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This volume includes four sections of the 2020 NORDSCI international conference proceedings: (1) Education and Educational Research; (2) Language and Linguistics; (3) Philosophy; and (4) Sociology and Healthcare. Education and Educational Research includes 15 papers covering the full spectrum of education, including history, sociology and economy of education, educational policy, strategy and technologies. This section also covers pedagogy and special education. Language and Linguistics includes 6 papers covering topics related to theoretical, literary and historical linguistics, as well as stylistics and philology. The Philosophy section includes 2 papers and covers the full spectrum of philosophy history, methods, foundation, society studies and the interpretation of philosophy. The Sociology and Healthcare section has 9 papers covering topics related to human society, social structures, and social change, healthcare systems and healthcare services. [Individual papers from the Education and Educational Research section of these proceedings are indexed in ERIC.]

The article examines the socially constructed nature of money and its function as a medium of mass communication. A paper which examines the imagery and symbolism of U.S. paper currency before and after its nationalization in 1861 is presented. The evolution of U.S. national currency from 1861 forward is characterized by three major developments: an increasing standardization, a reduced repertoire of portraits and imagery, and an overall reduction of different types of issues.

The article examines the extension of communication accommodation theory into intergroup communication and considers its applications to law enforcement training, practice and policies. The media plays a role in shaping the views of the average person of the police. This became apparent with the popularity of shows such as "Dragnet" and "NYPD Blue." Since 1972, U.S. citizens demonstrated some confidence in and support for law enforcement officers.

This study examines 17 U.S. Supreme Court transcripts in oral arguments that took place in mass communication-related cases from December 8, 2004 to April 22, 2008. Researchers sought to understand differences among Justices in type of prompts given to lawyers at oral argument. In order to accomplish this, we categorized each prompt by a Justice as one of the following types: open-ended (who, what, when, where, why and how questions); disjunctive (question offers alternative possible answers); yes/no questions; leading questions (question itself suggests desired answer); rhetorical questions; and declarations or statements. These categories were derived from literature in interpersonal communication and legal studies. We hypothesized Supreme Court Justices would fall toward the non-question controlling, rather than open-ended inquisitive, end of what one scholar called the "continuum of control." Results are presented to discuss Justices' information-seeking profiles and the implications for broader communication study. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This document contains a total of 57 welcoming speeches, theme addresses, seminar and workshop papers, and poster sessions that were presented at a conference on technological education and national development. The papers explore the ways technology and technological advances have both necessitated and enabled changes in the way education is designed and delivered. The following are among the themes addressed in the individual papers: rival views of technology and their impact on education; the learning needs of older adults using information technologies; entrepreneurship education; lifelong learning on the World Wide Web; issues faced by polytechnics and institutes of technology as they respond to the challenges of Internet technologies and new media; working knowledge; flexible delivery; strategies for teaching technical students to be critical; development of curricula incorporating "hands-on" experience and interaction with industry; a framework for open, flexible, and distributed learning; models of online teaching; the transition from secondary to university education; digital curriculum databases; use of technology to foster authentic communication for second language students; labor and education dilemmas facing the Arab Gulf States; the future of women's colleges; universal education; English for workplace purposes; empathy as a paradoxical key to successful human learning futures; economic education; and funding problems of technical education in developing countries. Many papers include substantial bibliographies. (MN)

This discussion of issues that merit investigation in British primary schools focuses on those issues that concern the links between pedagogic positions, the practices these involve, the media education issues that are thus addressed, the consequences for the activities of the learner, and the critical understandings these practices facilitate. It is noted that these issues are informed by two strands of arguments, i.e., the inadequacies of content-oriented provision of media education and the weaknesses of progressive proposals. Discussions of the issues are organized around three significant foci: (1) the children and their activities and responses in connection with any kind of media education provision; (2) teachers' perspectives on their curriculum arrangements, their concerns with mass media, and their thinking about children's learning; and (3) the classroom in action, including the practical arrangements, classroom negotiations, critical agenda, and a critique of content-bound provision. The development of a progressive model of primary media education based on a review of recent British proposals and recent American work of similar scope is then described, and a characterization of progressive primary media education based on a comparison of the proposals from both cultures is presented. A critique of the progressive model is then given, and the paper concludes by suggesting ways of enhancing this model. (19 references) (CGD)

Mexican mass media, especially television, incorporates an abundance of American programming and serves as a catalyst to motivate lower strata Mexicans to pursue life in the United States, resulting in a tremendous influx of both legal and illegal Mexicans and other Latin Americans to the United States. Although Mexico benefits because many Mexicans send money home, the resultant brain drain comes at a time when Mexico's economy must accommodate an estimated 450,000 refugees from Central America. Although Mexico has had political stability and the peso has been stable with a gradual decline during most of this century, the oil fiasco, and lack of favored nation treatment by the United States has brought Mexico to the brink of disaster. If it were not for the special interests of the United States, and several European governments and their banks, Mexico might have collapsed. Utilizing an historical-descriptive, theoretical research methodology, the paper examines immmigration-emigration patterns as cultural, economic, and political determinants that affect-effect the quantitative and qualitative dimensions of the Mexicans mass media system. The Soviet Union is juxtaposed against the United States and Latin America to determine the extent of its involvement in this hemisphere. (NQA)

The "ISSS Annual Conference Proceedings" is a peer-reviewed professional publication published once a year following the annual conference. (Individual papers contain references.) [For the 2009 proceedings, see ED504973.]

