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This paper presents central elements of what we have termed Jungian socioanalysis - an emerging theory combining analytical psychology, complexity theories, sociological theories, socio- and psychoanalysis, social dreaming, group analysis and affect theories consisting of five assumptions (see also Odde & Vestergaard 2021). Jungian socioanalysis develops a process approach, as opposed to a systems approach, to sociality. In this paper we focus mostly on one of the five assumptions, namely that Jungian socioanalysis explores social fields 'from within' through smaller groups, treating group processes as a vehicle to gain a psychosocial and cultural understanding of larger social entities. We give an example of this approach with a presentation of two local social dreaming experiences in Denmark, focusing on Europe in transition. We show that the most significant outcome doesn't rely on the specific content of the dreams, but rather on the engagement in the social dreaming process itself, resulting in transformative image-affects. The paper ends with reflections on how these social dreaming experiences inform a Jungian socioanalysis, pointing to enabling intersubjective meetings, or present moments, opening for a deeper understanding from within the group as opposed to a systems approach. The paper is a revised version of a presentation at the 2018 European Congress in Avignon., (© 2021, The Society of Analytical Psychology.)

The American election and its results in 2016 made it timely to provide a psychoanalytic analysis of the similar political events in the United States and in Hungary. Applying psychoanalytical theories to society has always been part of the tradition of the Budapest school. This paper argues that Hungarian and other transgenerational trauma theories can help us understand these developments. The author begins in using these theories to analyze the impact of political regimes on societies and individuals in Central Europe after World War II. She then continues to look at the political transformation that took place in 1989 in the socialist countries existing since 1945. This transformation promised liberation. But, this paper argues, the unexplored past resulted in the emergence of hierarchic, irrational political forces. The paper uses social and individual examples to help demonstrate these processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article provides an overview of the papers presented during a symposium held in Europe which focus on contemporary clinical challenges of group analysis. The first paper identifies six different areas that have to be taken into account for the practicing psychotherapist. Another paper provides the best basis for addressing the challenges of evidence-based practice in clinical setting. Another paper addresses the challenges for training programs in complying with university quality standards of accreditation.

Attachment theory, developed by child psychiatrist John Bowlby, is considered a major theory in developmental psychology. Attachment theory can be seen as resulting from Bowlby's personal experiences, his psychoanalytic education, his subsequent study of ethology, and societal developments during the 1930s and 1940s. One of those developments was the outbreak of World War II and its effects on children's psychological wellbeing. In 1950, Bowlby was appointed WHO consultant to study the needs of children who were orphaned or separated from their families for other reasons and needed care in foster homes or institutions. The resulting report is generally considered a landmark publication in psychology, although it subsequently met with methodological criticism. In this paper, by reconstructing Bowlby's visit to several European countries, on the basis of notebooks and letters, the authors shed light on the background of this report and the way Bowlby used or neglected the findings he gathered., (© 2019 The Authors. Journal of The History of the Behavioral Sciences published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.)

The paper tries to deal with the difficult and at times contradictory decisions that the then leaders of the IPA, S. Freud, A. Freud, E. Jones etc. had to adopt as whether or not to clearly inform the readers of Die Internationale Zeitschrift für Psychoanalyse and the International Journal of Psychoanalysis , the official scientific periodicals of the IPA, of the tragic events concerning first the German Psychoanalytic Society and then the Vienna Psychoanalytic Society and the newborn Italian Psychoanalytic Society and other European psychoanalytic societies during the years 1933-1945. Because of the anti-Jewish persecution by the Nazi and fascist regimes the IPA had to face the extremely difficult task of helping its Continental Jewish members to emigrate to the USA, Great Britain and other countries in order to save their lives and to allow psychoanalysis to survive, with enormous radical consequences for the scientific and sociocultural future developments of the discipline.The following notes are dedicated to those non-Aryans and Aryans who could not find a proper rescue and whose graves became the wind which scattered the ashes of their bodies with the smoke coming out of the chimneys of the Nazi gas chambers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two important schools of thought began in the nineteenth century in Central Europe: Marxism and psychoanalysis. They had much common but there were significant differences. The Marxist influence on early psychoanalysts played out in one way in Europe and another way in the United States. Freud and his Austro-Marxist colleagues were committed to human welfare and social justice. They established a network of clinics that offered psychoanalysis to patients of limited means. The free clinics movement did not cross the Atlantic. There was a cohort of Marxists in the United States who belonged to the United States Communist Party. They were not publicly socially committed, but this paper will try to show that their Marxism influenced their psychoanalytic theory, practice, and politics.

