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While entitlements are often expressed as universal and linked to the rights citizens should have, young people's access to them is shaped by their social positioning, meaning that whether, and in what sense, they are citizens is pertinent. If citizens have access to universal entitlements, does this position certain young people who do not have such access as 'lesser youth' because their entitlements are reduced and citizenship diminished or non-existent? This paper examines whether and how young, separated migrants wanting refuge may be positioned as 'lesser youth'. It draws on a sample of them and multisector professionals examining qualitative data on accessing health care, sexual exploitation and rebuilding lives. The data suggest that the legislative and institutional framework they face militates against their enjoying the 'universal' entitlements of citizens. This reflects their positioning as 'lesser youth' excluded from the full rights citizens are entitled to. Such a positioning is in large part underpinned by contested notions of nationhood, belonging and entitlement central to communitarian citizenship but which exclude them. We argue that a meaningful citizenship for these youth requires a contestation of restrictive communitarian ideas and practices in ways forwarding a more inclusive and socially just multicultural UK. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper describes the development of protocols with interpreters employed in an East London psychological trauma clinic. The service treats traumatized refugee people with cognitive methods, according to the National Institute for Clinical Excellence (NICE) Guidelines for PTSD. NICE states that language should not be a barrier to treatment, but provides no further guidance to achieve this. These protocols for interpreting CBT are designed to be explicit, consistent and ethical. A telephone poll from a recent UK-wide trauma survey, a focus group with local interpreters, and practitioner reflection were all used to develop and refine the protocols and their rationale, which are described, together with implications for future culturally sensitive practice and research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is controversy about the value of psychological interventions offered to refugee people through an interpreter, but little empirical evidence in this field. This study compared routine clinical outcomes of three groups of PTSD patients receiving CBT: refugees who required interpreters; refugees who did not require an interpreter; and English-speaking non-refugees. The aim of the study was to ascertain whether interpreted CBT is feasible. All three groups attended a similar number of sessions and showed significant improvements after treatment. Refugees receiving treatment with and without interpreting did not differ in treatment outcomes. The findings suggest that interpreters can be used with positive outcome in treating PTSD patients with CBT. This study supports NICE (2005) recommendations that CBT should be offered regardless of language need. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]