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A new Mg-4Zn X Ti-6Al-4V (TC4, of 0, 1, and 3 wt.%) alloy was successfully fabricated by a simple and low-cost gravity casting method and heat treatment at 150 °C for 24 h. The composite was examined by XRD, uniaxial tests, FESEM/EDS, potentiostat/EIS, and immersion tests for the material's microstructures, mechanical properties, electrochemical characteristics, and corrosion resistance. Experimental results indicate that heat treatment enables the precipitation of Zn along the Mg grain boundaries and drives the co-precipitation of Al around the TC4 particles and nearby grain boundaries. Uniaxial tensile tests reveal that TC4 reinforces the Mg-Zn matrix material with higher elastic modulus, ultimate tensile stress, and toughness. The heat treatment further enhanced these mechanical properties. Electrochemical tests show that 1 wt.% TC4 composite exhibits the highest open circuit potential among all tested samples, which implies the 1 wt.% TC4-added Mg-Zn is better resistant to the oxidation of the essential metals Mg, Zn, and Al. The immersion tests in the HBSS solution further show that the 1 wt.% TC4 composite has the lowest rise of pH values after 14 days, and EDS for the corroded surface signifies that Mg is the main element vulnerable to oxidation by corrosion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AZ61 magnesium alloy metal matrix composites (MMCs) with different weight percentages (0, 1 and 2) of micro-silicon carbide particles (SiCp) were fabricated using stir casting method. Effects of SiCp on the microstructural distributions, mechanical and fatigue properties, and fracture surfaces have been investigated. The microstructural observations of as-cast MMCs unveil the existence of primary α-Mg phase and the presence of large amount of β-Mg17Al12 secondary phase at grain boundary. The specimens are subjected to homogenization heat treatment at 410 °C for 24 h; the β-Mg17Al12 phases are significantly dissolved in the matrix grain boundaries which enhance the ductility and decrease the hardness compared with the as-cast materials. The addition of SiCp reinforcement led to improved yield strength (YS) and ultimate tensile strength (UTS) of AZ61/SiCp composite compared to the unreinforced alloy. The maximum values of YS and UTS have been attained at AZ61/1wt%SiCp composites. The enhancement of YS and UTS was due to the presence of a uniformly distributed reinforced SiCp, which depends on grain refinement of the matrix and strong interfacial bonding between the matrix and reinforcement. In the case of fatigue test results, the addition of SiCp reduced the fatigue life and strength of AZ61 alloy composite. However, addition of 1wt%SiCp showed good mechanical and fatigue properties compared to pure AZ61 magnesium alloy and AZ61/2wt%SiCp composite. Furthermore, the effects of addition of SiCp on the mechanical and fatigue properties of the composite were confirmed by using the scanning electron microscope observation of fracture surfaces. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, AZ61 alloy processed by equal channel angular pressing (ECAP) method, is presented. This research seeks to find out the relationship that exists between the microstructure of the AZ61-magnesium alloy doped with SiC and Ni and processed by ECAP in terms of hydrogen storage properties. The results indicate that grain size reduces nearly 10 times after 4 passes of ECAP. Homogeneous distribution of the SiC in the metal matrix composite (MMC) and dynamic recrystallization are also observed. There is a gradual reduction in the grain size when the number of ECAP passes are increased. This microstructural refinement induced by ECAP improves the storage capacity and reaction kinetics of the alloy. Besides, the addition of Ni catalyst achieves faster absorption and desorption kinetics. However, it does not change its capacity. Ni reacts with Mg to form an intermetallic, which is hydrogen-absorbing, which in turn, catalyzes the reaction. Apart from introducing defects, the ECAP process also produces Mg/Al intermetallic, which acts catalytically. It is shown that SiC-doped AZ61-magnesium alloy can absorb and desorb 6.8 wt% H 2 at 648 K and 50 atm. • AZ61 with SiC and Ni additives prepared by gravity stir casting method. • Dispersion characteristics of the particles influences the rate limiting factors. • AZ61-1 wt%SiC achieves a hydrogen capacity of 6.8 wt%. • Performance declines to 6.5 wt% when Ni catalyst is added. • Combining SiC