Group psychoanalytic theory rests on many of the same psychoanalytic assumptions as individual psychoanalytic theory but has been slow in developing its own language and unique understanding of conflict within the group, as many group phenomena are not the same as individual psychic events. Regressive fantasies and alliances within and to the group are determined by group composition and the interaction of fantasies among members and leader. Bion's useful but incomplete early abstract formulation of psychic regression in groups was the initial attempt to move beyond Freud's largely sociological view. This paper explores some of the origins of Bion's neglect of murderous violence in groups as a result of his own experiences in the first European war. In the following, I present evidence for the existence of a violent basic assumption and offer evidence as to Bion's avoidance of murderous and violent acts.

This paper is written in celebration of the centenary of The Psychoanalytic Review and aims to bring to life its entire history-100 years of publication. Almost as old as psychoanalysis itself, established by Jelliffe and White as a nonorthodox journal, and guided by all its subsequent editors, the Review has maintained its original mission: to serve as an open venue for all psychoanalytic perspectives, "a free forum for all." But the history of the Review is not without controversy. Freud made no original contributions to the Review. The paper unveils the Review's, rich history by looking briefly into the lives of some of its editors, the circumstances surrounding the creation of the Review (including pertinent correspondence between Freud and Brill and between Freud and Jelliffe), the years (with their engrossing politics) that followed the establishment of the Review until its merger with the journal Psychoanalysis (the official journal of NPAP), and the years that followed the merger to the present, including some of the important events that reshaped psychoanalysis. The role of the Review in promoting and reflecting almost the entire evolution of psychoanalysis is illustrated throughout.

Part I reviews the role of the Emergency Committee on Relief and Immigration of the American Psychoanalytic Association, chaired by Lawrence Kubie and Bettina Warburg, members of the New York Psychoanalytic Society, in facilitating the immigration to the United States of scores of European analysts and candidates between 1938 and 1943. The challenges facing the committee are outlined in reports written by Kubie and Warburg. In particular, the intractable problem of how to integrate European lay analysts into the American Psychoanalytic Association was an ever present problem. Part II describes the impact emigré analysts had on the intellectual life of the New York Psychoanalytic Society and Institute, and considers how the psychoanalytic work of the emigrés was influenced by their move to America. The reminiscences of two emigré analysts, Peter Neubauer and Kurt R. Eissler, on their experience of coming to the United States close the paper.

At an earlier time our work as analysts was easier. We searched for the repressed in order to make constructions that connected the past to the present symptoms. Making these connections conscious, based upon the continuing influence of the Topographic theory, was thought to be the curative factor in psychoanalysis. Freud (1912, 1914) briefly expressed the importance of working in the present but his main focus remained the importance of reconstructing the past. The importance of working in the present started to be fully articulated approximately 30 years ago, and has become a central part of most views on technique. However, it is the contention of this paper that, while there is general agreement on the necessity of working in the here and now, the understanding of what this means or why it is useful runs along parallel lines rather than leading to a central point. Further, it is my impression there is little agreement on the reasons for interpreting the there and then. The idea of a 'workable here and now' is introduced to capture how the here and now might best include the analysand's readiness to synthesize what is offered, while a theory of the necessity for working in the here and now and the there and then is offered., (Copyright © 2011 Institute of Psychoanalysis.)

