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Black gram (Vigna mungo (L.) Hepper) is a pulses crop with good digestible protein and a high carbohydrate content, so it is widely consumed as human food and animal feed. Trichomes are large, specialized epidermal cells that confer advantages on plants under biotic and abiotic stresses. Genes regulating the development of trichomes are well characterized in Arabidopsis and tomato. However, little is known about trichome development in black gram. In this study, a high-density map with 5734 bin markers using an F2 population derived from a trichome-bearing and a glabrous cultivar of black gram was constructed, and a major quantitative trait locus (QTL) related to trichomes was identified. Six candidate genes were located in the mapped interval region. Fourteen single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) or insertion/deletions (indels) were associated with those genes. One indel was located in the coding region of the gene designated as Scaffold_9372_HRSCAF_11447.164. Real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR) analysis demonstrated that only one candidate gene, Scaffold_9372_HRSCAF_11447.166, was differentially expressed in the stem between the two parental lines. These two candidate genes encoded the RNA polymerase-associated protein Rtf1 and Bromodomain adjacent to zinc finger domain protein 1A (BAZ1A). These results provide insights into the regulation of trichome development in black gram. The candidate genes may be useful for creating transgenic plants with improved stress resistance and for developing molecular markers for trichome selection in black gram breeding programs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Key Message: We investigated the mechanism of the effect of different light qualities on the synthesis and regulation of mung bean sprouts. Light quality acts as a signal molecule, strongly enhancing polyphenol biosynthesis in sprouts. Mung bean (Vigna radiata) sprouts are a popular sprouting vegetable all over the world and are an excellent source of polyphenols with high antioxidant activity. This study investigated the effects of light qualities on the kinetic changes and metabolic regulation mechanism of light signal-mediating polyphenols in three mung bean sprout cultivars. Experimental results showed that three light qualities significantly enhanced the contents of caffeic acid, rutin, vitexin, genistin and delphinidin 3-glucoside. Interestingly, ferulic acid and vitexin responded selectively to blue light and red light, severally. Most genes involved in polyphenol biosynthesis were activated under different light quality conditions, resulting in an overaccumulation of phenylpropanoids. Pearson correlation analysis showed that PAL, F3H, F3'H and F3′5'H expression correlated highly with rutin, whereas ANS expression paralleled anthocyanin biosynthesis. Moreover, MYB111, MYB3, MYB4, MYB1 and MYC2 were critical regulators of polyphenol biosynthesis in mung bean sprouts. These changes were likely due to the changes in the expression of the photoreceptor genes CRY-D, PHOT2, PHYE and light response genes (PIF3 and HY5). Our results provide insights into polyphenol biosynthesis in sprouts and microgreens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mungbean (Vigna radiata L.), one of the most widely grown edible legumes in Asia, plays important roles in the improvement of agricultural cultivation systems as well as human diets. As an understudied crop, however, most mungbean varieties are characterized by unstable yields, poor disease resistance, and unsuitability for mechanical harvesting, thereby leading to a low production income. We, therefore, developed Jilv 20, a new mungbean cultivar with a dull seed coat, by crossing Bao 942-34 with Weilv 9002-341. After 11 years of selection and evaluation, Jilv 20 has shown wide adaptability, early maturity, high yield, halo blight resistance, and suitability for mechanical harvesting. The growth period of Jilv 20 is 79.5 and 66.7 days in the spring and summer sowing seasons, respectively, and the average plant height is approximately 56.4 cm. In this study, average yields were 1737.9, 1532.3, and 2045.1 kg/hm2 in northern spring-sowing, northern summer-sowing, and southern sites, respectively; these values were respectively 27.83%, 28.48%, and 6.96% higher than those of control cultivar Zhonglv 5, which has been popular in past decades because of its wide adaptability. The average protein and starch contents of Jilv 20 seeds were 25.0% and 49.56%, respectively. Further application and extension of Jilv 20 in China should contribute to mungbean