and Ni shows improved kinetics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, commercial AZ31 Mg alloys were processed by equal channel angular pressing (ECAP) to study the effects of processing route and numbers of passes on hydrogen storage properties of AZ31 alloys. Furthermore, Mg-based metal matrix composites (MMCs) were fabricated by gravimetric casting of AZ31 alloy, activated carbon and Ni to investigate the effect of additives on hydrogen storage properties. The results indicated that kinetics of hydrogen uptake increased with the increasing number of pass. AZ31 processed by ECAP route B c with 8 passes had hydrogen capacity of 7.0 wt%, and demonstrated the highest grain refinement and the fastest hydrogen absorption kinetics. With the addition of 5 wt% of activated carbon and 0.5 wt% Ni, the hydrogen sorption kinetics of MMCs was enhanced and was comparable to that of the AZ31 processed by ECAP with 8 passes; however, in exchange for the improved kinetics, the hydrogen storage capacity was lowered to 6.3 wt%. To enhance hydrogen absorption kinetics, adding catalysts in the casting process could be more efficient than post-casting ECAP treatment if saving processing time is the priority. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, solution and ageing heat treatment processes were used to improve microplastic deformation behaviors of as-cast SiCp/AZ61 magnesium metal matrix composites (Mg MMCs) fabricated by stir casting method. Higher percentages of SiC particle reinforcements showed higher microhardness values. Ageing heat treatment process was seen significant on the 12 h aged 2 wt% SiCp/AZ61 Mg MMC which induced lower microhardness value. At the 12 h ageing of 2 wt% SiCp/AZ61 Mg MMC the formations of particle free regions and discontinuous secondary phases were observed. For a higher ageing time, the secondary phases distribution became continuous and laminar structure. The addition of 5 wt% SiC particles resulted in the formation of Mg 2 Si phase throughout the whole heat treatment processes. The addition of SiC particles reinforcements increased the phase heterogeneity during ageing heat treatment processes. XRD patterns revealed the presence of nanocrystalline MgSiO 3 phase on the 12 h aged 2 wt% SiCp/AZ61 Mg MMC. Using reference intensity ration (RIR) method a 51.6% of MgSiO 3 phase was determined which can cause the formation of microplastic deformation behavior. And also, the maximum average crystallite size, compressive microstrain and microcrack-free phase boundaries were observed on the 12 h aged 2 wt% SiCp/AZ61 Mg MMC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The process engineering of Mg alloys is nevertheless compromised due to their relatively poor mechanical properties. To address some of these difficulties, metal-matrix composites (MMCs) of Mg-alloys have been investigated for sometime. In the present work, small amounts (up to 1 wt%) of WS 2 nanotubes are mixed with Mg-alloy (AZ31) using melt-stirring process above 700 °C. The new MMC nanocomposites exhibit much superior mechanical properties vis a vis the pristine alloy. Metallographic investigation demonstrates that the average grain size has been reduced in inverse proportion to the added amounts of nanotubes up to 1 wt%. Physical considerations suggest that the main mechanism responsible for the reinforcement effect lies in the mismatch between the thermal expansion coefficients of the metal and the nanotubes. This mismatch induced large density of dislocations in the grain boundaries in the vicinity of the nanotube-matrix interface, which obstruct the crack propagation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The effects of Mn substitution for Mg on the microstructure, mechanical properties, and corrosion behavior of Mg69−xZn27Ca4Mnx (x=0, 0.5 and 1at.%) alloys were investigated using X-ray diffraction, compressive tests, electrochemical treatments, and immersion tests, respectively. Microstructural observations showed that the Mg69Zn27Ca4 alloy was mainly amorphous. The addition of Mn decreases the glass-forming ability, which results in a decreased strength from 545MPa to 364MPa. However, this strength is still suitable for implant application. Polarization and immersion tests in the simulated body fluid at 37°C revealed that the Mn-doped Mg–Zn–Ca alloys have significantly higher corrosion resistance than traditional ZK60 and pure Mg alloys. Cytotoxicity test showed that cell viabilities of osteoblasts cultured with Mn-doped Mg–Zn–Ca alloys extracts were higher than that of pure Mg. Mg68.5Zn27Ca4Mn0.5 exhibits the highest bio-corrosion resistance, biocompatibility and has desirable mechanical properties, which could suggest to be used as biomedical materials in the future. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

