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The paper examines the effect of foreign direct investments on the Indian retail sector. The inflow of foreign direct investments into India's retail sector has growth and boosted the Indian country's GDP. In order to research and assess the effect, government policy and other determinant were also discussed. India's retail industry is booming, with plenty of opportunities. Investing possibilities Until 2006, there were limits on foreign direct investment inflows. The Indian retail sector in India is a rapidly expanding market with numerous investment opportunities. Until 2006, there were limits on foreign direct investment inflows. Since 2006, however, the government has made a positive shift in policy, encouraging foreign companies to invest in the country. India is a great place to invest in and own. The paper looks at how India's retail industry is growing, as well as tax incentives and other factors that affect foreign direct investments inflows. It also looks at the obstacles and threats that allowing a foreign company to invest in India poses to Indian retailers (small, medium, and large). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper estimates dynamic effects of pandemics on GDP per capita with local projections, controlling for the effects of wars and weather conditions, using a novel dataset that covers 33 countries and stretches back to the thirteenth century. On average, pandemics are found to have prolonged and highly statistically significant effects on GDP per capita—a pandemic killing 1% of the population tends to increase GDP per capita by approx. 0.3% after about 20 years. The study of a more detailed dataset available for the UK reveals that this results mainly from an increase in per capita land and a disproportionate impact of pandemics on low-productivity workers, while monetary expansion, institutional change and innovation could also play some role. At the same time, the effects of pandemics are found to vary with scale and across time and countries, with positive effects present following the Black Death and the Spanish flu pandemics, especially in Northern Europe. This suggests that only the largest and most unexpected pandemics have a positive impact on income. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper analyzes the economic consequences of the US–China trade war on economics in ASEAN-4. The analysis uses the Global Trade Analysis Project (GTAP) model. The simulation scenarios depicted short-run potential effects of manufacturing protection with appropriate retaliation response from China. The results showed escalation of trade wars has an impact on various countries, that is on exports, investment and domestic-sector growth. The US and China trade war has resulted in shifts in US imports by country of origin, Indonesia's GDP and investments have increased, but are still relatively lower compared to other ASEAN-4 countries (Malaysia, Thailand and Vietnam) [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Data localisation has increased the security of the data generated within the boundaries of a specific economy where the data was generated. Data is huge mass data generated by various sectors and the safety of confidential data generated is a priority for any nation. The aim of the research is to study the data localisation effect, compare its effect on the GDP of various countries, and to normalise and predict the GDP after data localisation is implemented in a particular country. The outcome of the paper is that Nigeria and Vietnam have greater GDP compared to India. From the study, it is found that out of nine countries taken for the study, eight countries have data localisation effect on its GDP, while one has no effect even after implementation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes the persistence of the sovereign debt / GDP and sovereign debt / GDP per capita series for the five largest European economies and the US using fractional integration. We use historical data starting in 1800 for the US and the UK, in 1861 for Italy and in 1880 for Germany, France and Spain. The results indicate high degrees of persistence of debt-to-GDP and debt per capita ratios with clear evidence of no mean reversion in both debt indicators. We also find evidence of correlation with the primary deficit, supporting the idea that one of the causes of this debt persistence is precisely the primary deficit persistence. Empirical results support the need for a better coordination between fiscal and monetary policies to enhance debt control in the countries under examination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since the 1960s and the reduction in the share of agricultural sector in GDP in different countries, based on extensive forward and backward linkages of the agricultural sector, the concept of agribusiness has been introduced to explain the valuable contribution of agriculture to the national economy. This paper estimates the share of agribusiness in gross domestic product using input-output tables for 1986, 1991, 2001, and 2016. The results showed that the contribution of agribusinesses to GDP was about 2.5 times that of agricultural production (the average share of agribusinesses in 1986-2016 was about 23%, while the corresponding figure for agricultural value added was 9.25%). In a similar trend to developing and developed countries, the share of agribusinesses in GDP had decreased from 27.2 to 17% in 1986-2016. However, the examination of the components of agribusinesses in Iran compared to other countries shows significant differences, which can be attributed to Iran's arid and semi-arid climate, low rate of capital formation, low productivity of production factors, as well as lack of participation in regional and global chains due to long-term sanctions imposed on the economy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The construction industry has a major impact on the growth of any country due to its contributions