This paper discusses how psychoanalytic ideas were brought to bear in the Allied struggle against the Third Reich and explores some of the claims that were made about this endeavour. It shows how a variety of studies of Fascist psychopathology, centered on the concept of superego, were mobilized in military intelligence, postwar planning and policy recommendations for "denazification." Freud's ideas were sometimes championed by particular army doctors and government planners; at other times they were combined with, or displaced by, competing, psychiatric and psychological forms of treatment and diverse studies of the Fascist "personality." This is illustrated through a discussion of the treatment and interpretation of the deputy leader of the Nazi Party, Rudolf Hess, after his arrival in Britain in 1941.

Situating psychoanalysis in the context of Jewish history, this paper takes up Freud's famous 1930 question: what is left in Judaism after one has abandoned faith in God, the Hebrew language and nationalism, and his answer: a great deal, perhaps the very essence, but an essence that we do not know. On the one hand, it argues that "not knowing" connects psychoanalysis to Judaism's ancestral preoccupation with God, a preoccupation different from that of the more philosophical Greek, Latin and Christian traditions of theology. On the other hand, "not knowing" connects psychoanalysis to a post-Enlightenment conception of the person (i.e. of personal life), as opposed to the more abstract notion of the subject associated with Kant.

Editorial. Comments on the issues related to psychoanalysis in Europe. Need for therapeutic education; Role of therapists; Danger of therapy.

In this paper, the author outlines the historical-cultural picture in the former USSR and post-Soviet Russia. He looks at some facets of psychoanalysis in Russia in the years immediately before and after the October Revolution as well as in its recent history, exploring the implicit question of how the wider social context, and specifically totalitarian and post-totalitarian reality, has influenced psychoanalytic work and analytic space in this country. With the help of Sebek's concept of the totalitarian object and Britton's formulations about the triangular space, the author attempts to understand the interaction of external and internal space and to give an introduction to the problem of establishing the analytic setting as well as finding some new possibilities of enlarging the space for new psychoanalysts in Russia.

In recent literature, Freud's relation with pioneers of psychoanalysis has been reevaluated. This paper describes the evolution of the relation between Freud and Ferenczi during their most controversial period--1925-33. The consequences of this evolution on psychoanalytic theory and practice are shown. The links between events of the protagonists' lives, their reflections about them, and the resulting theoretical elaboration (e.g. on homosexuality, female sexuality, problems of separation) are also taken into account. This work is essentially based on their recently published correspondence.

After selecting five representative European psychoanalytic thinkers, all of whom emigrated to the United States, this essay surveys their earliest perceptions and interpretations of the historical and psychological roots of Fascism, with particular emphasis on anti-Semitism. My samples almost all derive from the period before, during, and immediately after World War II. In examining the writings of Otto Fenichel, Ernst Simmel, Erik Homburger Erikson, Rudolf Loewenstein and Bruno Bettelheim, it discusses the various environmental and psychological dimensions of their understandings of racial prejudice. The paper argues that each thinker attempted to integrate historical, sociological, cultural and clinical factors into their psychodynamic formulations about the individual and group mind of the Fascist anti-Semite. This generation of psychoanalysts explained Fascist anti-Semitism by exploring the mechanisms of projection, the process of massive splitting mechanisms of the group mind, fantasies of delinquent adolescent aggrandizement in Hitler, sado-masochistic and perverse oedipal dynamics, and a macabre identification with the torturers on the part of Jewish inmates in the concentration camps, that obliterated the individual's sense of autonomy and capacity to respond morally. The paper points out the pronounced ambivalence of this generation of Jewish analysts and intellectuals toward their own Jewish backgrounds and sense of themselves as Jews. It also argues that this generation muted its left-wing and socialist political tendencies once they arrived in America, taking a turn against politics. It suggests that some of the features of this Jewish ambivalence can be seen in the exploration of a so-called "Jewish psychology," itself a disguised form of racism, a derivative of projection, which may have had rather negative and authoritarian consequences for the psychoanalytic movement in America.