production, breeding, and industrial development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, with the expansion of mung bean (Vigna radiata L.) planting areas and the increase of consumer demand, it has become imperative to screen high-quality mung bean cultivars. In this study, the agronomic traits, fresh bean characteristics, and sensory evaluation of boiled beans were analyzed for 26 mung bean cultivars. The results showed that the variation coefficient and genetic diversity index of six agronomic traits of mung bean ranged from 9.04% to 44.98%, 1.68 to 1.96, respectively, with abundant genetic variation, and the highest was the grain yield. Mung bean cultivars with higher grain yield had more advantage in the number of branches, number of pods per plant, and 100-seed weight. The fresh bean traits were relatively stable, with an average coefficient variation of 8.48%. The trait with the highest genetic diversity index was the number of seeds per pod (2.03). The cultivar with the highest total sensory evaluation score of boiled beans was Zhanglv 3 (75.67), which had more advantages in taste and color. Through the comprehensive evaluation of grey relational analysis, the cultivars suitable for fresh food processing were Zhonglv 3 (0.960), Jilv 11 (0.942), Zhonglv 1 (0.915), CES-78 (0.899) and Kelv 2 (0.896). Generally, the high-quality cultivars with higher yield and fresh food processing characteristics were CES-78, Kelv 2, Zhonglv 16, and Zhonglv 2. This study provided a preference for the breeding of fresh mung bean cultivars, development of new products and improvement of mung bean resource utilization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Seed dormancy in wild mungbean (Vigna radiata var. sublobata) may be useful for the breeding of cultivated mungbean (var. radiata) with pre-harvest sprouting resistance. Previous studies have identified two major quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for seed dormancy, HsA and Sdwa5.1.1 +, in wild mungbean that are possibly having the same locus or linked. However, these QTLs have not been confirmed/verified and a molecular basis of seed dormancy in mungbean is not yet known. In this study, we aimed to finely map the Sdwa5.1.1 + and identify candidate gene(s) for this locus. Microscopic observations revealed that wild mungbean "ACC41" seeds had a palisade cuticle layer, while cultivated mungbean "Kamphaeng Saen 2" (KPS2) seeds lacked this layer. Fine mapping using an F2 population developed from a cross between ACC41 and KPS2 revealed two linked QTLs, Sdwa5.1.1 + and Sdwa5.1.2 +, controlling seed dormancy. The Sdwa5.1.1 + was confirmed in an F2:3 population derived from the same cross and mapped to a 3.298-Kb region containing only one gene LOC106767068 , designated as VrKNAT7-1 , which encodes the transcription factor KNOTTED ARABIDOPSIS THALIANA7 (KNAT7), a class II KNOTTED1-LIKE HOMEOBOX (KNOX II) protein. VrKNAX7 sequence alignment between ACC41 and KPS2 revealed several polymorphisms in the coding, untranslated, and promoter regions. Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) analysis revealed that the expression of VrKNAT7-1 and VrCYP86A , a putative downstream regulation of VrKNAT7-1 , in the seed coat of ACC41 is statistically much higher than that of KPS2. Altogether, these results indicate that VrKNAT7-1 controls physical seed dormancy in the wild mungbean ACC41. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mung bean (Vigna radiata L.) is an important but understudied food legume in Asia and now worldwide. Genetic studies may help to accelerate the exploitation of new genes for breeding in this crop. Here, we used a recombination inbred line population to construct an SNP genetic linkage map by genome sequencing technology. We obtained 21,508 high-quality SNP markers integrated into 1,946 bin markers that were mapped onto 11 linkage groups (LGs) with 99–258 bin markers per LG. The total genetic length of the map was 1060.2 cM (38.76–168.03 cM per LG), with an average distance between markers of 0.54 cM. However, there were 18 gaps >5 cM, distribution on LG1, 3, 5, 7, and 9. Gene mapping for lobed and indented leaflets was conducted using the map. A major quantitative trait locus (QTL) associated with indented leaflets was detected on chromosome 10, with phenotypic variation explained (PVE) values of 39.7% and 45.4% under two different environments. Several QTLs for lobed leaflets were detected and most of them were tightly linked together on Chromosome 3. However, only one major QTL, which explained the largest phenotypic variation (27.7–69.5%), was stably detected under two different environments using both R and Q