to economic activity and development.Up until thirty-three years ago, Albania was perceived as a nation with a closed society that had undergone rapid development. By contemporary standards, the settlement was tiny. She observed the change from a stable economy to one that is reliant on markets. Particularly in recent years, the area primarily the city of Tirana recorded a significant building boom. This research endeavor aimed to examine the correlation between the building industry and the overall economy. Regression analysis and the correlation between the variables are the fundamental techniques that will guide the creation of this kind of evaluation study. Starting with the quarter of 2008 and ending with the first quarter of 2023, the data is quarterly.In Albania, buildings make up a fairly large portion of the country's total built environment—roughly 15.20%. Before 1990, they constructed 165 new subway buildings a year on average. Currently, the city's market economy is made up of approximately 4.28% of the construction industry. He lists 1,143 building companies around the nation. The data was obtained from the Institute of Statistics (INSTAT). The growth of the construction industry raised demand during economic booms, spurred by both public and private sources of funding. During these times, public spending on the building industry is higher and depends on outside funding sources (Grebler and Burns, 1982). GDP is assumed to have a greater influence on the building industry in developing nations; yet, the influence of GDP may decline or even turn negative when a country's degree of development rises (Crosthwaite, 2000). One of the largest sectors of the global economy and a significant contributor to GDPs is construction. The aim of this paper is to analyze whether the value of construction permits affects economic growth in the Albanian case, for the time period of 2008-2023, based on quarterly data. The database is collected from the National Statistics Office (INSTAT). The results of the study have revealed that cities may plan their spaces compactly to maximize public transportation use and maintain environmental and economic sustainability. They should create and update their regulatory plans, known as the land use plan in compliance with the national objectives and local vision in order to save the environment or other public interests. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The study on how macroeconomic factors affect non-performing loans (NPLs) have not been focussed on property loans, which had been amongst the largest contributor of NPLs in many countries. At the same time, whilst there are many studies that focusses on NPLs during the recession and financial crises, not many studies focus on how macroeconomic factors affect property NPLs in a recovering economic environment. The purpose of this study seeks to fill the gap by analysing the relationships between gross domestic product (GDP), interest rates, income, foreign direct investments (FDI), housing prices and taxes on property NPLs with Malaysia as a case study in which NPLs rose for the first time after declining for almost a decade since the 2008–2009 global financial crisis. This study aims to understand the dynamics and direction of causation in relationships. Design/methodology/approach: The author uses the auto regressive distribution lag analysis between the independent variables of GDP, interest rates, housing prices, service taxes, percapita income and FDI affecting the dependent variable of property NPLs from 2009 to 2017, during a unique period of recovering economic environment where NPLs rose for the first time in almost a decade of decline. Findings: This study found that interest rates, housing prices, income, GDP and service taxes were found to possess long cause effects and long run elasticity with NPLs. At the same time, interest rates were found to implicate property NPLs significantly in longer periods, followed by GDP, housing prices, service taxes and income. FDIs were found to be insignificantly negative in implicating property NPLs in the long run. Research limitations/implications: This paper allows policymakers to understand the dynamic implications of crucial macroeconomic factors in affecting NPLs so that appropriate strategic monetary policies could be formulated towards addressing them. More focus shall be given to addressing the long term implications of these factors on NPLs. Practical implications: Appropriate strategic monetary policy making can be channelled towards addressing these factors via understanding the short and long term implications of macroeconomic variables on property NPLs. Policymakers can take note of the long cause effects and long run elasticity of average interest rates, housing prices, income levels, GDP and service taxes with property NPLs so that appropriate long term policies can be addressed to control the rise of property NPLs in the country. At the same time, priority should be given towards strengthening of the GDP of the country due to its strongest impact in long term effects with reduction of NPLs in the country. Social implications: The insights from the present study suggest policymakers interested in bringing stability in the real estate finance system need to account for the various macroeconomic variables found in this study. Originality/value: The paper is novel on at least two dimensions. First, this study involves focussing on a unique period of recovering economic environment where NPLs rose for the first time after a decade of decline since recovering from the 2008–2009 global financial crisis. At the same time, this study focusses on property NPLs, which is unique in nature compared to general NPLs. This study had enabled policymakers to better understand the dynamic implications of several macroeconomic variables affecting property NPLs and assist them in strategic monetary policy making. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The taxation of multinational enterprises is often a sensitive subject due to the implications it can have on foreign direct investments on the one hand and on the budget of a country and PIB on the other. In this paper we will focus on the dynamics of taxation of multinational enterprises in the European Union, following the evolution of corporate tax rates in the member states in order to notice the differences and to determine if the practice of lower or higher tax rates has a different impact on GDP of a country. We hope that the results of our research will represent a basis for decisions on tax rates in the situation where the application of a lower or higher tax rate can have a significant impact on a country's GDP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of writing the paper is the situation in agriculture in Serbia and the municipality of Kladovo, as well as the importance it achieves in the economic structure. At the level of Serbia, the importance of agriculture, forestry and fisheries (AFF) is analyzed through their contribution to gross domestic product (GDP) creation from 2016 to 2020, while for the municipality level the importance is determined by the amount of funds allocated in the local self-government unit (LSU) for the needs of agriculture from 2018 to 2020. The obtained results indicate a high share of AFF in GDP creation (6.3% during 2020) and a low share of budget funds in the total budget of the municipality for support of rural development (2.34% in 2020). The aim of this paper is to analyze the possibilities for further development of agriculture in the Republic and the Municipality. The paper uses methods of critical analysis of relevant literature, as well as descriptions for interpreting the results obtained by empirical research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is often treated as shorthand for national economic well-being, even though it was never intended to be; it is a measure of (some) of the marketable output of the economy. This paper reviews several developments in measuring welfare beyond GDP that were recently presented at the Economic Statistics Centre of Excellence (ESCoE) annual conference in May 2019. The papers discussed fall into three broad areas. First, a significant amount of work has focused on incorporating information about the distribution of income, consumption and wealth in the national accounts. Second, the effects of digitisation and the growth of the internet highlight the potential value in measuring time use as a measure of welfare. Third, the digital revolution has spawned many new, often 'free' goods, the welfare consequences of which are difficult to measure. Other areas, such as government services, are also difficult to measure. Measuring economic welfare properly matters because it affects the decisions made by government and society. GDP does a reasonable job of measuring the marketable output of the economy (which remains important for some policies), but it should be downgraded; more attention should be given to measures that reflect both objective and subjective measures of well-being, and measures that better reflect the heterogeneity of peoples' experiences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is a strong belief that foreign direct investment has positive effects on host countries by providing jobs, training, technology transfer, licensing agreements, creating links between foreign and domestic companies, as well as direct capital financing, thereby boosting the economic growth of any country. Moreover, other factors push developing countries to try to attract foreign direct investment. This result is not absolute because some studies indicate that the ability of a country to benefit from the process of attracting foreign direct investment may be affected by many internal factors, including the level of education and the availability of skilled labour, the development of financial markets. Some studies also indicate a negative impact of foreign investment flows at the level of the local economy. This paper attempts to clarify the relationship and explore the direction of interaction between FDI and economic growth in Kuwait for the period 2000-2016 and to determine whether the impact of investment flows negatively or positively on economic growth using a range of economic variables and using the program EViewes to perform calculations by regression analyses. The study showed that there is no relationship between foreign direct investment and economic growth in both directions and there is a positive relation between GDP and some other variable and with non-relation with inflation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research background: The post-World Financial Crisis period has showed us that an application of the qualitative data focused on the expectations of the enterprises and consumers in a combination with the quantitative data in the individual economy sectors is a good prerequisite for reliable prediction of the economic cycles. Purpose of the paper: The main goal of the presented study was to test the ESI prediction capabilities and its components in a relation to the economic cycles of the EU countries in the individual time periods. Methods: The time series for the period Q1 2000 to Q4 2022 and the three selected time periods were a subject to undergo the selection of the cyclical component applying the Hodrick-Prescott filter and then, the relationship between the variables was determined employing the Pearson correlation coefficient with the time shifts. The relation of ESI and its components to GDP and the Index of Industrial Production (IIP), which represent the economic cycle, was analysed. The prediction volume and the cross-correlation values determined the nature of the observed cyclical variables. Findings & value added: The results of the analysis point to the fact that ESI and its components are able to ensure a high-quality prediction of the economic cycle only in the selected EU countries. Regarding the components of the ESI, the Consumer confidence