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Technological innovation is the key to develop wind power and photovoltaic power industries. The feed-in tariff (FIT) policy, as a demand-pull policy, is important to support renewable energy technological innovation. Using the "difference-in-differences" method, this paper investigates the impact of FIT policy of wind power and the impact of the FIT policy designed according to differences in the distribution of resources on wind power technological innovation. The findings show that the FIT policy can drive patenting in wind power technologies during the implementation period, but may play a relatively weak promoting role in technological innovation in the latter term, and the FIT policy designed according to differences in the distribution of resources also stimulates more patent counts. Finally, based on the fixed effect negative binomial regression model, this paper finds that the higher feed-in tariffs can increase the patent counts in photovoltaic power technologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Innovative activities are increasingly decentralized and globally dispersed, which provides new upgrading opportunities for emerging market firms. However, little is known about how latecomer firms (re-)organize their research and development (R&D) over time as conditions for upgrading change. This paper systematically maps the R&D networks of China's lead firms in the wind turbine industry. The empirical findings reveal that latecomer firms not only exploit but increasingly co-create vanguard knowledge in global R&D networks through organizational diversification. Taking an evolutionary perspective, the paper extends our understanding of the changing nature of upgrading mechanisms and provides new insights into the reorganization of innovation processes in an era of technological change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Clean energy transformation in major powers, especially the rapidly expanding electric vehicle and wind power industries, has sparked an increasing demand for strategic resources such as rare earths (RE). The RE industrial chain has become a focal area of geopolitical competition between China and the United States. This paper utilizes theories and methods from law and political economics, employing the classic paradigm of global governance, to examine the underlying motivations and geopolitical impacts of the United States in promoting the restructuring of the global rare earth industrial chain. Taking into account the two major characteristics of the U.S.' geopolitical strategy, namely 'controlling key industrial chains' and 'containing China with allies,' this paper reveals the underlying logic and strategic responses of significant political and economic relationships in the ongoing geopolitical competition. These relationships include the connection between the decoupling of the RE industrial chain and reconstruction of the global 'dual chain' pattern, the enactment of the 'three major acts' by the U.S., and the dominance of the global clean energy industry system, as well as the game between China and the United States as major powers and Japan's industrial security. The results show that: (1) In terms of controlling key industrial chains, the technological 'de-rare earth' initiatives of downstream enterprises are reinforcing the 'de-sinicization' strategic orientation of western governments, and vice versa. This joint effort is promoting the formation of a global strategic resource 'dual chain' pattern. (2) In terms of containing China with allies, the United States requires that Japan and other allied countries share the responsibility in geopolitical competition with China. Japan, driven by its own interests, has been deeply involved in the restructuring of the global RE industrial chain, shifting from a high dependence on Chinese RE imports to a deep participation in a new global RE industrial chain led by the U.S. (3) The promulgation of the 'three major acts' by the U S. is a strong proof of its consistent use of domestic laws to shape geopolitical relations. The underlying motivation behind this is to reshape the strategic resource industrial chain and gain control of the global clean energy transformation. In the face of escalating strategic resource competition and based upon the 'dual circulation' new development pattern, China should, on the one hand, leverage its resources and production capacity advantages in the front and middle streams of the industrial chains, leading the independent extension of the strategic resource industry chain through innovation. On the other hand, China should engage strategically and integrate global key mineral resources, develop effective countermeasures, and continuously enhance the resilience of key industrial chains such as rare earths, so as to improve the level of national strategic resource security. