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The rising human population is causing the utilization of enormous amounts of fossil fuels to fulfill energy needs. Various renewable sources are used as fossil fuels however those resources are not powerful in supplanting customary non-renewable energy sources like gasoline in vehicles. The depletion of conventional fossil fuel utilized in a vehicle contributes to an increased portion of air contamination and is a danger to human well-being. Also, to maintain the supply demand, many active types of research have been carried out in mixing a higher percentage of ethanol over gasoline and further moving towards flex-fuel vehicles. But there arises a problem of knocking and higher CO, and HC emissions from the engine. To overcome the above problem, ethanol could be mixed in a higher percentage over gasoline with the help of hydrogen assistance and can completely avoid the problem of knocking and reducing CO and HC emissions. In this research, the combustion, emission, and performance characteristics of a variable-speed gasoline engine fuelled with ethanol-blended gasoline along with hydrogen assistance are taken for investigation at variable speeds like 1800, 1600, 1400, and 1200 rpm. Hydrogen is added to blended fuel (E30) which has better combustion, emission, and performance than other blended fuels. Hydrogen addition is done at 2, 3, and 4 ms respectively. The outcomes showed that the E30 + H 2 at 3 ms has better combustion, emission, and performance, still, the emission of NOx is higher in comparison with all the other blends due to complete combustion. Thus, a two-stage analysis has been done, one is making a comparison among various blends of ethanol, and the second one is the comparison among the various energy shares of hydrogen. • Hydrogen injection timing variation at 2, 3, and 4 ms over the E30 fuel blend. • Hydrogen injecting strategy enhancing the usage of flex fuels in SI engine. • Split hydrogen and E30 fuel over port injection at the inlet manifold. • BTE was highest with E30 + H 2 at 3 ms and also the emissions were optimum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Biodiesel with a higher degree of unsaturation exhibits poor engine characteristics. • Increasing the degree of unsaturation of biodiesels limits H 2 induction tolerance. • Hydrogen enrichment enhances the performance of slow-burning oils. • Lower biodiesel unsaturation degree and higher H 2 induction reduce carbon emissions. • CO emissions decrease and NOx emissions increase with increasing H 2 induction rate. In this study, a comparison of the behavioural characteristics of CI engine operated under single-fuel mode with biodiesel and dual-fuel mode enriched with hydrogen was conducted. The influence of unsaturation degree on the engine behaviour has been assessed and compared between Grapeseed biodiesel (GSBD) and Wheat Germ biodiesel (WGBD) with Coconut biodiesel (CBD) since CBD has a very low level of unsaturation compared to the other two fuels in the single-fuel mode. In addition, this work also investigates the impact of unsaturation on the H 2 induction, performance, combustion and emission characteristics of a CI engine in dual-fuel operation. The obtained results showed that with the increasing degree of unsaturation, H 2 induction decreases, with CBD tolerating Hydrogen Energy Share (HES) of 13.8 % without knocking, followed by 13.5 % and 12.5 % for GSBD and WGBD, respectively. Comparing the industrial biomass residues alone in dual fuel mode for maximum HES, GSBD-H 2 exhibited superior characteristics with 34 % brake thermal efficiency, 0.22 g/kWh of hydrocarbon, 2.3 g/kWh of carbon monoxide and 35.4 % of smoke opacity as against 32.5 %, 0.31 g/kWh, 3.5 g/kWh and 40.3 % for WGBD, respectively. However, the nitric oxide emissions were slightly higher for GSBD compared to WGBD in both single-fuel and dual-fuel modes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Biodiesel with a higher degree of unsaturation exhibits poor engine characteristics. • Increasing the degree of unsaturation of biodiesels limits H 2 induction tolerance. • Hydrogen enrichment enhances the performance of slow-burning oils. • Lower biodiesel unsaturation degree and higher H 2 induction reduce carbon emissions. • CO emissions decrease and NOx emissions increase with increasing H 2 induction rate. In this study, a comparison of the behavioural characteristics of CI engine operated under single-fuel mode with biodiesel and dual-fuel mode enriched with hydrogen was conducted. The influence of unsaturation degree on the engine behaviour has been assessed and compared between Grapeseed biodiesel (GSBD) and Wheat Germ biodiesel (WGBD) with Coconut biodiesel (CBD) since CBD has a very low level of unsaturation compared to the other two fuels in the single-fuel mode. In addition, this work also investigates the impact of unsaturation on the H 2 induction, performance, combustion and emission characteristics of a CI engine in dual-fuel operation. The obtained results showed that with the increasing degree of unsaturation, H 2 induction decreases, with CBD tolerating Hydrogen Energy Share (HES) of 13.8 % without knocking, followed by 13.5 % and 12.5 % for GSBD and WGBD, respectively. Comparing the industrial biomass residues alone in dual fuel mode for maximum HES, GSBD-H 2 exhibited superior characteristics with 34 % brake thermal efficiency, 0.22 g/kWh of hydrocarbon, 2.3 g/kWh of carbon monoxide and 35.4 % of smoke opacity as against 32.5 %, 0.31 g/kWh, 3.5 g/kWh and 40.3 % for WGBD, respectively. However, the nitric oxide emissions were slightly higher for GSBD compared to WGBD in both single-fuel and dual-fuel modes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]