This study involves the investigation of the mechanical properties of the extruded tube products with reinforced silicon carbide particulates (SiCp). Finite element analyses are firstly conducted to analyze the plastic flow of the magnesium alloy AZ61 within the die and to investigate the effects of initial billet temperatures on the extrusion loads and final product temperatures. AZ61/SiCp composite ingots reinforced with different weight fractions of SiCp are fabricated by a melt stirring technique. A specially designed die set is used in the extrusion experiments to obtain tubes with uniform thickness distribution in the circumferential direction. The extruded tubes are also heat treated to obtain even better mechanical properties. Finally, tensile tests, Vickers microhardness, tests and microstructure observation are performed on the billets and extruded tubes of AZ61 monolithic alloys and AZ61/SiCp composites. A much smaller grain size and higher tensile strength and hardness are achieved for the extruded AZ61/SiCp composite tubes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Mg69Zn27Ca4 with a spot of Fe particle-reinforced alloys was synthesized by Cu-mold injection casting using industrial raw materials. The microstructure, mechanical properties and corrosion resistance of these Mg-based alloys were studied by X-ray diffraction, differential scanning calorimeter, compressive testing and electrochemical measurements, respectively. The Mg69Zn27Ca4 alloy can be controlled to become fully amorphous using the industrial raw materials. With Fe particle addition, ductile α-Mg and Mg–Zn dendrites were embedded in the amorphous matrix, which enhanced the compressive strength and fracture strain. The Mg69Zn27Ca4 glassy alloy and Mg69Zn27Ca4/Fe alloy remarkably improved the corrosion resistance in 3.5wt% NaCl solution compared with AZ31 and pure Mg. Therefore, Mg69Zn27Ca4 and Mg69Zn27Ca4/Fe alloys have high potential as engineering materials. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Magnesium is the lightest metal and is extensive in the structural application. The metal matrix composites are developed to improve the strength of magnesium alloys. In this research, AZ91 alloy reinforced with 1 wt% WS 2 was produced using stir casting process. The composite was homogenized for 24 h at 410 °C and subsequently aged for 10 h at 200 °C. The severe plastic deformation was performed using equal channel angular pressing (ECAP). The phase composition was analyzed using X-ray diffraction techniques. The microstructure, fractography, and mechanical properties of ECAPed composites have been investigated using scanning electron microscope, and universal testing machines, respectively. The results indicate that B-phases are present in the form of particles inside and at grain boundaries in annealed composites, which are refined to needle-shaped precipitates at grain boundaries, and grains size is refined to 0.2 μm after 4passes of ECAP. Microhardness and tensile yield strength are proportional to the number of passes, and 20.45% and 103.5% are increased respectively after 4pass. The UTS was found to be maximum (324.8 MPa) for 4P WS 2 /AZ91. Fractography analysis revealed that plastic fracture in annealed and elastic-plastic fracture occurred after 4P WS 2 /AZ91 MMC. • WS 2 /AZ91 (MMCs) were manufactured by stir casting method and subsequently annealed are deformed by ECAP. • ECAP effects on microstructure and mechanical behavior of WS 2 /AZ91 MMCs have been investigated. • The relation between number of passes and strength has been established. • The investigations reveal that 4pass-WS 2 /AZ91 exhibits maximum hardness and ultimate tensile strength. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AZ91 reinforced with four different concentrations (0,0.3,0.6,1)wt% of WS 2 micro particles were fabricated using stir casting method. The samples were deformed by equal channel angular pressing (ECAP) after homogenization. The scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction were used to investigate the microstructure and phase composition respectively. The results reveal that rod-like precipitates produced during the homogenization process are refined and bounded in the grain boundaries by the combined effect of WS 2 enrichment and increasing number of passes of ECAP. The needle precipitates are eminent in 1pass 0.3 wt%WS 2 /AZ91. The β-Mg 17 Al 12 and extracted Al particles are dissolved and secondary phases are produced by dynamic recrystallization after 2pass 1 wt%WS 2 /AZ91. The maximum crystallite size and microstrain distribution have been observed for 1pass 0.6 wt%WS 2 /AZ91. The mechanical properties investigation represents that 2pass 0.6 wt%WS 2 /AZ91 has optimal yield strength and ultimate tensile strength. The (22.143)%, (44.735)% and (92) % increment in yield strength, ultimate tensile strength and elongation have been observed in 2pass 1 wt%WS 2 /AZ91 compared with homogenized monolithic AZ91 alloy respectively. The maximum young's modulus (6696.218MPa) has been found for 1pass homogenized WS2/AZ91 and minimum (4108.165MPa) for homogenized 0.6 wt%WS 2 /AZ91. The ECAP deformed 1pass 0.3 wt%WS 2 /AZ91 exhibits the maximum strain hardening rate. The YTS, UTS, and elongation are (30.41) %, (47.6) % and (51.9)% increased after 2pass-0.6 wt%WS 2 /AZ91. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, AZ91 magnesium alloy reinforced with a low fraction (0–1) wt.% tungsten disulfide(WS 2) microparticles have been fabricated using stir casting method. Effects of WS 2 microparticles on mechanical properties, microstructure, and their correlation have been analyzed. The microstructure of composites has been investigated by scanning electron microscope (SEM) equipped with energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) and X-ray diffractometer. Results indicate that density, hardness, ultimate tensile strength (UTS), and tensile ductility have a direct relation with reinforcement (WS 2) contents and has optimal value for 0.6 wt% WS 2 /AZ91 composites then slightly decrease afterward. The UTS and hardness of 0.6 wt%WS 2 /AZ91 were increased by 23.23% and 10.65% respectively with respect to monolithic AZ91. The ultimate compressive strength(UCS) is directly related with WS 2 concentration and 10.07% enhancement in UCS for 1 wt%WS 2 /AZ91 composites have been noted. The trend is interlinked with density and hardness of composites. SEM images depict, WS 2 micro-particles suppress β-Mg 17 Al 12 precipitates, refine the microstructure and enhance the grain size resulting in an increase in mechanical properties. The improvement in microstructure and mechanical properties is attributed to the dispersion of WS 2 particles which hinder the grain growth. The increase in porosity has causes the decrease in mechanical behavior of 1 wt%WS 2 /AZ91. Twin boundary fracture has been found major fracture phenomenon in fractured WS 2 /AZ91 surfaces. • WS 2 /AZ91 metal matrix composites have been manufacture by stir casting method. • Density and porosity of WS 2 /AZ91 composites has been assessed. • Mechanical behavior under compression and tension has been analyzed. • Effect of WS 2 on microstructure has been investigated. • Fracture behavior of composites has been studied. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The tribological behavior of AZ31 Mg alloy reinforced with multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) was studied through experiments on a ring-on-block wear testing apparatus against 45C steel. The composites were successfully fabricated using stir-casting processing with different percentages of MWCNTs and then age hardened for 10 h. The effect of the various concentrations of MWCNTs on the microstructures, tribological properties, and wear mechanisms of the composites were systematically examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). With increasing percentage content of MWCNTs, the wear rate and the coefficient of friction decreased, which is attributed to the microhardness and self-lubricating properties of the MWCNTs. The microstructure characterization results established different mechanisms—specifically, abrasion, oxidation, and delamination—and very small plastic deformation. • Magnesium alloy AZ31 reinforced with multiwalled carbon nanotubes was fabricated using stir casting method. • Samples were homogenized for 24 h at 400C0 and then aged for 10 h at 200C0 temperature. • Wear tests for as-cast and aged composites were performed using Ring on Block wear apparatus under dry and wet conditions and mass wear loss and coefficient of friction was determined. • Worn surfaces were analyzed using scanning electron microscope for wear mechanism analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]