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The article discusses the results of experimental studies on the course of pyrolysis oil injection through the high-pressure injector of a direct-injection engine. The pyrolysis oil used for the tests was derived from waste plastics (mainly high-density polyethylene—HDPE). This oil was then distilled. The article also describes the production technology of this pyrolysis oil on a laboratory scale. It presents the results of the chemical composition of the raw pyrolysis oil and the oil after the distillation process using GC-MS analysis. Fuel injection tests were carried out for the distilled pyrolysis oil and a 91 RON gasoline in order to perform a comparative analysis with the tested pyrolysis oil. In this case, the research was focused on the injected spray cloud analysis. The essential tested parameter was the Sauter Mean Diameter (SMD) of fuel droplets measured at the injection pressure of 400 bar. The analysis showed that the oil after distillation contained a significant proportion of light hydrocarbons similar to gasoline, and that the SMDs for distilled pyrolysis oil and gasoline were similar in the 7–9 µm range. In conclusion, it can be considered that distilled pyrolysis oil from HDPE can be used both as an additive for blending with gasoline in a spark-ignition engine or as a single fuel for a gasoline compression-ignition direct injection engine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The paper mainly focuses on applying the two-stage combustion system with a pre-chamber into the stationary internal combustion spark ignited engine. It especially concentrates on applying throttle less operation at partial load and reduction of the NO x emission. Considerations conducted in the paper are based on the in-cylinder combustion progress analysis. Additionally, analysis of tailpipe toxic emission, with particular focus on the NO x formation in the engine equipped with the pre-chamber, is also performed. The paper presents both results of 3-D combustion modeling in the SI engine and results conducted on a test SI engine. The 3-D modeling was performed in the KIVA-3V code. Next, results from modeling were compared with results obtained from tests. Finally, satisfactory good consistency between modeled and experimental courses of both pressure, temperature and NO x were obtained. Thus, the engine model with the proposed two-stage combustion system properly simulates engine working conditions on the test bed. Results from both analyses confirmed that the two-stage combustion system significantly shortens combustion duration of an ultra lean gasoline–air mixture and contributes to reduction in NO x . [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Investigation of a new type of fuel for the internal combustion engine, which can be successfully used in both the power generation and the automotive industries, is presented in this article. The proposed fuel is a blend of 75% n-butanol and 25% glycerol. The engine tests conducted with this glycerol–butanol blend were focused on the performance, combustion thermodynamics, and exhaust emissions of a spark-ignition engine. A comparative analysis was performed to find potential similarities and differences in the engine fueled with gasoline 95 and the proposed glycerol–butanol blend. As measured, CO exhaust emissions increased, NOx emissions decreased, and UHC emissions were unchanged for the glycerol–butanol blend when compared to the test with sole gasoline. As regards the engine performance and combustion progress, no significant differences were observed. Exhaust temperature remarkably decreased by 3.4%, which contributed to an increase in the indicated mean effective pressure by approximately 4% compared to gasoline 95. To summarize, the proposed glycerol–butanol blend can be directly used as a replacement for gasoline in internal combustion spark-ignition engines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]