indicator, Construction and Industrial confidence indicators show the best predictive capabilities. The analytical outcomes show that the ESI size and lead period vary over time and after the 2008 crisis, the ESI showed better predictive capabilities in a relation to GDP and IIP than before the crisis. The Covid 19 pandemic had a significant negative impact on the ESI predictive capabilities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Contemporary economic thinking does not acknowledge that the human economy is embedded in Nature; it instead treats humanity as a customer that draws on Nature. In this paper, we present a grammar for economic reasoning that is not built on that error. The grammar is based on a comparison between our demand for Nature's maintenance and regulating services and her ability to supply them on a sustainable basis. The comparison is then used to show that for measuring economic well-being, national statistical offices should estimate an inclusive measure of their economies' wealth and its distribution, not GDP and its distribution. The concept of 'inclusive wealth' is then used to identify policy instruments that ought to be used to manage such global public goods as the open seas and tropical rainforests. Trade liberalization without heed paid to the fate of local ecosystems from which primary products are drawn and exported by developing countries leads to a transfer of inclusive wealth from there to rich importing countries. Humanity's embeddedness in Nature has far-reaching implications for the way we should view human activities—in households, communities, nations and the world. This article is part of the theme issue 'Detecting and attributing the causes of biodiversity change: needs, gaps and solutions'. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Economic activities are directly supported by the natural environment, and in this context, it has become crucial to analyse the phenomenon of decoupling economic growth from environmental degradation. The negative effects of economic activities on the environment are clearly visible, and understanding how to separate economic growth from environmental harm is of utmost importance. This paper aims to study the degree of the decoupling of economic growth, measured by GDP, from environmental degradation, quantified through CO2 and HFCs emissions, at the level of each EU27 country in the periods 2008–2012 and 2013–2020. In the analysis, graphical representations and statistical tests were utilised. In the first period, most of the EU27 countries registered negative levels for the variables considered, placing them into the negative coupling stage. In the second period, the evolution of the decoupling process was visible in all the countries, enabling them to make a significant transition to the relative or absolute stages. Overall, the Nordic countries could be observed as examples of best practices, managing to achieve the most desired stage of decoupling, i.e., the absolute one. These results are important for a wide range of stakeholders implicated in the preparation of programs, projects and policies dedicated to achieving economic growth in a sustainable manner. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to investigate the impact of innovation on three macroeconomic indicators: GDP, self-employment, and foreign direct investment (FDI). The study analyses a sample of 120 countries using the Global Innovation Index (GII) and its constituent sub-indices and pillars, which provide a holistic evaluation of national innovation. Gross domestic product (GDP) per capita measures a country's economic output, self-employment assesses entrepreneurial activity, and FDI indicates confidence in a country's economic prospects and innovation trends. This study analyzes the data using generalized-linear and panel-corrected standard-error models. The results show that innovation positively influences GDP, domestic institutional framework, local infrastructure, local knowledge and technology, and creative outputs. In contrast, innovation negatively correlates with domestic self-employment, often associated with necessity-driven entrepreneurship. The study concludes that innovation positively affects human resources, research, and creative outputs and has no significant impact on FDI. The findings suggest that a practical regulatory framework, institutional support, domestic human capital, research and development, infrastructure, technology, and creative outputs are essential for a vibrant economy. National innovation policies supporting the GII and its constituent factors can positively affect the economy while reducing self-employment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper was purposed to analyses the correlation between Brent Spot Oil price per barrel and the following macroeconomic indicators: Gross Domestic Product, Balance of Payments, Balance of Trade and Net Exports, for the each of the following countries Romania, Germany, France, Italy, and Spain. We did a comparison between the countries indicators in order to examine how they are related and make a correlation of their evolution from 1971 to 2021. The Pearson's coefficient was used in order to identify whether the correlation is positive or negative, and if there is a connection between them or not. In addition, we ran a linear regression for each country independently to see what kind of relationship there is between current Brent Spot Oil price/barrel and the selected macroeconomic indicators. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The period of the Covid-19 pandemic is a special one, it is a period in which governments around the world have allocated large sums to social protection spending, when many parts of the economy have seen a reduction or even closure of activity. The present paper is structured as empirical research that analyses longitudinally and cross-sectionally social protection expenditure with the purpose of identifying those countries in the EU that have significantly increased this expenditure and to see whether in the last decade the growth rates are significant. So, we found that at EU-27 level, the social protection spending has expanded and intensified during the pandemic and that the governments have adopted measures to support vulnerable groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study has collected information of 145 countries to predict the effect of cases per million (CPM), tests per million (TPM), and proportion of people aged 65 and above (PAO) on the number of deaths per million DPM at the country and continent level. In addition, it evaluates the economic cost of tests, deaths, COVID‐19 cases in terms of reduction in GDP growth rate across the countries. This paper uses a different econometrics model, including analysis of variance (ANOVA), regression, and multinomial regression model. The robust regression model with M and MM‐estimation was also used due to leverage and residuals in country wise GDP database. A significant difference was found in deaths per million (DPM), TPM, number of COVID‐19 cases (CPM), and percentage of people aged 65 and above (PAO) across continents. The DPM is negatively associated with TPM, and it was relatively more effective in reducing DPM in Africa (0.32%) as compared to Asia (0.25%) and Europe (0.28). The results show that a 1% increase in the elderly population causes a 0.62% increase in DPM in Africa, while it caused a 2.31% increase in Europe. The study will be helpful in ascertaining the impact of these indicators in this pandemic and help in policy formation and decision‐making strategies to fight the COVID19 pandemic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The consequences of the COVID-19 crisis have had a negative impact on the fiscal stability of Republic of Srpska. Although the crisis is not officially over yet, a large number of countries needed to implement fiscal consolidation. Republic of Srpska is one of the small and open economies that are exposed to various negative market distortions. COVID-19 crisis of the most important foreign trade partners of the Republic Srpska has had a negative impact on the economy of Republic Srpska. The basic idea of the paper is based on the need to analyze the impact of the COVID-19 crisis on the fiscal stability and public finances of Republic of Srpska. The subject of the research is the analysis of the implementation of the fiscal consolidation procedure in Republic of Srpska and the impact on its economic growth. For the implementation of fiscal consolidation, the choice of methods and instruments on which the process of implementing fiscal consolidation is based is very important. Fiscal consolidation is necessary due to the consequences caused by the COVID-19 crisis and the enormous growth of the deficit. The analysis proves that the measures applied to rehabilitate the crisis have resulted in improved fiscal stability, which ultimately had a positive impact on economic growth. Fiscal consolidation will be successful and expansive if it is carried out by a combined method of increasing revenues and reducing expenditures and if the increase in revenues is caused by the growth of economic activity and not by the tax burden. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examined the factors that influenced the Gross Domestic Product growth (GDP) in the post-Covid-19 period in Kosovo. This paper explored the impact of consumption, remittances, exports, imports, and inflation on Kosovo's GDP growth using fixed effects regression analysis with data from various secondary sources to analyze their impact from Kosovo's perspective. The results demonstrated that consumption, remittances, and exports had a statistically significant influence on GDP growth during the post-pandemic economic lockdown stage, whereby imports and inflation had a little inverse relation. Further, the Hausman test statistics on the adequacy of the fixed-effect model selection represent a superior performance compared to the random effect model. The paper is the first that extensively explores the impact of these factors that drove GDP growth in the post-pandemic period in Kosovo's economy. The novelty of this paper is that it recognizes the response of governments to the pandemic and accurately identifies the macroeconomic factors that influenced GDP growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the causality relationship between state governments' expenditure and Gross Domestic Product (GDP at current prices) in India using a Toda-Yamamoto (1995) modified Granger causality procedure. The expenditure of the states as a percentage of GDP at current prices has also been calculated to know the contribution of state government expenditure in GDP of India. The annual time series data on GDP at current prices and state governments' expenditure are used for the study. Augmented Dickey fuller (ADF) unit root test is conducted to test the stationarity and to determine the order of integration of each variable. State governments' expenditure is significantly Granger cause GDP of India which supports the Keynesian approach but the Wagner's law is found to be invalid. The study shows the uni-directional causality relation running from state governments' expenditure to GDP. The empirical investigations suggest that state governments' expenditure has a significant and positive impact on economic growth in India. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Brexit became an important subject not only for academics but also for international institutions, research centers and consultancy companies, think tanks and independent experts. The aim of this article is to: (1) provide a general approach of the literature; (2) see how the effects of Brexit are explained in such short-term approach and how important are the economic issues in the debates; (3) identify directions for future research, arguing that a new field of study emerged. The estimation of economic impact of Brexit has generated a reach literature in a short period, which identifies the main issues, rather than providing strong results and conclusions. In order to fill this gap, our paper provide a systematic review of the most important contributions and group them in four research directions: overall economic implications of Brexit; Brexit and trade; migration and labour market; financial issues and Brexit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines the impact of overall business climate on the environmental sustainability factor by specifically considering the ASEAN countries named as Philippines, Malaysia, Vietnam and Singapore. This paper fills the gap of the previous researches by majorly considering the trade openness, competitiveness and ease of doing business as independent variables, environmental sustainability as a dependent variable, while GDP and inflation are studied as controlling variables. All the variables data are collected from the country's official sites over the period of 2000-2015. The long-run equilibrium relationship between the tested variables is confirmed by Kao and Pedroni based panel cointegration tests. According to the fully modified ordinary least square (FMOLS) results, the trade openness, ease of doing business, and GDP cause a significant negative influence on the environmental sustainability within the selected states as compared to competitiveness based independent variables. This paper is an informative approach in front of their state's business community, government, policymakers, natives, and other related ones to consider the negative influence of overall business climate on the environment. In addition, there are some limitations like if industrialization and population growth are considered as controlling variables then more significant and authentic outcomes will be generated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The relationship between financial development and economic growth remains an enigma for the economists. Extensive review of the literature points out conflicting empirical evidence. Results also vary depending on the choice of indicators, stage of development of the economy and kinds of tests used. The present paper has explored the complex relationship between financial development and economic growth in India. The Indian banking sector is now well developed and the stock market also competes well with leading economies in terms of technological development, timely settlements, etc. However, it is still not clear whether India is integrated with the world financial markets or it is decoupled from it; as was experienced during the 2008 US financial crises. The paper has used appropriate indicators of financial development and the real economy to understand the relationship. The data has been analyzed using appropriate econometric techniques after testing for stationarity and cointegration. ECM has also been conducted to explore the direction of relationship between indicators of economic growth and financial development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The COVID-19 pandemic and the restrictions on travel established as a response to it, have a serious impact on Travel and Tourism industry. The global health crisis shut down hotels, restaurants and cafes, and many other additional businesses; it has grounded airplanes and greatly affected the Travel and Tourism industry. The aim of this paper is threefold. Firstly, it analyzes and underlines the development, size and dynamics of the Travel and Tourism industry compared to other industries which have a comparable presence worldwide. Secondly, it concisely examines this industry's direct, indirect and induced contribution to GDP and to employment worldwide, during 2010-2019. Finally, it highlights the prospects for the development of tourism in the future, taking into account the pandemic that we face globally. Moreover, this paper highlights the positive impact this industry had upon the economic growth worldwide in the last years, and the fact that we should not disregard its relevance, as it represents an important global economic engine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this paper is to provide an extensive empirical literature review on the relation between renewable energy consumption and economic growth. The survey included 50 papers, most of which are published in major energy journals, to ensure the high-quality review. This literature review includes period, countries, methodology and research results. Also, the survey included policy recommendation for renewable energy policymakers depending on results obtained by authors. The general observation from reviewed literature is the absence of any clear consensus regarding the relationship between renewable energy and economic growth, which can be contributed to various factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper empirically explores the impact of external public debt in Ukraine on key macroeconomic indicators such as real GDP growth, real effective exchange rate, and current account balance. The рrоЫеm of increasing external debt affects not only the рrоЫеms of balance of payments fluctuations but also economic security and economic growth. We have tested the hypotheses regarding the impact of Ukraine 's external public debt on these indicators in the short and long run. As an empirical tool for hypotheses testing vector autoregression models (VaR models) have been chosen. The results of constructed models show the acceleration of the extemal public debt growth provokes the GDP growth rate to fall with subsequent macrostabilization. The reaction of the GDP growth rate to the shock of the real effective exchange rate is mоrе noticeable. The shock of real effective exchange rate has led to increase in extemal public debt with а furtheir dampening to zero.Empirical data from the VaR model confirm that external debt has а negative impact on GDP and essentially behaves similarly to the shock of REER strengthening. Research results confirm the relationship between external public debt, real effective exchange rate, and GDP growth in Ukraine. Based on the models it was analyzed the external public debt and real effective exchange rate shocks influence the ideal gross domestic product growth rate. The growth of external public debt leads to the GDP growth rate fall bу 1 % during а year and а half with subsequent stabilization in the future. GDP growth fluctuations are explained mainly bу their own fluctuations while external public debt is accounting f or 2,5-8% of its fluctuations. Fluctuations in external public debt of 7-10% are explained bу current account fluctuations in Ukraine. The described results of the model correspond to the concept of dependent есоnоmу. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In a world of sustainable development, affected by a certain short-term liquidity distress, the economic actors are facing uncertainty since inadequate resource management and decision making can have significant effects over a country's future economic and societal development. Therefore, the stakeholders involved in the decision-making process consider economic forecasts, based on variables that factor in recent developments, to aid them in the aforementioned process. If they did not, they would not have a greater understanding of a country's performance indicators. Using past data, a set of analyses are performed, and economic models are built, with the scope of probabilistically determining Gross Domestic Product (GDP). The main objectives of this paper are thus, to assess Romania's development since joining the European Union (EU) and provide a long-term macroeconomic projection, together with a comparison between the forecasted data and the country's Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) in order to realistically estimate their achievability. Furthermore, a set of scenarios have been built that aim at creating a clearer perspective of how the recent global pandemic might affect Romania. The data sets have been taken from Eurostat, the International Monetary Fund, World Bank, European Commission, National Bank of Romania and the National Institute of Statistics; and a set of statistical tools have been used to fulfill the previously stated objectives, namely; Auto Regressive Moving Average (ARMA) for the short-term forecasts and Variable Autoregression (VAR) for the long-term models. The main results suggest a negative GDP growth of 4.95% for 2020 followed by a strong rebound in 2021. However, this figure will drastically be affected by how well or poorly the situation is managed. The European Commission anticipates a downturn of 6% in 2020 and a rebound 4.2% in the following year. This paper includes a sensitivity analysis as well, that attempts to eliminate potential forecasting biases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The International Monetary Fund (IMF) forecasts a gradual slowdown in the, otherwise strong, growth of the Chinese economy in the first half of the 2020s, and the anemic growth of the Western economies: the US and, especially, the EU27. Given the practical (and symbolic) importance of reaching 'the number one economy' status, the primary objective of the paper is to estimate the GDP (and the GDP PPP) of the observed economies over the next decade. The main contribution and finding of this paper is the estimation of future GDP trends for the US, China and the EU27 in the period 2025-30, based on the previous trends and the IMF 2020-24 projections. China's economy will become globally leading in 2029-2030. The basic research hypothesis is proven, given the fact that a change in the global economic position implies significant geopolitical consequences. Namely, while the US will almost certainly remain the leading global power in the 2020s, with the EU still continuing to focus on itself, China's economic growth will have rising global consequences, fueling the move towards the dispersion of authority. This conclusion is in line with the claims of the majority of the relevant authors who emphasize the increasingly limited possibility of the US unilateral actions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim/purpose - The aim of the paper is to compare and create a ranking of alternative trading systems and to investigate if there is a relationship between Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and stock indices of those markets and correlation between GDP and turnover value. Design/methodology/approach - The paper presents a comparative analysis of 13 European trading systems in such categories as: capitalisation, value of share trading, number of listed companies, number of new companies and companies removed from the market between the years 2016 and 2018. In addition, the paper includes a ranking of alternative trading systems in Europe which was created on the basis of the variables mentioned. The paper examines the correlation between GDP and indices of alternative trading systems and also between GDP and turnover value. Pearson's correlation coefficient was used to examine the correlation. Findings - The ranking shows that the 1st place was taken by the British AIM market, which turned out to be the best in all categories under the comparison, the next two positions were occupied by the markets whose characteristic feature is that they cover several countries of the western Europe; these are the markets of First North and Alternext. The Polish market was at a fairly high 5th position among the 13 compared markets. The Greek and Russian markets came last. The relationship between the impact of GDP and index value as well as GDP and turnover value has also been examined. The research regarding the first aspect of the study confirmed the hypothesis about the correlation of GDP with the index. However, in the second case of the GDP and turnover value there is a very weak correlation. Research implications/limitations - The limitation in the correlation study was the difficulty in obtaining data for all 13 alternative trading systems taken