New evidence sheds fresh light on the decades-long controversy whether Dr Max Eitingon, a pioneer of psychoanalysis in Europe and Palestine, collaborated with Soviet intelligence. This paper focuses on the hitherto overlooked figure and connections of his wife Mirra, and especially the impact of her son Yuli Khariton's career as a top nuclear physicist in the USSR's scientific and defence establishment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the Annuals of the International Journal of Psychoanalysis, which have been published in Europe since 2003, successively in French, Italian, German, Turkish and Russian. Like the Annuals published since 1985 in Latin America, these are designed to give non-Anglophone readers access to a selection of leading psychoanalytic articles. Each European Annual makes its own selection so the content varies from one Annual to another. Psychoanalysts on the various editorial committees translate the texts from English into their native target language on a voluntary basis. Beyond the geographical and cultural criteria, the desire to translate and the enjoyment of translating are among the key criteria. The Annual editors consider it important that the English language should continue to exist as a psychoanalytic lingua franca, without actually becoming its universal language, so that the richness and diversity of the psychoanalytic languages and terminologies can be preserved. The European Annuals in French, Italian, German, Turkish and Russian, with their linguistic and cultural characteristics, are then presented in turn. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores how the institutional life of analytical psychology has been beset by its historical and continuing conflictual relationship with psychoanalysis. Stemming from a division in Jung's identity, that of the spiritual seeker and that of a mental health practitioner, the organizations of analytical psychology have repeatedly enacted that division, resulting in an unclear mission and considerable conflict. In England those conflicts have led to schisms; in America they have played out in internal conflicts within training institutes. Examples of areas of conflict are provided, along with suggestions for addressing these conflicts by recognizing them more openly.

The recent German Focus cover which shows the statue of Venus de Milo flipping off the European Union, and calls the Greeks the "cheats of the euro zone" caused major outbursts from the Greek media. The airbrushed statue of Venus expressing the communal German sentiment has provoked massive reactions that lay bare the tension underlying the construction of a universal, seamless European identity. In my essay I will attempt a reading of the Focus-cover and the discourses that have developed around it. In particular, I will examine the relationship between the dominant claim of constructing a unified European identity, and the attempt to master the current social and economic crisis in terms of national identity, drawing from Roland Barthes, Michel Foucault, Jacques Lacan, and Discourse Theory. The paper is built around the three forms of objectification articulated by Foucault: the production of power-knowledge through discourse, dividing practices, and the turning of the self into a subject. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The idea of psychoanalysis as a 'Jewish science' remains contentious, raising important issues about the specificity of the conditions of emergence of any discipline, and concerns about essentializing claims to knowledge. This paper presents material relating to Freud's own thinking on his Jewish identity and its connections with the origins of psychoanalysis. It is argued that psychoanalysis was constructed out of the very specific social and cultural conditions of the Jews in Europe at the end of the 19th century, and that this has left its mark on psychoanalysis ever since. This does not mean that no other origins for psychoanalysis are imaginable; it is simply a statement of what actually happened, and what has to be faced. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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By the end of World War I the Hungarian Psychoanalytic movement was strong and deeply integrated into the cultural and intellectual life of Budapest. The city was ready to be the center of the European psychoanalysis. The paper discusses how Budapest lost its growing eminence as a center, but because of the political-social changes in Hungary in the years 1918-1920. The paper will examine the two waves of Hungarian emigration between the world wars, the first in the early twenties to the Weimar Republic, and then in the thirties, to the United States and Australia. These movements of important Hungarian psychoanalysts, account both becoming weaker of the Budapest School and at the same time its influence in other countries. The author highlights the outstanding role of the American Psychoanalytic Association's setting up the Emergency Committee on Relief and Immigration in saving the lives of many European colleagues. America was open to European psychoanalysis at that time and in return immigrants facilitated the development of modern psychotherapy and psychoanalysis. The influence of Vienna, Budapest and Berlin can be traced in contemporary psychoanalytic culture in the United States. The documentation for this paper was researched in Washington, D.C., New York and London, supported by fellowships and grants from the Woodrow Wilson International Center and the Soros Foundation.