methods. In the two main stable QTLs regions on chromosomes 3 and 10, candidate genes for regulating the molecular mechanism of different leaflet shapes were detected by functional annotation. The overlap of major QTLs under different environments indicated that the present map would be good enough for precisely mapping genes, and both the QTL analysis and gene prediction were useful for investigating the mechanism of leaf development in mung bean or legumes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study was to construct the DNA fingerprinting and query system with which to identify mung bean varieties from Northeast China. Eight primer pairs for fluorescent‐labeled simple sequence repeat markers with high polymorphism and a strong discrimination ability were used to detect 151 mung bean varieties from Northeast China. A total of 59 bands were detected, ranging from 4 to 11 with an average of 7.4. An unweighted pair group method analysis was used to cluster the mung bean varieties into five separate groups according to their genetic characteristics, which were consistent with the results of principal component analysis. Unique identification cards and barcodes with which each variety can be identified were established according to fingerprinting. A query system was also established which can provide the information and genetic relationships among some indefinite variety and mung bean varieties from Northeast China. This research will significantly assist in identification, traceability management, protection of origin, and intellectual property rights. It will also provide essential technical support for revealing the level of genetic diversity for breeding and germplasm innovation of mung bean varieties in Northeast China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

B Correction to: Plant Cell Reports b https://doi.org/10.1007/s00299-022-02954-y The corresponding authors email were incorrectly published original publication. The correct email ID with respect to the author is given below. [Extracted from the article]

Mung bean ( Vigna radiata L.) is commonly grown in Asia as an important nutritional dry grain legume, as it can survive better in arid conditions than other crops. Abiotic stresses, such as drought and high-salt contents, negatively impact its growth and production. The dehydration-responsive element-binding protein 2 (DREB2) transcription factors play a significant role in the response to these stress stimuli via transcriptional regulation of downstream genes containing the cis-element dehydration-responsive element (DRE). However, the molecular mechanisms involved in the drought tolerance of this species remain elusive, with very few reported candidate genes. No DREB2 ortholog has been reported for mung bean, and the function of mung bean DREB2 is not clear. In this study, a novel VrDREB2A gene with conserved AP2 domains and transactivation ability was isolated from mung bean. A modified VrDREB2A protein lacking the putative negative regulatory domain encoded by nucleotides 394-543 was shown to be localized in the nucleus. Expression of the VrDREB2A gene was induced by drought, high salt concentrations and abscisic acid treatment. Furthermore, comparing with the wild type Arabidopsis, the overexpression of VrDREB2A activated the expression of downstream genes in transgenic Arabidopsis, resulting in enhanced tolerance to drought and high-salt stresses and no growth retardation. The results from this study indicate that VrDREB2A functions as an important transcriptional activator and may help increase the abiotic stress tolerance of the mung bean plant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mung bean (Vigna radiate (L.) Wilczek) is an important traditional food legume crop, with high economic and nutritional value. It is widely grown in China and other Asian countries. Despite its importance, genomic information is currently unavailable for this crop plant species or some of its close relatives in the Vigna genus. In this study, more than 103 million high quality cDNA sequence reads were obtained from mung bean using Illumina paired-end sequencing technology. The processed reads were assembled into 48,693 unigenes with an average length of 874 bp. Of these unigenes, 25,820 (53.0%) and 23,235 (47.7%) showed significant similarity to proteins in the NCBI non-redundant protein and nucleotide sequence databases, respectively. Furthermore, 19,242 (39.5%) could be classified into gene ontology categories, 18,316 (37.6%) into Swiss-Prot categories and 10,918 (22.4%) into KOG database categories (E-value < 1.0E-5). A total of 6,585 (8.3%) were mapped onto 244 pathways using