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, the vigorous development of the wind power industry has become an important measure in the transformation of energy structure in China. However, the overall low technical efficiency of wind farms has severely hindered wind power industrial development. It is of great practical significance to evaluate the technical efficiency (TE) of wind power in China and analyze its main factors. Most of the existing literature on the assessment of the TE of wind power in China focuses only on large listed companies and applies the traditional data envelopment analysis (DEA) while ignoring its potential shortcomings for TE estimation. Based on panel data, this paper used stochastic frontier analysis (SFA) to construct an analytical model for assessing the TE and influencing factors of Chinese wind farms and compared the results with those from DEA to verify the robustness. The empirical results showed that the TE of Chinese wind farms was generally low. The age of a wind farm and its power consumption have a negative impact on its technical efficiency, while the utilization of power generation equipment has a positive impact on its technical efficiency. Enhancing the technological innovation capabilities of wind power companies, speeding up the construction of supporting infrastructure and solving structural problems of wind power supply and demand are important measures for the wind power industry to improve the overall TE and promote industrial development in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In pursuit of China's goals for carbon peak and carbon neutrality, wind turbines are continually evolving to achieve a lower levelized cost of energy. The primary technological focus in the wind power industry is on large-scale, lightweight designs for entire turbines to enhance cost competitiveness. However, this advancement has led to an increased risk of blade fractures under extreme operating conditions. This paper addresses this challenging issue by using geometrically exact beam theory to develop a nonlinear simulation model for long, flexible blades. The model accounts for sudden changes in blade properties at the moment of failure, covering both the extensive motions and deformations of the fractured blade. The validation of the proposed model is carried out by comparing the results from power production cases with bladed simulations and further validating the simulations of blade fracture load cases against measurement data. The methodologies and findings presented in this study offer valuable insights for diagnosing faults in wind turbines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Power Generation Technology is the property of Power Generation Technology Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

As a new and cost-effective renewable energy power generation technology, offshore wind power is getting more and more attention. The development of offshore wind power industry is affected by policy-making, technology management, resources and environment, market supply and demand, and the relationship among the influencing factors is complex. This paper analyzes the factors that affect offshore wind power industry from a unique and comprehensive perspective. Fourteen factors are selected and interpretative structural model (ISM) is established to study the relationship between the influencing factors of offshore wind power industry. The results show that 14 influencing factors can be divided into five levels: the first level is the surface factors, including the economic incentive policy, operation mechanism, industrial chain, energy market mechanism, investment, and financing mechanism; the second and third levels are the intermediate factors, including generation cost, operation management, and offshore wind power technology; the fourth and fifth levels are deep-seated factors, including development planning and grid price, site selection, R&D investment, environmental protection policy, and offshore wind power supply. Deep-seated factors have a direct impact on the intermediate factors, the intermediate factors have an important impact on the surface factors, and the surface factors directly affect the development of offshore wind power industry. The influence of the 14 factors selected in this paper on offshore wind power industry is from bottom to top, from deep to shallow. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the unsymmetrical effect from air quality (AQ) to stock return (SR) in China's different industries. Depending on quantile-on-quantile (QQ) test, it draws the important results in following aspects. For tourism, iron and steel, and automobile industries, their coefficient values between AQ and SR turn into negative from positive with deteriorating AQ. Conversely, the coefficients in the wind power, hydro power, thermal power, environmental protection, and medical equipment industries turn positive from negative. Some contributions are thus drawn when compared to existing literatures. Government industrial policy is regarded as an important supplement in explaining mechanism from AQ to SR, except investor sentiment. Industrial heterogeneity is seriously treated in this paper due to different industries have different responses to AQ. Besides, the QQ test is able to capture nexus between AQ and SR in specific quantiles through embedding non-parametric estimation into conventional quantile approach. Therefore, investors should avoid biased trading decisions under different air qualities. Meanwhile, government intervention is paid special attention when appearing serious air pollution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Under the goal of “Carbon Emission Peak and Carbon Neutralization”, the integrated development between various industries and renewable energy (photovoltaic, wind power) is of great significance in China. This paper summarizes the relevant policies, integration schemes and typical cases of the integrated development between renewable energy and other industries. First, the development status of wind and solar generation in China is introduced. Second, we summarize the relevant policies issued by the National Development and Reform Commission, National Energy Administration and other departments to promote the integrated development in photovoltaic and wind power generation in China. Third, eight kinds of photovoltaic three-dimensional development models are described, including “photovoltaic + agriculture, industry, environmental protection, transportation, architecture, communication, hydrogen and ecology”. Fourth, eight kinds of wind power three-dimensional development models are summarized, including “Offshore wind power + marine ranch, marine energy, marine tourism, marine oil and gas, hydrogen, communication, Energy Island” and “Onshore wind power + courtyard”. In the future, the promotion and application of the above integrated development projects will be accelerated. This overview aims to provide reference for the design in photovoltaic and wind energy systems and help potential investors to make decisions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to the advantages of technical maturity, economic benefits and development potential, wind power is highly expected by China. In order to accelerate the development of wind power industry (WPI), the Chinese government has formulated a variety of preferential policies. Yet can policies effectively improve the productive efficiency of Chinese WPI has not been fully answered so far. Based on the micro-data of Chinese wind power listed enterprises from 2006 to 2019, this paper assesses the productive efficiency of enterprises in different links of wind power industry chain (WPIC) with DEA model. And then the fixed effect regression model is employed to identify the effect of policy on productive efficiency. The results show that, in the sample period, the overall productive efficiency of WPI is relatively low. The productive efficiency of upstream enterprises is the highest (19.8%), while that of downstream enterprises is the lowest (12.9%). And productive efficiency of midstream enterprises is 15.8%. Besides, the economic policy significantly inhibits the productive efficiency of WPI. The soft policy is an effective macro-control measure to improve the productive efficiency. And the effect of regulatory policy is time-dependent. Then the suggestions are provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Developing the wind energy industry (WEI) has been a long-term strategy in China for responding to the energy crisis and greenhouse gas emissions. However, China's WEI faces various barriers despite its favorable prospects. This paper aims to propose a path analysis approach for exploring the best methods and timing for overcoming diverse barriers in developing WEI systematically, especially in terms of revealing in which phases these barriers should take priority. A multidimensional barrier set categorized by institutional, economic and financial, social, technical, and market factors is identified via the integration of a literature review and empirical interviews. A path analysis approach based on the grey group DEMATEL-NK model is constructed, where the causalities and intensities among barriers are extracted to design a path simulation algorithm with heuristics. The optimal path for overcoming barriers in developing the WEI is generated through a simulation of the search and optimization process used to climb to the fitness landscape peak. The results show that the different barriers to completing the legal and regulatory framework should be prioritized to reach adequate financial incentives and coordination among stakeholders, and that an efficient talent cultivation system should be developed and industry-academic cooperation should be strengthened to increase technical and R&D capabilities in the short term. The optimal path presents a strategic instrument for managers to use to better develop sustainable and clean wind energy systems from the novel insights of prioritizing to overcome barriers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the development of the economy and society, the problems of resources and the environment are becoming more and more prominent. As an environmentally friendly and clean energy, wind energy is developing rapidly with the support of relevant policies and technologies. At the same time, the development of the wind power industry is also faced with some problems, as the "abandoning wind" phenomenon of wind farms is still relatively common; the continuous decline of wind turbine prices and the sharp rise in operation and maintenance costs have further reduced the profit space of wind power manufacturers. The fundamental reason for the series of difficulties in the development of the wind power industry is the imbalance between the various links in the wind power industry chain. There is an urgent need to evaluate the performance of the wind power industry chain to improve the weak links. In this paper, by using the three-stage data envelopment analysis (DEA) model, the input-oriented BCC model is used in the first stage, and the stochastic Frontier analysis method is used to analyze the input relaxation variables in the second stage to eliminate two exogenous factors. In the third stage, the adjusted input variables are recalculated in the first stage, and the chain performance value of the wind power industry excluding environmental factors and random errors is obtained in the performance evaluation. This paper takes China's wind power industry as an example and makes an overall analysis of the upstream, middle, and downstream of the wind power industry chain from three aspects: technology performance, scale performance, and pure technology performance. The results show that under the support of policy and economy, the technical performance of the upper and lower reaches of China's wind power industry chain is higher, while the performance of the wind power industry chain is underestimated by environmental factors. The three-stage DEA model can eliminate the influence of environmental and random errors, which makes the evaluation of the wind power industry chain more objective. In addition, according to the evaluation results, the optimization direction of each structure of the industrial chain is put forward. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Industrial development cannot be separated from policy guidance and support. Scientific evaluation and analysis of wind power industrial policies can promote the sustainable and healthy development of the industry, which has great significance to accelerate the green and low-carbon transformation of energy and achieve the double carbon target. In this paper, based on 66 wind power industrial policies from 2010 to 2021 in China, the policy texts were coded and classified into policy tools. By combining the text mining technology with the Policy Modeling Consistency (PMC) index model, 10 groups of evaluation index systems were established to evaluate the industrial policies quantitatively. The results show that the use of the three types of policy tools is unbalanced. Among them, environmental policy tools are used most frequently while supply and demand policy tools are relatively few. According to the PMC score, the overall situation of wind power industrial policy has certain scientific qualities. However, there are few policy texts for ordinary residents in terms of policy recipients, and there are shortcomings in technical support and talent construction. In addition, the three types of policy tools have certain limitations in different aspects. Based on the existing problems, we put forward suggestions for policy improvement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Paper aims: This paper presents the results of technological analysis on wind energy based on patent documents classified with code F03D - "Wind Motors.". Originality: Despite several studies on wind energy, this paper follows a different approach, presenting an overview that brings together technical and market information through social network analysis methods. Research method: The study covered data from 55,223 documents filed in the principal patent offices of the world, obtained from the Derwent Innovations Index. The publications were organized and analyzed through correlation and technology transfer networks. Main findings: General Electric (GE) and European companies have dominated the wind energy industry. However, in the last years, companies from emerging countries are also penetrating and becoming major players. Emphasis can be given to China, which has a deposit pattern detached from the rest of the world. Implications for theory and practice: This study indicates that these companies became important turbine manufacturers and started to invest in developing new technologies and seek patent protection. Companies from emerging countries are new entrants, and their performance is still restricted to few markets compared to traditional companies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

China and the United States are both major countries in the world in the production of and trade in wind energy products, and they are also important trading partners. Therefore, it is of great practical significance to analyze and evaluate the Sino-US bilateral wind power complementarity for re-examining their respective comparative advantages and re-understanding the benefits that trade liberalization brings to both countries, in an attempt to strengthen the trade relations between China and the United States and enhance trade complementarities in wind energy products under the global circumstances of fierce competition. In this paper, based on the trade data from the UN Comtrade database in 2007-2016, a quantitative analysis was conducted on the complementarity of Sino-US wind energy products, by adopting the quantitative research methods of trade combination degree index (TCD), export similarity index (SI) and trade complementarity index (TCI). The results shows that: i) the total trade volume of wind energy products between China and the United States has increased rapidly, and the trade surplus between China and the United States has been expanding year by year; ii) the overall trade balance of wind energy products trade between the two countries is generally stable, and the dependence of China's wind energy products on the United States is much higher than that of the U.S wind energy products on China; iii) the Sino-US wind energy products between China and the United States are highly competitive in the international market; iv) Sino-US wind energy products have different degrees of complementarity in bilateral trade. Finally, this paper proposed policy implications based on the findings of this study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper advances our understanding of how technology upgrading in the Chinese wind turbine industry is linked to internationalisation of Danish component suppliers. In order to grasp the interlinkages and implications hereof, the paper combines perspectives of global value chains (GVC), national innovation systems (NIS) and firm-level capabilities. The paper employs a qualitative methodology, drawing on explorative case studies of component suppliers and their links to lead firms in the wind turbine industry. The findings of the paper highlight the new pattern of upgrading by upstream linkages, i.e. linking up with global suppliers in the wind turbine global value chain, and the new role of component suppliers as technology transmitters across national innovation systems into emerging markets. Conceptually, the paper contributes to understanding how technological catching up in value chains links to the intersection