Melanie Klein and Jacques Lacan have profoundly influenced the theory and practice of psychoanalysis, particularly outside the United States. This paper explores the similarities and differences between their theories, personalities, and influence on the European analytic community in the aftermath of World War II. Parallels are drawn between the paranoid-schizoid position and the imaginary order, as well as between the depressive position and the symbolic order. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a paper that reviews theoretical approaches to the key concepts of identity and citizenship exploring their implications for the possibilities of European citizenship and European identity. In reviewing theoretical discussion of identity, this paper reasserts the value of a social constructionist position that people have one self but many identities, some more primary than others. This approach goes beyond the conclusion that, while neither local nor national identity is necessarily primary, local identity is more likely to be primary, to offer clues about the conditions required for supra-national identities such as European or global identity to become primary. Because identities are maintained as well as produced through social interaction, they are always open to challenge and renegotiation in social interaction. Hence, identities are never as profoundly fixed as psychoanalysis suggests. The article concludes with debate concerning whether and in what circumstances being a citizen moves from membership of an abstract category to becoming an important aspect of sense of self.

This paper describes the transplantation of psychoanalysis from Europe to Los Angeles and the similarities and differences in followers, cultural attitudes, institutional organization, and patient symptoms. Psychoanalysis in both places attracted psychiatrists, psychologists, social workers, artists, writers, and movie people, all committed to “modernism” and cultural change. But special American conditions created greater institutional rigidity, medicalization, and a more diffuse patient symptomatology centered on the maternal relationship. Such conditions also fostered bitter disputes over modifications of psychoanalytic theory and practice which have only recently become less acute as the status of psychoanalysis has declined in America. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Originally prepared as part of the background material for an International Psychoanalytical Association Symposium devoted to a critical consideration and review of the structure and functioning of the IPA in 1988, this paper uses sources within the IPA's Archives to trace the key developments in their history since their foundation in 1910. An addendum provides some details of similar developments from 1985 to the present.

This article explores a series of papers Anna Freud wrote in the 1970s, which constitute her history of child psychoanalysis. It notes her purposes-theoretical, clinical, and institutional-for reviewing this history and then focuses on three themes that she stressed. First, she emphasized that the "widening scope of psychoanalysis" had been both tremendously fruitful and perplexing as it revealed areas-such as the developmental pathologies-for which theory and technique lag. Second, she underscored the way child analysis had been extended from pathology to the theory of normal development, particularly by adding child observation to its research methods. Third, she noted how child analysis has often been hampered by reductionist thinking, and she made a plea for complexity: for considering all metapsychological frameworks and all developmental lines, and for articulating a complexly grounded diagnostic.

Although there was only one specimen dream in the first draft of 'The Interpretation of Dreams' that Freud would describe as fully analysed, he removed his dream from the text on the insistence of his friend, Wilhelm Fliess. The content of this 'lost dream' has been one of the great mysteries in psychoanalytic history. In this paper the author, working from clues in Freud's letters to Fliess and elsewhere, demonstrates that Freud's submission to Fliess caused him great anguish. The author contends that rather than discarding the lost dream as it has been assumed he did, Freud dismembered, disguised and resurrected it, along with the entire dream analysis, in the essay 'Screen memories'. A reconstruction of the lost dream and Freud's analysis as it appeared in the first draft of 'The Interpretation of Dreams', is attempted. The fate of the lost dream was the catalysing element in the dissolution of Freud's relationship with Fliess, it is maintained. Along with the transferential aspects of his relationship with Fliess, Freud's personal circumstances and the realities of the historical moment in Vienna are considered as contributing to his state of mind at the time.