the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genome (KEGG) pathway database. Among the unigenes, 10,053 sequences contained a unique simple sequence repeat (SSR), and 2,303 sequences contained more than one SSR together in the same expressed sequence tag (EST). A total of 13,134 EST-SSRs were identified as potential molecular markers, with mono-nucleotide A/T repeats being the most abundant motif class and G/C repeats being rare. In this SSR analysis, we found five main repeat motifs: AG/CT (30.8%), GAA/TTC (12.6%), AAAT/ATTT (6.8%), AAAAT/ATTTT (6.2%) and AAAAAT/ATTTTT (1.9%). A total of 200 SSR loci were randomly selected for validation by PCR amplification as EST-SSR markers. Of these, 66 marker primer pairs produced reproducible amplicons that were polymorphic among 31 mung bean accessions selected from diverse geographical locations. The large number of SSR-containing sequences found in this study will be valuable for the construction of a high-resolution genetic linkage maps, association or comparative mapping and genetic analyses of various Vigna species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

High yields, high stress resistance, and wide adaptability are important cultivar traits, especially for crops sensitive to the photoperiod and temperature. Mung bean (Vigna radiata) is a typical short-day plant, traditionally cultivated in Asian countries, and consumed all over the world. However, there has long been relatively little research regarding its genetic improvement until in recent decades. Zhonglv 5 is a mung bean cultivar that was developed via crossbreeding in China in the early part of this century. It has since played an important role in improving mung bean production in the country because of its high yields, high stress tolerance, and wide adaptability. We herein describe the development of Zhonglv 5, summarize its yield performance and adaptability in diverse eco-regions within China, and predict its potential future uses to provide information relevant for mung bean breeding, production, trade, and related industries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A seventy percent ethanol from mung bean ( Vigna radiatae L.) was extracted further with CH2Cl2, EtOAc and n-BuOH to afford four fractions: CH2Cl2-soluble, EtOAc-soluble, n-BuOH-soluble and residual extract fractions. When using l-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine as the substrate for mushroom tyrosinase, the EtOAc-soluble fractions showed the highest inhibitory activity. Two pure flavonoid compounds, vitexin and isovitexin, were isolated (using the enzyme assay-guided fractionation method) from the EtOAc-soluble fractions. Vitexin and isovitexin showed high inhibitory activities, with IC50 values of 6.3 and 5.6 mg/ml, respectively. This is the first study on the active compositions of azuki beans against mushroom tyrosinase. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Zombi pea (Vigna vexillata) is a legume crop that is resistant to several biotic and abiotic stresses. Callosobruchus maculatus and Callosobruchus chinensis are serious stored-insect pests of legume crops. We constructed a high-density linkage map and performed quantitative trait loci (QTLs) mapping for resistance to these insect species in zombi pea. An F2 population of 198 individuals from a cross between 'TVNu 240' (resistant) and 'TVNu 1623' (susceptible) varieties was used to construct a linkage map of 6,529 single nucleotide polymorphism markers generated from sequencing amplified fragments of specific loci. The map comprised 11 linkage groups, spanning 1,740.9 cM, with an average of 593.5 markers per linkage group and an average distance of 0.27 cM between markers. High levels of micro-synteny between V. vexillata and cowpea (Vigna unguiculata), mungbean (Vigna radiata), azuki bean (Vigna angularis) and common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) were found. One major and three minor QTLs for C. chinensis resistance and one major and one minor QTLs for C. maculatus resistance were identified. The major QTLs for resistance to C. chinensis and C. maculatus appeared to be the same locus. The linkage map developed in this study will facilitate the identification of useful genes/QTLs in zombi pea. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mung bean is an important legume crop in tropical and subtropical countries of Asia and has high nutritional and economic value. However the genetic diversity of mung bean is poorly characterized. In this study, our goal was to develop and use microsatellite simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers for germplasm evaluation. In total, 500 novel expression sequence tag EST-based SSRs (eSSRs) and genomic SSRs (gSSRs) were developed from mung bean transcriptome and genome sequences. Of these, only 58 were useful for diversity evaluation in a panel of 157 cultivated and wild mung bean accessions from different collection sites in East Asia. A total of 2.66 alleles were detected on average per locus which shows that polymorphism is generally low for the species. The average polymorphic information content (PIC) of gSSRs was higher than eSSRs and most of the polymorphic gSSRs were composed of di- and tri-nucleotide repeats (52.4% and 38.1% of all loci, respectively). The genotypes were differentiated into nine subgroups by cluster analysis, and the wild mung bean accessions separated well from the cultivated accessions. Analysis of molecular variance indicated that 22% of variance was observed among populations and 78% was due to differences within populations. Clustering, population structure analyses showed that non-Chinese cultivated and wild mung bean accessions were separated from Chinese accessions, but no geographical distinctions existed between genotypes collected in China. Interestingly, the average PIC value of cultivated mung bean (0.36) was higher than that of wild mung bean (0.25) showing that further collecting and wide crosses are necessary for mung bean improvement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pulses are good natural sources of micronutrients. In this study, the concentration and composition of folates in seeds of 102 pulse varieties newly-developed in China, including mung beans, adzuki beans, cowpeas, faba beans, peas, and common beans, were analysed. The total folate content ranged from 21 to 278 μg/100 g dry weight (DW) among these pulse crops, with the highest in faba beans (88–278 μg/100 g DW), followed by cowpeas (101–246 μg/100 g DW), and the lowest in common beans (21–66 μg/100 g DW). 5-Formyltetrahydrofolate and 5-methyltetrahydrofolate were the two dominant folate vitamers. In addition, the effect of soaking (30 °C for 12 h) and boiling (100 °C for 20 min) on folate retention in pulses was evaluated. Compared to the unprocessed pulses, a 1.41-fold (average) enhancement of total folates was observed in soaked pulses. Folate retention ratios in boiled pulses depended on varieties, ranging from 64% to 82%, with the average of 76%. During the boiling process, 13% of total folates was lost through leaching and 29% by heating degradation on average. This research provides an overview of folate content and retention in raw and cooked pulses. The results will help to guide industrial or household preparation of pulses to maximise folate retention and the identified pulse varieties rich in folates could be for direct use or as breeding materials for folate biofortification. • The folate contents of 102 pulses were analysed; total folates ranged from 21 to 278 μg/100 g DW. • Faba bean and cowpea were good sources of folates. • The dominant folate vitamers in pulses were 5-CHO-THF and 5-CH 3 -THF. • Soaking at 30 °C for 12 h increased the folate content 1.41-fold on average. • On average, boiled pulses had a folate retention rate of 76%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The semilight photoperiod greatly increases vitamin E and carotenoids in sprouts. • The accumulation of vitamin E in mung bean sprouts is inhibited by constant light. • γ-tocopherol and lutein are most affected by photoperiod. • Semilight photoperiod activates the GGPPS, PSY, HPT, LCYE, LUT5, LUT1 and ZE genes. • DXS and GGPPS are the most sensitive genes to photoperiod during germination. Light affects the accumulation of vitamin E and carotenoids in many crops. This study investigated the impact of photoperiods on the metabolic regulation of vitamin E and carotenoids in mung bean sprouts considering their dietary health benefits. Mung beans were germinated under three different photoperiods: constant light, semilight and constant dark. Results revealed that the semilight photoperiod was optimum for vitamin E and carotenoid accumulation in mung bean sprouts. DXS was activated in the constant dark and was inhibited by constant light. GGPPS and HPT were sensitive to semilight photoperiod in the vitamin E biosynthetic pathway, playing dominant roles in vitamin E accumulation. The PSY , LCYE , LUT5 , LUT1 and ZE genes, which are associated with carotenoid biosynthesis, were activated under semilight treatment and significantly regulated the accumulation of carotenoids. This knowledge improves knowledge on light-mediated regulation of vitamin E and carotenoids in mung bean sprouts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]