between national innovation systems, a process driven by global value chain dynamics.Cet article fait progresser notre compréhension de la façon dont la modernisation de la technologie dans l’industrie éolienne chinoise est liée à l’internationalisation des fournisseurs de composants danois. Afin d’en saisir les interdépendances et les implications, l’article combine les perspectives des chaînes de valeur mondiales (CVM), des systèmes d’innovation nationaux (SIN) et des capacités au niveau de l’entreprise. L’article utilise une méthodologie qualitative, s’appuyant sur des études de cas exploratoires de fournisseurs de composants et de leurs liens avec des entreprises de pointe dans l’industrie des éoliennes. Les conclusions de l’article mettent en avant la nouvelle tendance de modernisation grâce aux liens en amont, à savoir la connexion avec les fournisseurs mondiaux dans la chaîne de valeur mondiale des éoliennes et le nouveau rôle des fournisseurs de composants comme transmetteurs de technologie dans les systèmes nationaux d’innovation et jusque dans les marchés émergents. Sur le plan conceptuel, l’article contribue à comprendre comment le rattrapage technologique dans les chaînes de valeur est lié à l’intersection entre les systèmes d’innovation nationaux, un processus conduit par la dynamique de la chaîne de valeur mondiale. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Firstly, on the basis of literature research, sort out and summarize the critical coupling relationship among the upstream, middle, and downstream enterprises in the wind power industry chain. Secondly, the evaluation index system of coupling coordination degree of China's wind power industry chain was established. Based on entropy weight method and subsystem efficiency function, the capacity coupling (CC) coefficient model of wind power industry chain subsystem was established. The coupling coordination degree between the upstream subsystem and the midstream subsystem of the wind power industry chain, and between the midstream subsystem and the downstream subsystem is dynamically evaluated, and the coupling coordination degree evaluation model of the wind power industry chain in China is proposed. Thirdly, according to the relevant statistical data of China from 2010 to 2017, this paper conducts an empirical study on the coupling of the upstream, middle and downstream subsystems of the wind power industry chain. Finally, based on the collaborative coupling study of China's wind power industry chain, this paper analyzes the key factors influencing the collaborative development of wind power industry chain, and puts forward Suggestions on the optimization of the collaborative development of China's wind power industry chain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Advances in New & Renewable Energy is the property of Editorial Office of Advances in New & Renewable Energy and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Public subsidies for offshore wind power will be eliminated in 2022. At present, offshore wind power still depends on subsidies. In this new situation, it is necessary to study the influence on the stakeholders and how the offshore wind power industry achieves healthy and sustainable development. Firstly, this paper qualitatively analyzes the impact of the cancellation of state subsidies on offshore wind turbine manufacturers and developers and finds that if there is no subsidy to relay offshore wind power, the development of offshore wind power will stagnate, and the wind turbine manufacturers will face great challenges. Then, by constructing the subsidy demand calculation model and the transmission and distribution price cross subsidy calculation model according to China's electricity price-related policies, the results show that the local subsidy is basically feasible to continue the national subsidy, and the burden is decreasing year by year, so the relay subsidy should be continued. Based on the cloud model, an evaluation model for the development of offshore wind power benefits from the cancellation of national subsidies is constructed to quantify the impact of the cancellation of overseas subsidies on local governments and power grid enterprises. According to the example analysis, under the background of the cancellation of national subsidies, Guangdong has the best development of offshore wind power benefits, which verifies the feasibility of the proposed model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The promotion of wind power is an important strategic measure to promote energy transformation and achieve carbon neutralization in China. Driven by a series of industrial policies, China's wind power industry is still faced with the dilemma of "large quantity yet poor quality". Therefore, the paper considers as research object the wind power industry policies issued by the government of China between 2008 and 2019, and evaluates their impact on the innovation quality of enterprises from the perspective of financing modes. The results show that different categories of industry innovation policies and their combination have an important positive influence on enterprise innovation quality. There are differences in the regulatory effects of different financing modes on wind power industrial policy and enterprise innovation quality: internal financing inhibits the effect of industrial policy on enterprise innovation quality, while external financing promotes the impact of industrial policy on enterprise innovation quality. Further analysis shows that different categories of innovation policies and their combinations have impacts on the innovation quality of both private and state-owned enterprises, and