In this brief history, the authors have attempted to highlight salient aspects of psychotherapy with physically disabled individuals across a span ranging from the prepsychoanalytic to the contemporary. Particular attention is given to the prepsychoanalytic work of Charcot and Janet on neurological diseases and trauma, respectively. Psychoanalytic concepts are reviewed as they relate to physical disability and they are compared with contemporary themes involving trauma and loss. The paper has a distinctly psychoanalytic bias about the psychology of congenital and acquired physical differences. Important to the psychotherapist is the fact that these individuals who happen to have physical disabilities bring to the clinical situation the same kinds of problems, defenses, and adaptations as do so-called "ordinary people." There are some important differences in focus between those whose physical differences are congenital and those who acquire physical disability later in life. However, for the most part, the principles and practice of psychotherapy with the physically disabled are no different from those for any other human being.

The proliferation of psychoanalytic schools demands the reexamination of the history of psychoanalysis. Psychoanalysis emerged at the intersection between the rational heritage of the enlightenment and the interest in the morbid that was the hallmark of romanticism. This paper focuses on moments when psychoanalysis was poised at a crossroads where various routes could have been taken. Differentiation is made among the heretics, modifiers, and extenders of psychoanalysis. Discussed within a historical frame of reference are the contributions of leading modifiers--Melanie Klein, Hartmann, Winnicott, Kohut, and others--as well as their extenders. The paper concludes with a discussion of some current urgent problems facing psychoanalysis.

Breuer and Freud's prepsychoanalytic cathartic treatment proved to be generally ineffective. Consequently, both the treatment and the theory adduced to support it were revised to accommodate the issue of wishes and their expression. But the new treatment, too, had only limited success, which resulted in a further revision of the supporting theory to emphasize the "resistances," or the control and modulation of drives. There is an irony in these progressive shifts: as the therapy's limitations became more apparent, the theory became more expansive, and extended itself beyond its beginnings in neurotic symptoms, and into slips, dreams, character formation, and sociology. In short, it encompassed more of normal behavior as its expectations for the therapy of pathological behavior were increasingly called into question. The paper explores some implications of this historical turn for a scientific data base with opportunities to test and revise the various psychoanalytic hypotheses. One view would have it that psychoanalysis has been lamed by the physicalistic language of its metapsychology, by its isolation from the neurosciences and the cognitive sciences, and by a compartmentalization of practice and knowledge that has kept its practitioners focused on the worried well and unimpressed by the knowledge at its borders. Another view would propose that the restiveness of some current and past theorists to claim the mantle of "science" continues to lead to premature and awkward attempts to couple psychoanalysis with putative neighbors rather than stick to its last of shaping its own findings into a language reflecting a coherent theory capable of validation.

This paper focuses upon the roles of procreation, fatherhood, and identification with the fertile mother in Freud's creation of psychoanalysis. Fatherhood and motherhood, pregnancy and birth, children and siblings, figure prominently in Freud's self-analysis and in his relationship with his prototransference object, Wilhelm Fliess. Although Freud attributed his self-analytic interest and revived oedipal conflict to the death of his father, becoming a parent himself was also a significant determinant. Birth as well as death reactivated his childhood and stimulated his creative ferment.

In 1988, the APP hosted a conference on psychoanalytic psychotherapy (PP) in the public sector in other European countries. This taught us that Britain had much to learn from other countries as well as much to share. The APP realised the need for a European Federation of PP in the public sector (EFPP) to represent and facilitate the field. The APP therefore joined with representatives from the Association of Child Psychotherapy and the Institute of Group Analysis and in 1991 formally created such an organisation by linking with similar representatives from European Union countries. This article takes an overview of PP in European countries, comparing the situation now in 2022 with the time of the founding of the EFPP in 1991. Despite significant setbacks in some countries, the indications are that PP has made very significant process in most countries in terms of the number of training organisations and practitioners in all four EFPP sections. The impact on public mental health provision is impressive in some countries but remains limited if not very limited in many. The article reviews some of the factors that have led to progress and setbacks, pinpointing 'lessons' and warning signs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the influence and success of Psychodynamic Diagnostic Manual (PDM) from the fields of psychoanalysis and psychology in Europe and in the U.S. According to author Irvin Hoffman, PDM in the U.S. promotes a healthy tension in developing a criteria that can be employed in research and captures the complexity of clinical phenomena. On the other hand, PDM in Italian and European clinical literature ascertain its influence on the assessment of many kinds of disorders.

