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Copyright of Studia Histórica: Historia Moderna is the property of Ediciones Universidad de Salamanca and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Trace: Travaux et Recherches dans les Amériques du Centre is the property of Centro de Estudios Mexicanos & Centroamericanos and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Naveg@mérica is the property of Servicio de Publicaciones de la Universidad de Murcia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Naveg@mérica is the property of Servicio de Publicaciones de la Universidad de Murcia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Tiempos Modernos is the property of Tiempos Modernos and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Purpose - This study aims to present an approach for analyzing hypermarkets efficiency data envelopment analysis (DEA) in Spanish retailing. In particular, the influence of the Retail Trade Act of 1996, by means of which the Spanish state transferred authority to concede licenses for opening commercial establishments to the regions, is to be studied. Design/methodology/approach - The analysis is based on a DEA model that allows for the evaluation of categorical variables in DEA in cross-section data. Findings - The findings suggest the existence of three different production frontiers in relation to the markets' regulation process where the hypermarkets operate; high, medium and low regulation. In the second place, the effect of the regulatory restrictions carried out by the autonomous communities is corrected in the second stage. This correction (once managerial inefficiencies have been eliminated) allows the hypermarkets operative in areas with low restrictions to be more efficient than those located in areas of greater regulation. Research limitations/implications - The generalization of the conclusions of the study to the whole sector should be made with caution, because only one of the players in the distribution channel has been analyzed. Practical implications - The implications that can be derived from the analysis carried out could be of great interest to policy makers in Spain with regard to the influence of the Retail Trade Act of 1996. Originality/value - The paper uses the model mentioned as evaluation of the efficiency in relation to the environment or regulation carried out in the sector. The methodology proposed to analyze the impact of this environment variable is one of the main contributions of the work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Jurídica de la Universidad Autonóma de Madrid is the property of Dykinson SL and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Sociología del Trabajo is the property of Universidad Complutense de Madrid and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

We use a unique dataset on Muslim domination between 711-1492 and literacy in 1860 for about 7500 municipalities to study the long-run impact of Islam on human-capital in historical Spain. Reduced-form estimates show a large and robust negative relationship between length of Muslim rule and literacy. We argue that, contrary to local arrangements set up by Christians, Islamic institutions discouraged the rise of the merchant class, blocking local forms of self-government and thereby persistently hindering demand for education. Indeed, results show that a longer Muslim domination in Spain is negatively related to the share of merchants, whereas neither later episodes of trade nor differences in jurisdictions and different stages of the Reconquista affect our main results. Consistent with our interpretation, panel estimates show that cities under Muslim rule missed-out on the critical juncture to establish self-government institutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Studia Histórica: Historia Moderna is the property of Ediciones Universidad de Salamanca and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article examines how private merchants based in the Dutch Republic, Portugal, Spain and their imperial spheres of influence joined efforts to reduce risks and maximize profits, developing various forms of cooperation in order to operate within the formal Dutch, Portuguese and Spanish Atlantic empires. Based on extensive and thorough research in the collection of Notarial contracts of the Amsterdam's City Archive, the materials of the Dutch West India Company, travel accounts, and documentation from the Portuguese Inquisition and Portuguese State Papers it looks at the Amsterdam merchant community, in particular their activities in the Atlantic and western Africa between 1590 and 1674. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines Anglo-Spanish prewar relations through a consideration of the commercial rapport that bound them. By focusing on the English merchants trading to Spain it is possible to recapture a culture of cooperation that existed between the two polities before it was smashed by the Armada War. Despite increasing tensions exacerbated by confessional suspicions, a number of English merchants and their supporters argued that closer relations with Spain would buttress English economic and political stability. These peaceful commercial relations were threatened by growing English maritime violence, demonstrated most spectacularly by Sir Francis Drake's 1577-80 circumnavigation of the world. A reassessment of the alternative foreign policy espoused by the merchants and those sympathetic to them reminds us that anti-Spanish sentiment in early modern England can be exaggerated, and that disagreements existed over the form of England's maritime future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Though often disappointing as sources for religious history, urban convent archives have the potential to shed valuable light on otherwise invisible social networks of the medieval bourgeoisie. Analysis of merchant and other names appearing in a wide variety of mundane contracts reveals the realia of economic relationships that, in the frontier context of Mallorca, occasionally crossed confessional lines. The case studies included in this article hint at the diverse array of characters whose entrepreneurial careers led to associations with and around the thirteenth-century Dominican convent of Sant Domingo de Mallorca. From social-climbing archers and tailors to converso shipping magnates and landowners, speculators of all sorts crossed paths within the cloistered halls of a mendicant sanctuary whose function was never exclusively spiritual. Dominican archives appear primarily to have served as repositories for such clients' transaction records, especially in unstable colonial situations-an aspect of the order's pastoral mission which has hitherto received little attention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article takes a fresh look at merchant networks that linked Spain and colonial Peru in the central decades of the eighteenth century. Spain's trade with its American colonies has been studied primarily in the light of mercantilistic policies design to revive the exchanges. Much attention has been paid to the fierce rivalry between the merchant guilds of both sides of the Atlantic (those of Cádiz, Mexico City, and Lima), and their efforts to exert control over the trade, suggesting that transoceanic networks had a minor impact. In contrast, this article stresses the role of collaboration and mutual understanding between American and Iberian merchants. The adoption of a direct route linking Cádiz and Lima via Cape Horn in the 1740s, and the subsequent rise of a new, more competitive pattern of trade compelled merchants to build up sustained transatlantic networks that required a high level of personal trust. By using a previously unstudied cache of confiscated letters, this article shows that transatlantic travel, friendship, common regional and ethnic origin, and the increasing flow of information played a far more important part in the articulation of Spanish colonial trade than any merchant guild rivalry. These networks helped bring both sides of the Atlantic closer than they had ever been. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses communication and information networks among Atlantic merchants in the eighteenth century, focusing on traders from Cadiz, Spain. It draws on the examples of Cadiz merchant Francisco de Sierra and the Spanish trading family the Marticorenas. The author comments on the risks of fraud by agents and of oversupplying markets. He also considers merchants' responses to political and economic news. Other topics include the speed and flow of merchants' correspondences from Europe and the Americas.

The article examines the commercialization of the cacao bean from Guayaquil, Ecuador and its use as a form of currency during the second half of the 17th Century. Focusing on the merchant's guild in Mexico City, Mexico, the article analyzes how a small group of Mexican merchants controlled the cacao trade in New Spain. It discusses the merchants' control after the opening of the Pacific ports in 1774 and the establishment of a free trade system in New Spain in 1789. The political and economic results of this free trade system for the demand and prices in the cacao trade are also analyzed.