These two papers discuss communications policies and structures in France and in the United States. The first paper reports that efforts to develop new electronic communication systems in France are hindered by rivalry between two public monopolies and by governmental protection against foreign influence. The second paper assesses ownership of mass media in the United States, describing public policy and research on that subject. (RL)

This paper describes the notion of two-way communication, wherein the receiver can question or challenge the transmitter of the information, and shows how it differs from the one-way forms of communication that are more prevalent in developed countries today. Pointing out that today's broadcast and mass-market print media usually take the form of one-way communication, which is characterized by its speed and ability to reach a large number of people instantly, the paper focuses on the role of gatekeepers (transmitters) in one-way communication as they control and package the information that is disseminated and are not responsive to questions from the receivers (the general populace). The societal and technological changes that have paralleled the move from two-way to one-way communications are also discussed. Using the traditional newspaper as an example, a model is then proposed which incorporates the speed of one-way communication while preserving feedback, i.e., the ability for the receiver to obtain further information and clarification, and to enter into dialogue with the transmitter. Finally, the paper examines two recent social-change situations--the Berkeley Anti-Apartheid Movement and Solidarity Poland--to show the various ways in which the modified two-way communications model has been effective. Diagrams of the models discussed are included. (DJR)

Papers for the fifth Foundation for Endangered Languages (FEL) Conference include the following papers: "The State and the Global Marketplace in the Provision of Minority Media Services" (George Jones); "Local Language Media: What Does It Take?" (Paul Lewis); "Power of the Media for the Good of Small Languages: An Indian Experience of Enriching Diversity" (Lachman Khubchandani); "Language Protection and Cultural Policy in France" (Samira El Atia and Douglas Kibbee); "The Virtual Village Square: Media in Minority Languages in the Process of Media Diversification and Globalisation: An Example from Southern Carinthia (Austria)" (Brigitta Busch); "Maintenance and Promotion of Berber: The Role of the Electronic Media" (Jilali Saib); "Language in the Media Environment of the Florida Seminole" (Thomas Sawallis); "Indigenous Presence in the Nicaraguan Media: The Mayanga" (Elena Benedicto, Ely Frank, Pulinario Sebastian, Simon Avelino); "Promoting the Maintenance of Endangered Languages through the Internet: The Case of Tamazight" (Mohamed Ouakrim); "The Role of Language in the Construction of Ethnic Identity on the Internet: The Case of Assyrian Activists in Diaspora" (Erica McClure); "Frisian All over the World: The Unique Experience of One Year" (Onno Falkena); "Television News Bullesins in Forest Nenets" (Tapani Salminen); "Nyae Nyae Revisited: the Village Schools Project in Northern Namibia" (Joe Pfaffe and Susan Schulman); "Is Language Shift to English Imminent amongst Afrikaans Speakers in Rehoboth Gebiet?" (Annatjie Louw); "Funding an 'Ethnic Diversity' Public Access Television Program in the USA" (Helene E. Hagan); "The Use of Different Media in Reversing Language Shift: Nahua Illustrations" (Jose Flores Farfan); "Geographic Center for Interactive Interdisciplinary Information" (Mark L. Chamberlin and Heno Sarv); "The New Vibrations of Traditional Teueikan" (Bernard Hervieux); "Basque in the Media" (Asuncion Martinez Arbelaiz); Tarahumara Ritual Spectacle in Noriahuachi: Visual Metaphor Experienced Through Mass Media" (Julia Lonergan and Patricia Small); "Across the Andean Airwaves: Satellite Radio Broadcasting in Quechua" (Aurolyn Luykx); "Le sort de la langue berbere a travers la deformation et la transformation du nom propre berbere" (Abdallah El Mountassir); and "Silenced or Liberated: Endangered Languages in the European Union" (Helena Drysdale). Individual papers contain references. (KFT)

A study investigated the effects of mass media, interpersonal communication, and sociolinguistic background on adults' political, cultural, and economic attitudes and agendas. Data for the study came from two earlier research efforts: one conducted in Minnesota, involved 414 adults who were interviewed concerning their media use, interpersonal contact with Canada, socioeconomic status and background, and knowledge of and attitudes toward Canadian and American political and cultural events and persons; the other, similar in design, involved interviews with 814 adults in Quebec, Canada. Analysis of data led to the following conclusions: (1) since cultural settings are unique, it is not possible to take findings from one setting and assume they will apply in another; (2) media, interpersonal communication, and sociolinguistic variables do not operate in a uniform manner across different categories of variables; and (3) caution should be exercised when examining media effects studies that do not include interpersonal and sociolinguistic variables. (Extensive tables of data are appended.) (FL)

