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This article shows our analysis of the 509 papers presented at the Brazilian Association of Researchers in Journalism (SBPJor) conferences between 2003 and 2007. The analyses were based on four reference categories: 1) types of research; 2) formal standardization; 3) the type of methodological models; 4) the writers’ level of training. The goal is to identify the level of professionalization in specialized studies in journalism, highlighting the types of research and manuals, theoretical influences, and prevailing methodological methods. The main results highlight the predominance of doctoral writers and empirical research. We also noticed a lack of adherence to formal standardization.

The Humanities and Public Life. By Peter Brooks (ed.) with Hilary Jewett. New York: Fordham Univ. Press, 2014. 172 pp. $18.00 paper.The Humanities and Public Life is the ambitious beginning of a much-needed conversation on the practice of ethical reading, and the contributions of this practice to public life and law. The impetus for the book, Peter Brooks explains, was the unfathomable misreading at work in the "Torture Memos" issued by the Office of Legal Counsel in August of 2002. Indeed, one needs only look at the distortive and bad-faith interpretations of the Convention Against Torture and accompanying provisions of the U.S. Legal Code to be reminded of the critical role of reflexive, contextualized, and critical reading to legal practice (Cole 2009).To this end, Brooks has curated a collection of essays that reflect on the humanities' contribution to disciplined and interpretive acts of reading. The structure of the book reflects the organization of the spring 2012 symposium at Princeton from which it emerged. The symposium, like the book, consisted of three sections: "Is there an ethics of reading?," "The ethics of reading and the professions," and "The humanities and human rights." An essay by Judith Butler sets the conversation in motion, as she explores the humanities' contribution to public life, and the issue of why the humanities should be defended against assessments of its value that take its instrumentality or "impact" as key metrics (p. 12).Central to Butler's argument, and to the reflections that follow, is the humanities' role in facilitating ethical reading. For legal scholars like Patricia Williams, this ethics takes the form of sensitivity toward individuals who may be objectified or transformed by readings of them (p. 78). For scholars in the humanities including Butler and Charles Larmore, ethical reading demands "critical judgment" on the part of readers (p. 30) as well as consideration of an author's intentions (p. 52). And contributors in high-level administrative positions including Ralph Hexter and Michael Roth emphasize a practice of reading attentive to the students and faculty for whom they read (pp. 83, 95).The book's thematic division into sections that examine spaces of literary analysis, professionalization, and human rights discourse as sites for ethical reflection offers a useful, organizing framework. But a more rewarding reading takes each section as enactments of ethical reading on the part of its contributors, who thoughtfully engage with each other's writing while making their own practices of reading explicit. Indeed, during these moments, The Humanities and Public Life is at its best.Two examples of ethical reading highlight the relevance of this book for interdisciplinary legal scholars. First, Williams' reflection on three photographs taken in the aftermath of the 2010 earthquake in Haiti shows the ability of captions to not only transform what we see but also transform our ability to see justly. To illustrate this point, she discusses an image of the silhouette of a young woman with outstretched arms and upturned hands. At first glance, Williams' law students interpreted this picture as an act of supplication that elicited a compassionate response. But when Williams attached the caption "Looter" to the photograph, students perceived the woman differently. The subject of the image became a figure of criminality and greed (pp. 75-78). This exercise offers a powerful window into the interpretive possibilities that inhabit textual, visual-and, indeed, living scenes. …

It is with enthusiasm that we present this special issue of Stream devoted to the student conference proceedings from the 2017 Canadian Communication Association annual meeting during the Congress for Social Science and Humanities held at Ryerson University. As current graduate students, we understand and appreciate the challenges that graduate students face and having a medium like the annual CCA-ACC conference provides the kind of professionalization that graduate students need to continue a career as academics.

It was in the years immediately following World War II and through the 1950s that the psychoanalytic establishment officially defined psychoanalysis as a subspecialty of psychiatry, and it was in that context of the professionalization of American medicine that they codified the distinction between psychoanalysis and (psychoanalytic) psychotherapy. In this commentary on Steven Stern's “Session Frequency and the Definition of Psychoanalysis,” I deconstruct a series of binaries that was built into the analysis/therapy distinction and that has plagued our discipline. It is argued that psychoanalysis identified itself with the culturally “masculine” and heterosexual values of autonomous individuality (the intrapsychic), while it split off all that was relational and social (interpersonal), marked as “feminine,” homosexual, and “primitive,” onto psychotherapy, which it then devalued. The paper then examines the implications for practice and psychoanalytic education.

The publication of The Northwest Corner of China (Zhongguo de xibei jiao) in 1936 was a milestone in the history of Chinese journalism. It signified the rise of a new, down-to-earth, first-hand, and personal journalistic style in China. The book became an instant best seller, reaching its eighth printing and selling thousands of copies within a few months.' The popularity and the widespread influence of the book quickly established its young author, Fan Changjiang (19091970), as one of the most influential journalists of his time.2 Published when he was 27, the book showed a talent and style that were to earn him the respect and loyalty of a large audience in later years, and soon became a model that was emulated by his peers and followers: the journalistic instinct for important matters; the personal and witty style; the powerful and lucid agrument; the ability to grasp an intricate mosaic of facts and then present them with coherence, force, sensitivity, and a sense of immediacy. Fan Changjiang was, in every sense, a committed and concerned journalist. He advocated a new journalistic style and sought to establish journalism as a respected profession. He called for accuracy and thoroughness in presenting a story, and for professionalization and

In quoting from a contemporary observer who noted that by virtue of their very nature it is “a small distance (that) women must travel to become nurses,” (145) Katrin Schultheiss sets up the main argument she advances in her analysis of the French politics of the professionalization of nursing in the Third Republic. In her discussion of the competing discourses of modernization, secularization, labor militancy, and feminization, which combined in intricate if at times oppositional ways to shape and inform the debate on women's place in public medicine and nursing, Schultheiss cautions against simple explanations and narrative arcs. This, the reader is told, is not simply the story of women's search for political recognition within the masculine public sphere; instead, it is one that outlines women's multi-pronged struggle for standardized training and professional status during the fin-de-siecle period. But the history and politics surrounding nursing's emergence at this time is bound up with other themes common to this period, from the rise of working-class consciousness among public workers, to the modernization of medicine as a discipline, and Church-state conflict. In viewing the micro and macro-level debates which enveloped nurses as a symptom of France's bumpy path to modernity, Schultheiss suggests that nursing acts as an important lens through which to observe larger struggles over gendered sacrifice, social citizenship, and political belonging at this critical juncture in French history.