This paper describes the historic development of psychoanalysis, the singular product of the genius of one man, Sigmund Freud, and which he made such strenuous efforts through his lifetime to maintain as a unified enterprise, defining out dissidents (like Adler, Jung, etc.), into what has become in the almost half-century since his death a science and a discipline characterized by an increasing diversity or pluralism, of theoretical perspectives, of linguistic and thought conventions, and of distinctive regional, cultural, and language emphases. I discuss both the understanding of this theoretical diversity and what, in the face of it, holds us together as common adherents of a shared psychoanalytic science and profession. My thesis is that what unites us is our shared focus on the clinical interactions in our consulting rooms, the phenomena encompassed by the 'present unconscious' (the Sandlers) or the 'clinical theory' (George Klein). When we look beyond that to an explanatory structure within which to conceptualize the genetic-developmental process, normal and abnormal mental functioning, psychopathology and its reversal (cure) i.e. the realm of the 'past unconscious' or the 'general theory', we posit our various theoretical, linguistic or thought perspectives, i.e.--at this stage of our historical development--our metaphors or our various explanatory symbolisms. Some implications of this viewing of our various theoretical perspectives in psychoanalysis (ego psychological, object-relational, self-psychological, Kleinian, Bionian, Lacanian, etc.) as but metaphoric expressions, are reviewed.

This essay examines Slavoj Žižek's claim that the Balkans is the unconscious of Europe. To make such a claim is to treat the entire region as a subject with a failing oedipal structure, which Žižek attributes to the absence of a Cartesian tradition and the proper symbolic authority. As a result of such absence, he claims, the Balkans has withdrawn into its pathological feminine substance and needs to be conquered by the language of the universal subject. This paper places Žižek's work in the context of other versions of colonial psychoanalysis, versions that justify oppression in the name of failed oedipalization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article offers information about role of psychiatry, which is considered a modern medical specialty that involves the brain, the mind, human behaviours and social relationships, in modern medicine. Other topics being presented include the relationship between psychiatry and medicine and the need for modern psychiatrists to balance their clinical psychiatric skills.

The question of European identity today seems to be all the more pressing, as the current financial crisis is not only quickly developing into one of internal political cohesion for the Union, but has also certainly aggravated the long-standing problem of a lack of identification with the European political project among European populations. This article seeks to discuss this disenchantment with Europe through a concept of political myth. It argues that political myths entail both narrations of communal origins and utopian horizons of the communal future. Drawing on insights from Lacanian psychoanalysis, it connects the utopian dimension of myth to the level of affective investment in political communities, and suggests that the disenchantment with the European project might be partly due to the fact that its original utopian horizon - that of peace in Europe - today seems to have been achieved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents an open forum focused on incorporating gender studies to the universities in Europe. It offers information on a European consortium that inspires, graduates in Transnational Memory Studies (TMS) and Cultural Heritage Management related to feminism. It mentions that the fragmentation intellectual life can be analyzed by psychoanalytic concept that signifies the pleasure for illegitimate body parts.