in many regions. Finally, based on the research results, there are recommendations for policy managers and micro enterprises to stimulate the innovation quality of wind power plants. • The paper evaluates wind power industry policies and their combination impact on the innovation quality of enterprises from the perspective of financing modes. • Different categories of wind power industry policies and their combinations have an important positive influence on enterprise innovation quality. • There are conspicuous differences in the regulatory effects of different financing modes on industry policy and enterprise innovation quality. • Different types of industry policies and their combinations have impacts on the innovation quality of both private and state-owned enterprises, and in many regions. • There are differences in the regulatory effects of different financing modes on industry policy and innovation quality of both private and state-owned enterprises, and in many regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the development of China's wind turbine industry, shedding light on the Chinese mode of disruptive industrial upgrading through policy pragmatism and fragmented, experimental governance. Based on a historical analysis of China's wind turbine industry, the paper highlights three distinct phases, which are all marked by their own inbuilt and potentially self-disruptive impasses and associated crises. In turn, these impasses have forced the Chinese government into radical and flexible interventions, which have spurred on Chinese companies to creatively find new ways to develop and upgrade. The paper illustrates the transformation of Sino-foreign relations by China's non-linear upgrading approach, particularly during the Chinese wind power industry's quality crisis, and its development model. It also discusses the implications this examination of China's approach has for the literatures on China, upgrading, and catch-up. Finally, the paper calls on future studies to enquire further into China's distinct mode of industrial upgrading and its embeddedness in China's institutional context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The technological innovation of wind power is crucial to energy security and energy structure transformation. The Chinese government has been committed to improving the innovation of the wind power industry for decades. Although academic researchers and wind power policymakers have been widely concerned about the absolute score of innovation output, concentrating on innovation output in isolation is ultimately insufficient. This article goes beyond bean counting and evaluates the innovation of the Chinese wind power industry from the perspective of relative efficiency, and then assesses the efforts of the government to improve innovation efficiency (IE). The study uses the data of 105 wind power listed enterprises in China over the period 2008–2019. According to the recommendation made by the existing papers, IE is defined as the capability to generate innovation outputs per unit of R&D investment. Regression analysis is applied to test the policy effect. During 2008–2019, the average value of IE of Chinese wind power industry is 0.196. The IE of wind power enterprises in eastern China (0.265) is higher than that in central and western China (0.169). Besides, the regression results indicate that all categories of wind power innovation policies contribute to the IE of wind power industry in China. Furthermore, the innovation policies issued by the departments of the State Council significantly improve the IE of wind power industry, but the innovation policies from the National People's Congress and the State Council have no significant impacts on IE. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Guangxi Normal University - Natural Science Edition is the property of Gai Kan Bian Wei Hui and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Renewable energy represented by wind energy plays an increasingly important role in China's national energy system. The accurate prediction of wind power generation is of great significance to China's energy planning and power grid dispatch. However, due to the late development of the wind power industry in China and the lag of power enterprise information, there are little historical data available at present. Therefore, the traditional large sample prediction method is difficult to be applied to the forecasting of wind power generation in China. For this kind of small sample and poor information problem, the grey prediction method can give a good solution. Thus, given the seasonal and long memory characteristics of the seasonal wind power generation, this paper constructs a seasonal discrete grey prediction model based on collaborative optimization. On the one hand, the model is based on moving average filtering algorithm to realize the recognition of seasonal and trend features. On the other hand, based on the optimization of fractional order and initial value, the collaborative optimization of trend and season is realized. To verify the practicability and accuracy of the proposed model, this paper uses the model to predict the quarterly wind power generation of China from 2012Q1 to 2020Q1, and compares the prediction results with the prediction results of the traditional GM(1,1) model, SGM(1,1) model and Holt-Winters model. The results are shown that the proposed model has a strong ability to capture the trend and seasonal fluctuation characteristics of wind power generation. And the long-term forecasts are valid if the existing wind power expansion capacity policy is maintained in the next four years. Based on the forecast of China's wind power generation from 2021Q2 to 2024Q2 in the future, it is predicted that China's wind power generation will reach 239.09 TWh in the future, which will be beneficial to the realization of China's energy-saving and emission reduction targets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