The challenge to public service forms of broadcasting posed by the adoption of neo-liberal communication policy strategies by a number of western European governments has presented the left with a dilemma. Traditionally these public corporations have been characterized as ideological instruments of class domination. Today, however, sections of the left have rallied around the public service ideal arguing that this is the last bulwark against the cultural barbarism of the marketplace. An examination of the development of public service broadcasting in the Republic of Ireland shows that the political economy of the media requires a more informed analysis of the complex relationships that obtain between the corporate state, capital, and public broadcasting, than is to be found at present in the critical literature. In Ireland today, the state's direct financial control over Radio Telefis Eireann (RTE) serves as an increasingly important instrument of political regulation of media content, reinforcing the effect of the existing censorship legislation. The current political campaign against this legislation and the struggle of the trade unions to defend jobs and services in the public sector media field must be linked to demands for an end to censorship and for an extension of access to communication resources. Television program output statistics for home produced programs and financial information on RTE are appended. (21 end notes, 15 references) (Author/CGD)

This paper provides both a preliminary analysis of a survey on media education in India, and reviews of the research on media education in the western world, the limited media education research already done in India, and the more extensive research that has been done on the sociology of Indian youth and the media. The purpose of the survey was to investigate the extent of media access and exposure, the place of exposure, content preferences, and the views of secondary school students (N=1,000), teachers (N=150), and parents (N=60) on media and computer education. Students were from three distinct types of schools, as well as from different castes and religious and socioeconomic backgrounds. Preliminary analyses of responses to completed questionnaires indicated that the majority of all students favored certain Hindi programs, but that they differed in the kind of television serial or film they liked, and the newspapers, magazines, and comics they preferred. A model of media education for India should take into account: (1) the striking similarities and differences among Indian children from different types of schools; (2) the mix of the traditional and modern in Indian society; (3) the diversity of regional, linguistic, and religious groups; (4) theories of communication developed from Indian thought and experience; and (5) the Latin American 'liberation' approach to media education which seeks to promote a dialogic and participative communication system as opposed to a top-down hierarchical communication structure. (46 references) (CGD)

This paper identifies major shifts in advertising and marketing addressed to the female audience between 1940 and 1980 in terms of women's labor, lifestyle, and leisure, and analyzes various popular and publicized conceptualizations of female identity and feminism from the point of view of business and marketers. The first period is identified as 1940 to 1950, which was characterized by a major shift in the workforce immediately following the war with the displacement of "Rosie the Riveter," and the subsequent shift from the "womanpower campaigns" to campaigns on domesticity and rigidly defined marital and motherhood roles. Another shift in the popular conceptualization of female identify occurring with the rise of the "women's liberation movement" in the early 1970s and the new markets which emerged during this period are also discussed. Three major topics are addressed: (1) Marxism Is Marketing Theory's Target Segmentation and Vice Versa, which includes women's role in the process of reproducing the means of production, the connection between capitalism and women's oppression, and how the interests of the patriarchal ruling class are maintained as the dominant ideology; (2) Marketing, the Market and the Social Subject, which analyzes the interaction between the advertiser and marketer and the viewer/audience/consumer in terms of full social exchange; and (3) I am Woman, I Am Market Segment, which discusses a tripartite, "segmented" model of identity as applied to the female audience from the standpoint of its importance to Marxist theorists, who are interested in achieving social change void of oppression, and to marketers, who need to objectify attitudes toward the stabilization or destabilization of society. Appendixes include lists of organizations affecting advertising and marketing; a list of laws affecting advertising in the United States; and a list of laws affecting advertising in the United Kingdom. (138 references) (CGD)

This paper defines indicators related to the dramatization of television and formulates a methodology for analyzing the discourse of the television news based on empirical studies. This methodology is used to isolate some indicators of dramatization as it relates to the structure and form of the message. The changes that have affected the text of Italian television news, and those other changes that are in progress after the transformation of Italian television from a public system in which the RAI monopoly prevailed to today's mixed system in which RAI competes with private television, are described. Elements of dramatization in television news that have been introduced in an effort to attract viewers are discussed at three levels: (1) the communication context; (2) the interactional level; and (3) the narrative level of dramatized news. Indicators that underscore the level of dramatization are identified as extratextual features, the structure of the discourse, and the format. All of these factors are analyzed and discussed with references to numerous studies and writings of others in the field. (6 end notes and 18 references) (CGD)

This paper proposes an integrated approach to the study of world events, as they are filtered and interpreted in the news, by systematic experimental research on the interaction of the technological characteristics of the media, the content or message, and the characteristics of the audience. Specifically, it is hypothesized that these three factors operating within the general framework of a given social, political, and economic environment (in this case the United States) may affect understanding of world events. A detailed analysis is provided of these factors, which are defined as: technology, or the technical infrastructure needed to support a mode of information distribution; content, which is the topic, format, or style of presentation; and audience of/for news, i.e., the people who do or do not view, read or listen to the news; are or are not affected by the news; and react to, have opinions about and interact with the information conveyed by newspapers, magazines, radio, and television. A final section briefly discusses the mutual complex interactions among variables relating to the technology, content, and audience for news that will be examined at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology's Audience Research Facility. This series of news studies has been designed to challenge the current, dominant conclusion that the content matters, but the medium of communication does not. (34 references) (CGD)