 71 initial codes. The categories include "responsibility", "patient's privacy", "informed consent", "respect and dignity of patient", "effective physician-patient communication", "trust in physician" and "conflict of interests". Conclusion: There are some differences between the participants' perceptions of ethical considerations in family medicine and opinions of medical ethics curriculum designers in Iran and particularly in the world. Some shared elements including "resource allocation", "the beginning and end of life", "research ethics", "substitute decision-making", etc. – all of them are main titles of ethics curriculum – could not be weighed as major ethical issues from the patients' perspectives. The patient's satisfaction and, therefore, the enhancement of mutual trust is essential. Patients’ comments should be considered when providing ethical guidelines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The technological revolution has created enormous opportunities for the provision of affordable, accessible, and flexible mental healthcare. Yet it also creates complexities and ethical challenges. While some of these challenges may be similar to face-to-face care, their nuance in the online milieu is different, as relationships, identities and boundaries in this setting are fluid, and there is an absence of physical presence. In this paper we consider the specific ethical complexities involved in the provision of a social networking intervention for depression and problematic alcohol use involving providers and peers. We present a case in which clinicians encountered a participant who repeatedly expressed suicidal thoughts in this online forum, and reflect on how this situation was managed. In analyzing this case, we use relational ethics—which proposes that interpersonal relationships are the fulcrum for ethical decision-making and action—together with actor-network theory—which highlights the power of technology to transform and mediate social and ethical relationships. Our analysis demonstrates the need to move beyond human-centric approaches, to recognize the role of both human and non-human actors in shaping moral decisions and behavior in the provision of e-mental healthcare. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Whistleblowing is a controversial yet socially significant topic of interest due to its impact on employees, organizations, and society at large. The purpose of this paper is to integrate knowledge of whistleblowing with theoretical advancements in the broader domain of business ethics to propose a novel approach to research and practice engaged in this complex phenomenon. The paper offers a conceptual framework, i.e., the wheel of whistleblowing, that is developed to portray the different features of whistleblowing by applying the whistleblower's perspective. The framework is based on five 'W' questions: Who, What, hoW, Why, and to Whom? The answers to the proposed questions clarify the main aspects of whistleblowing, provide insights into existing studies of the subject, and identify relevant gaps in the literature which, in turn, offer opportunities for future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As a contribution to the continuing debate about tax practitioner ethics, this paper explores the main streams of Western ethical thought that are relevant to tax practitioners' work, most typically deontology and consequentialism (although virtue ethics and distributive justice are also considered). It then goes on to consider the impact of such ethical influences on the professional ethical codes of conduct that govern tax practitioners' work (with specific reference to the UK and Ireland), and attempts to unravel the complex work and ethical environment of the practice of tax in terms of tax compliance and tax avoidance. The paper then examines the prior studies on tax practitioners and ethics and the type of dilemmas that practitioners face in the context of their work. The paper proceeds to examine empirically the extent to which tax practitioners take a consequentialist versus a deontological approach in their reasoning about moral dilemmas. This is carried out by an innovative use of the Defining Issues Test. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper describes the experiences of a research team as they navigated uncertain ethical and political terrain throughout the formative stage of a public housing redevelopment project. Specifically, we discuss the challenges related to balancing multiple accountabilities and the tensions among the various roles and responsibilities that emanated from different accountabilities. Due to contractual obligations to our funding source, established relations with community partners, and an ethical imperative to align with those holding the least power, we grappled with embodying multiple and often conflicting roles. Without oversight provided by our university institutional review board or a clear ethical framework for community psychology research and action, our team was left to negotiate the challenges that emerged through critical reflection and financial considerations. Throughout the case example presented in this paper, we highlight our difficulty in ethical decision-making with respect to the principles of obligation, disclosure, consent, commitment, and professionalism. Community psychologists often straddle the realms of academia, community partnerships, and conscious engagement with little guidance in navigating often conflicting roles and value systems. We present our narrative to highlight the complexity of scholar-activism in the context of community psychology and the necessity for developing ethical standards and guidelines tailored to meet the unique needs of community psychologists. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to several empirical shortcomings in the research of personality characteristics in ethical decision making, we address in this paper the concept of corporate psychopathy in the organizational context. Corporate psychopaths are individuals successfully working in organizations, but are selfish, manipulative, and exhibit a lack of empathy, remorse, and conscience; therefore, they may be viewed as risk factors for organizations. While there is abundant literature on the connection between clinical psychopathy and criminal behavior, such research is scarce in the business context where successful psychopaths operate. Thus, we examine if the malevolent traits of corporate psychopaths predict the acceptance of different forms of white-collar crime. In doing so, we conduct two survey studies in which we first measure participants' psychopathic tendencies and then assess their acceptance of either an accounting fraud or an insider-trading situation. Consistent with our hypotheses and across both studies, we find a highly significant relationship between personality traits that are associated with corporate psychopathy and the acceptance of white-collar crime. This paper discusses the implications of these findings and identifies some potentially useful approaches for excluding corporate psychopaths from organizations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines ways leading Song-dynasty Chan teachers, especially Cishou Huaishen 慈受懷深 (1077–1132), a prominent poet-monk (shiseng 詩僧) and temple abbot from the Yunmen lineage, transform the intricate rhetorical techniques of Chinese poetry in order to explicate the relationship between an experience of spiritual realization beyond language and logic and the ethical decision-making of everyday life that is inspired by transcendent principles. Huaishen's poetry expresses didactic Buddhist doctrines showing how an awareness of nonduality and the surpassing of all conceptual boundaries and categories can and must be applied to negotiating moral choices in concrete everyday situations that are either conducive or detrimental to the attainment of enlightenment. My main argument is that Song Chan discourse does not lead to antinomianism or an indifference to the conflicts of the mundane world but, instead, features an ethical approach for determining an aspirant's degree of illumination. This function is central to the school's overall teaching mission of assisting those seeking to overcome their egocentric delusions by realizing the benefits of Chan insight. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study employs the bibliometric analysis approach to examine research on ethical decision‐making (EDM) of accountants from 1987 to 2022. The study specifically examines the developments in EDM research and evaluates the intellectual structure of the research field. Employing citation, co‐authorship, co‐occurrence and bibliographic coupling analyses, bibliometric data on 908 publications from the Scopus database was analysed. The results indicate that there has been a significant increase in the rate of publication on EDM of accountants following the spate of ethical breaches in the early 2000s. Further, we find that a large proportion of EDM in accounting research originates from developed countries like USA, Australia and UK. Our cluster analysis suggests that two main research streams have evolved over the period. Prior to 2012, researchers in this field mainly focused on individual level issues, particularly, on the determinants of the EDM process of individuals. Research, post 2012, however, has focused on firm‐level EDM issues including organisational ethics, culture, and corporate governance. The study further discusses the themes in detail andproposes a future research agenda. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

First responders to chemical, biological, radiological, or nuclear (CBRN) events face decisions having significant human consequences. Some operational decisions are supported by standard operating procedures, yet these may not suffice for ethical decisions. Responders will be forced to weigh their options, factoring-in contextual peculiarities; they will require guidance on how they can approach novel (indeed unique) ethical problems: they need strategies for 'on the spot' ethical decision making. The primary aim of this paper is to examine how first responders should approach on the spot ethical decision-making amid the stress and uncertainty of a CBRN event. Drawing on the long-term professional CBRN experience of one of the authors, this paper sets out a series of practical ethical dilemmas potentially arising in the context of a large-scale chemical incident. We propose a broadly consequentialist approach to on the spot ethical decision-making, but one which incorporates ethical values and rights as 'side-constraints'. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Organ donation is constructed in the UK as a public responsibility, but more particularly as an obligation for members of minority ethnic communities. This paper draws attention to the ways in which ‘ethnicity’ has been made problematic by the allocation practices of transplant medicine, health promotion discourses and policy developments. Taken together, they have served to culturalise and racialise the procurement of organs. As the problem of organ donation is as much made inside medicine as outside it, this paper argues greater attention ought to be paid to these institutional practices and processes. Drawing on ethnographic work in the north of England, and with a specific focus on the organ consent encounter, this paper shows how categories of ethnicity in organ transplantation are an outcome of biopolitical and institutional practices. It argues that organ donation is best thought of, less as a discrete temporally-bounded act of decision-making, and more as a set of variegated situated practices that, in all manner of ways, problematically produce the publics that transplant medicine has come to rely upon so profoundly. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The performance-driven culture of universities challenges faculty to meet workplace expectations. In this paper, we draw on the literature to identify key aspects of, and requirements for, promoting integrity in the academic workplace. Integrity is a crucial personal characteristic that can exert a powerful influence in any setting. Any threat to integrity in the workplace can result in a toxic and corrupt environment that may be deleterious to faculty and students. Such an environment can act to prevent faculty from speaking up about ethical issues or workplace concerns, which can result in failure to identify areas for improvement, continuation of suboptimal practices, and problematic professional relationships. The aim of this paper, therefore, is to present an overview of the concept of integrity in the academic workforce and to discuss some of the issues and dimensions, in the hope of creating greater awareness. This is essential if health professional faculties are to recruit and retain staff and create optimal working environments conducive to facilitating high quality outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chatbots are "computer agents that can interact with the user" in a way that feels like human-to-human conversation.1 While the use of chatbots for reference service in academic libraries is a topic of interest for both library professionals and researchers, little is known about how they are used in library reference service, especially in academic libraries in Canada. This article aims to fill this gap by conducting a web-based survey of 106 academic library websites in Canada and analyzing the prevalence and characteristics of chatbot and live chat services offered by these libraries. The authors found that only two libraries were using chatbots for reference service. For live chat services, the authors found that 78 libraries provided this service. The article discusses possible reasons for the low adoption of chatbots in academic libraries, such as accessibility, privacy, cost, and professional identity issues. The article also provides a case study of the authors' institution, the University of Calgary, which integrated a chatbot service in 2021. The article concludes with suggestions for future research on chatbot use in libraries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Amongst other countries, the Netherlands currently allows euthanasia, provided the physician performing the procedure adheres to a strict set of requirements. In 2016, Second Chamber member Pia Dijkstra submitted a law proposal which would also allow euthanasia without the reason necessarily having any medical foundation; euthanasia on the basis of a completed life. The debate on this topic has been ongoing for over two decades, but this law proposal has made the discussion much more immediate and concrete. This paper considers the moral permissibility of Pia Dijkstra's law proposal, focusing on the ethics of the implementation Dijkstra describes in her proposal. I argue that, at present, Dijkstra's law proposal is unsuitable for implementation, due to a number of as of yet unaddressed problems, including the possible development of an ageist stigma and undue pressure on the profession of end-of-life coordinator. Perhaps adequate responses can be conceived to address these issues. However, the existence of a radically different, yet currently equally unacceptable position regarding the implementation of euthanasia for a completed life as proposed by fellow party member Paul Schnabel suggests it may be difficult to formulate an ethically acceptable implementation for this, in principle, ethically acceptable concept. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Literature on consumers' ethical decision making is rooted in a rationalist perspective that emphasizes the role of moral reasoning. However, the view of ethical consumption as a thorough rational and conscious process fails to capture important elements of human cognition, such as emotions and intuitions. Based on moral psychology and microsociology, this paper proposes a holistic and integrated framework showing how emotive and intuitive information processing may foster ethical consumption at individual and social levels. The model builds on social intuitionism to show how consumers' a priori affect-laden intuitive moral judgments impact their post hoc reflective moral reasoning. Symbolic interactionism is used to interpret consumers as interdependent and socially embedded agents that self-construct their social identity through interactions with other consumers. The proposed social intuitionist framework of consumers' ethical decision making shows that other-oriented moral emotions—such as elevation, gratitude, and empathy—interact with persuasion and social influence in ethical consumption. Consequently, moral emotions and intuition drive interpersonal persuasion among ethical consumers. Theoretical propositions and implications for consumer ethics theory and practice are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ethical decision-making (EDM) theories in behavioural ethics management have been developed through the social sciences, psychology, social psychology, and cognitive neurosciences. These theories are either cognitive, non-cognitive or an integration of both. Other scholars have recommended redefining what ethical means through moral philosophy and theology. Buddhism is a religion, a philosophy, a psychology, an ethical system and an art of living. The divine states (i.e. loving-kindness, compassion, sympathetic joy, and equanimity) in Buddhism are virtues that could be developed by anyone regardless of their religion or non-religion through Buddhist meditation. They are so called because they enable individuals to develop 'God-like qualities'. The theoretical insights of the divine states indicate how to eliminate negative emotions, such as anger, fear, delusion and envy, by cultivating love and compassion towards both the self and others. Accordingly, this paper contributes to EDM by redefining what ethical means through the meanings managers who practise Buddhist meditation assign to divine states in their lived experience of EDM in organisations in Sri Lanka. The sample consisted of 17 Buddhists, 1 Hindu, 1 Muslim and 1 no-religion. Data were collected using semi-structured in-depth interviews and was analysed with IPA. The findings indicated that how the managers made meaning of an ethical decision was influenced by their loving-kindness, compassion, sympathetic joy and equanimity. The findings also indicated that the managers justified the reasons for their decisions subsequently through the benefits to themselves as well as their employees. Accordingly, this study supports the view that EDM is an integrated approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]