After the rapid development of China's wind power industry, the lack of core technology and the mismatch between the expansion and development speed have become increasingly prominent. In order to correctly understand the current situation and problems, the whole research process is divided into the following four steps. The first step takes the profit rate of main business from 2017 to 2019 as sample variable to study the smile pattern of the wind power industry value chain. The second step takes the Principal Component Analysis as the research method, and the evaluation index system is constructed, so as to further analyze the value-added driving factors. The third step uses the Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) and Malmquist model as evaluation methods, and the static and dynamic efficiencies of each value chain link are evaluated, respectively. In step four, the selected companies are effectively clustered with the Cluster Analysis. The results show that the value chain shows a gradual deepening smile, the overall value-added efficiency is not ideal, and there are specific problems in each link. This paper aims to provide reference for enterprises to make targeted improvement on the basis of analyzing the current situation. It also provides reference for the comparison and promotion of other countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The spectacular scale and speed of China's domestic renewable energy capacity development and technology catch-up has in recent years been followed by the 'go out' of Chinese clean energy technology firms seeking new markets and opportunities in sub- Saharan Africa. This paper explores the growing involvement of China in the development and transfer of renewable energy technologies in Africa and examines the key drivers and obstacles shaping Chinese renewable energy investments and exports. Far from there being some kind of grand or harmonious strategy directed by a single monolithic state, we argue that fragmented and decentralised state apparatuses and quasi-market actors in China are increasingly pursuing their own independent interests and agendas around renewable energy in Africa in ways often marked by conflict, inconsistency and incoherence. Moving beyond the state-centric analysis common in much of the research on contemporary China-Africa relations, we examine the motivations of a range of non-state and quasi-state actors, as well their different perceptions and constructions of risk, policy environments and political stability in recipient countries. The paper explores the case study example of South Africa, where Chinese firms have become increasingly significant in the diffusion of renewable energy technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To facilitate continuous development of the wind power industry, maintaining technological innovation and reducing cost per kilowatt hour of the electricity generated by the wind turbine generator system (WTGS) are effective measures to facilitate the industrial development. Therefore, the improvement of the system availability for wind farms becomes an important issue which can significantly reduce the operational cost. To improve the system availability, it is necessary to diagnose the system fault for the wind turbine generator so as to find the key factors that influence the system performance and further reduce the maintenance cost. In this paper, a wind farm with 200 MW installed capacity in eastern coastal plain in China is chosen as the research object. A prediction model of wind farm's faults is constructed based on the Gaussian process metamodel. By comparing with actual observation results, the constructed model is proved able to predict failure events of the wind turbine generator accurately. The developed model is further used to analyze the key factors that influence the system failure. These are conducive to increase the running and maintenance efficiency in wind farms, shorten downtime caused by failure, and increase earnings of wind farms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose Although the wind power industry has been booming in China during the last decade, the development of wind turbine aftermarket service is still lagging behind, which seriously affects the operational efficiency of wind farms. If wind turbine manufacturers get involved in the aftermarket, the service pricing policy will impact the profits of both the manufacturer and the wind farm. Therefore, it is necessary to discuss an optimal service pricing strategy in the wind turbine aftermarket and design a method to improve electricity generation efficiency through service contract design. The paper aims to discuss these issues.Design/methodology/approach In order to decide the maintenance quantity and channel effort level, the authors design a normal Stackelberg game and an efficiency value-added revenue-sharing contract and discuss two kinds of revenue increment sharing models under situations, in which the supply chain's leaders are the wind farm and the wind turbine manufacturer, respectively.Findings The results show that in either case, there exist optimal power generation revenue-sharing ratios that can maximize profit. At the same time, the authors outline an optimal service pricing policy, maintenance demand policy and channel service effort-level policy. The results summarize the influences