Psychiatric communities represent in Europe a consistent part of psychiatric mental health services. In spite of this, studies which investigate the therapeutic processes which take place in such specific setting are still lacking. This paper is an attempt to contribute to fill this gap, describing how the main principles of Psychoanalytic Self Psychology could help mental health workers of different professional backgrounds to integrate their roles, actions and rehabilitative and therapeutic affords with the view of offering a cohesive and personalized treatment to their patients. It will be discuss how the concepts of “understanding and making the patient feeling understood” constitute a basic ingredient, particularly in the early stages of treatment, for allowing the therapeutic alliance to develop. It will be explained how the recognition and the working through of the often archaic and intense self object transfers, which develop towards specific workers or towards the community as a whole, are an important tool for comprehend and making sense of the patients’ behavior, enabling the team to withstand the challenges posed by difficult clients and utilizing such circumstances as a therapeutic opportunity. It will be considered the role of relatives and significant others in regulating the mental states of the patients and also the role of inter-patients relationships as a potentially useful instrument to enhance mentalization among guests. It will be discussed the importance of creating a cohesion among the members of the multidisciplinary team, through the facilitation of an atmosphere of dialogue, openness and reciprocal listening and understanding. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

'Who?, where?, what?, in which way?, to whom?' - besides being the questions Paula Heimann suggested that any analyst should ask him- or herself while exploring the patient's communications, these are also the main issues the authors addressed through the results of their survey on the present state of the relationship between psychoanalysis and universities in Europe. This is a pilot study that tries to chart a map of European psychoanalysts (for the moment including only members of the International Psychoanalytic Society) working at various levels in universities. The aim is to set up a network between them for starting a debate on shared problems, hopes, and anxieties relating to the future of psychoanalysis in academia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article is an attempt to cover the scope and development of body-psychotherapy, from Reich's early work in Europe to the growth of different methods of body-psychotherapy, mainly in the USA, subsequent to his death 50 years ago. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since the early 1990s, there has been a steady increase in the use of closed circuit television cameras to monitor public space(s) across Europe and North America. The existing theoretical literature has tended to explain the resort to CCTV in the context of disciplinary subjection. Whereas one set of studies explains CCTV surveillance using the metaphor of panopticon, more recent argumentation has identified CCTV as a ‘social ordering strategy’ which serves the interests of elite/business partnerships through risk-based modes of neoliberal regulation. This article provides insight into the hitherto neglected emotional and affective dimensions of the adoption of CCTV monitoring programs, privileging the role of social antagonism in the consolidation of public surveillance schemes. Developing one explanation for the ascension of open-street monitoring which advances the literature beyond the dominant material-ideological perspective(s), the article engages insights from Foucauldian and psychoanalytic theory to explicate the reciprocal functioning of grievance and risk-based modes of problematization, set in a wider imaginary web of relations, in the symbolic constitution of social disorder as a mechanism of affective governance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A brief history of the European analysts who settled in Boston during the first decade of the newly re-organized Boston Psychoanalytic Society/Institute, as part of the great intellectual migration fleeing from Hitler Germany and Austria. The term émigré was chosen as more inclusive, since not all were refugees forced to emigrate. The sequence of each analyst's arrival is traced, and their reasons for choosing Boston are identified, whenever possible. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article attempts to explain increasing economic nationalism among British trade unions in the 1980s and early 1990s by linking together approaches from two disciplines which are usually pursued separately, namely psychoanalysis and sociology. By means of a case study of the collective identities of British trade unions in the 1980s and early 1990s, the article shows that despite a strong internationalist rhetoric, British unions responded to economic globalization and European integration during this period with a discourse of economic nationalism which also came to be strengthened and reinforced by strong feelings of shame and anger, which in turn undercut the articulation of broader forms of identification at either the European or the wider supra-national levels. Drawing on a theoretical framework developed in a previous article, the main argument is that in the context of an increasingly global economy and a hostile Conservative government, British unions' increasing economic nationalism may be thought of partly as discourse or political rhetoric and partly as a 'social defence mechanism' rooted in the anxiety generated by the social conditions of the unions. Finally, the data also lend some, albeit tentative, support to the thesis advanced by a number of authors that national identities and their accompanying emotions also tend to be expressed in a gendered form. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Focuses on the development of professionalization in the field of psychotherapy in Europe. Distinction between psychoanalysis and psychoanalytic; Transmission of psychoanalysis between universities and training societies; Certification of psychotherapy.