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The emergence of new almond tree (Prunus dulcis) varieties with agricultural interest is forcing the nursery plant industry to establish quality systems to keep varietal purity in the production stage. The aim of this study is to assess the capability of near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) to classify different Prunus dulcis varieties as an alternative to more expensive methods. Fresh and dried-powdered leaves of six different varieties of almond trees of commercial interest (Avijor, Guara, Isabelona, Marta, Pentacebas and Soleta) were used. The most important variables to discriminate between these varieties were studied through of three scientifically accepted indicators (Variable importance in projection¸ selectivity ratio and vector of the regression coefficients). The results showed that the 7000 to 4000 cm−1 range contains the most useful variables, which allowed to decrease the complexity of the data set. Concerning to the classification models, a high percentage of correct classifications (90–100%) was obtained, where dried-powdered leaves showed better results than fresh leaves. However, the classification rate of both kinds of leaves evidences the capacity of the near-infrared spectroscopy to discriminate Prunus dulcis varieties. We demonstrate with these results the capability of the NIRS technology as a quality control tool in nursery plant industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]