for the study, thus comparing four markets in the GDP correlation and the value of the index and three markets in the relation GDP and turnover value. Originality/value/contribution - The added value of the paper is the ranking of alternative trading systems and study of correlations between Gross Domestic Product and stock indices of Alternative Trading Systems and turnover value of these markets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the past few years, the crude oil industry has seen so much volatility in terms of crude oil prices in the international oil market. In this research paper, we explore many aspects of the overall crude oil industry and its impact on the Indian economy, it is crucial to have an idea about price movements in order to ascertain demand and supply of crude oil. In this research paper researchers focus on the Box- Jenkins approach along with normal regression model required used for forecasting crude oil prices and its significant impact on the Indian economy (GDP) since LPG reforms post 1991 through timeseries data available for the specific time period from 1991 to 2018. ARIMA model based on the Box-Jenkins approach is further evidence to check the feasibility of time series data and on the basis of that forecasting of the future trends of crude oil prices are shown. The historical crude oil prices predict future trends of crude oil prices and results on the basis of the proposed model are found to be very conclusive and genuine. Before applying the ARIMA model normality of data is assured followed by unit-roots are checked to make residuals stationary at a desired level of significance in order to have significant forecasting through the ARIMA model used in this research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the economic effects of migration in North Macedonia. Remittances of immigrants for small countries with disabilities of economic competitiveness and with a significant balance of payments deficit such as North Macedonia are of particular importance. They enable foreign exchange reserves to remain at optimum levels, maintain a stable level of the national currency exchange rate and intensify economic development. The main objective is to highlight the importance of remittances in the economic development of North Macedonia and to suggest a more stimulating policy to encourage migrants to invest in their home country. Direct and indirect remittances account for about 20% of GDP in the economy of North Macedonia Such a level of remittances in which over 80% are of Albanian ethnicity indicates the contribution of this ethnicity to the economy of North Macedonia. The paper presents the dynamics of remittances and GDP in the last decade Parabolic regression is used in econometric analyzes, defined on the basis of the frequency distribution diagram. The interdependence of remittances and economic development in North Macedonia is analyzed in the last decade 2008/18. At the same time, the interdependence of the same indicators for neighboring countries such as Albania and Kosovo are presented. The empirical analysis of the correlative relation between remittances and GDP, expressed through coefficients of coercion, alliance and correlation, indicates a genuine link between development rates and remittances of immigrants in North Macedonia and two other Albanian states. The coefficient of determination shows that remittances have impacted the economic development of North Macedonia, Albania and Kosovo in the last decade. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The rapid growth of the total health expenditure (THE) is an issue of major concern in most of the countries. Total health expenditure is defined as the sum of both public and private health spending in consideration of the ratio of total population of the country. This paper offers an integrated view of the relationships between health spending, productivity and its effects on gross domestic product. This paper aims to investigate an empirical association between healthcare expenditure out of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) for the BRICS Nations. Data on health expenditure and GDP for the period from 2000 to 2018 from World Bank and WHO was used to analyse the relationship between health expenditure as a percentage share of GDP and GDP of the BRICS countries are used. The data was segregated into two sections and analysed for two decades. The study reveals that in both the decades the total health expenditure as a percentage share of GDP has a direct proportional relationship with GDP for the BRICS nations, except for Brazil in the second decade where an inversely proportional relationship between the two variables is observed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper adopts an extended exogenous Solow-Swan growth model with time series framework to analyse the relationship, if any, exists between growth of working age population, savings, tertiary enrolment, trade openness and GDP per capita of Egypt during the 1971–2015 period. A multivariate cointegration analysis is developed and results reveal a potent and long run relationship exists, thus error correction model constructed to trace both the short and the long run behaviour among variables of the model. The short run dynamic shows that the lagged differential growth of working-age population to total population is positively associated with changes in GDP per capita and savings. Among our key results, growth of working age population found to be dividend and stimulating GDP per capita in both short and long run. In addition, it boosted economic growth through its dynamic interaction with gross savings. Furthermore, variance decomposition and the impulse response function show growth of working age population has a feedback effect on GDP per capita on the long run. An implication, priority should be given to population age structure, if Egypt is to reap the benefits of demographic dividend. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]