of wind aftermarket services on wind farms' and wind turbine manufacturers' profit, which provides managerial insights into the process of manufacturing servitization.Practical implications The manufacturer's channel effort level will influence the power generation increments very much, so the authors have developed a mechanism to stimulate the manufacturer improving the efficiency of aftermarket services.Originality/value Taking the power generation increment revenue as the profit increment function, the authors discuss the influence of service price on the profit increment of the wind farm and the wind turbine manufacturer and also consider the influence of service price on the wind farms maintenance quantity and wind turbine manufacturers channel effort level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Accompanied by the development of large-scale wind energy and integration into grid in China, wind farm cascading trip-off accidents resulting from voltage sag have occurred frequently in the past few years. Before proposing countermeasures, it is necessary to clarify the voltage sag problem of wind farms. First, three voltage sag risk indices are proposed. Second, the simplified equivalent circuit of double fed induction generator (DFIG) for short-circuit calculation, stochastic model of wind speed and the fault model of buses/lines are presented in this paper. Third, assessment method of voltage sag in wind farm, implemented by Digsilent dynamic programming language (DPL), is proposed to analyze the severity and probability of voltage sag. Finally, a case study of wind farm connected to WSCC nine-bus benchmark systems is analyzed in detail, and the validity of the proposed approach is confirmed. © 2014 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract In recent years, China's wind power industry has developed rapidly, and become the global wind power leader. At the same time, China's wind power industry is also facing many problems and challenges. In this paper, a comprehensive assessment is presented to reveal the development history of China's wind power industry, power demand and cost, regional distribution of wind power, wind turbine manufacturers, and government incentives to wind power industry. Subsequently, future development and challenges are proposed, focusing on the challenge of wind power integration and consumption, the challenge of management and market competition mechanism, and the challenge of large-scale and rapid development. Finally, the corresponding measures are put forward. The fundamental goal of this paper is to understand the history, current situation and future challenges of China's wind power industry. Highlights • A comprehensive assessment on the development of China's wind power industry is presented. • The development history of China's wind power and energy demand are introduced. • Multi factors related to China's wind power industry are investigated. • Future challenges and corresponding measures of China's wind power industry are proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • A liner positive correlation is revealed between wind farm distance and ecological impacts. • The ecological obstacle points increased 350 % after construction of wind farm. • The proportions of forest around weak points raised from 38 % (50 m range) to 49 % (150 m range). • Protection, restoration, and compensation strategies are proposed according to recession degrees. The wind energy industry is developing rapidly in China with a maximum capacity worldwide. Meanwhile, the stability of the ecological network is challenged by extensive renewable energy expansion. There are still research deficiencies in wind farm ecological impacts at project scale from an ecological restoration perspective. It is of great necessity to monitor the ecological impacts with time going and explore ecological restoration strategies for wind power development. The research case of Zhongying Wind Farm is selected based on investigation and interviews regarding its ecological impact in the prior study. It employs a comparative methodology by comparing the ecological quality before and after the construction of Zhongying Wind Farm. Raw data from Landsat 8, the Digital Elevation Model (DEM), the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), and wind turbine statistics originating from open data platforms are analyzed and visually represented with ArcGIS. This paper establishes an ecological network based on morphological spatial pattern analysis (MSPA) and the Minimum Cumulative Resistance (MCR) model to quantify wind farms' impacts on ecological corridors. The circuit theory and Pajek software are used to identify and categorize the ecological nodes into weak and obstacle points. The results reveal that ecological impacts on ecological corridors decay with distance, reflecting changes in length, connection strength and cumulative values of corridors. While the impacts on ecological nodes depend on nodes' attributes: the number of weak points increased by 18.5 %, and obstacle points increased by 350 %, with their locations shifting from the edges of urban construction sites to the edges of wind farm. Differentiated strategies are proposed according to the impact magnitude of each ecological corridor and node: such as dynamic inspection mechanism, construction prohibition for protection; corridor structure and function recovering, stepping stones addition for restoration; buffer belts, warning radar, and monetary schemes for compensation. This research fills the gap of ecological impact assessment under the challenges of wind energy expansion. It helps to balance wind energy development and ecological restoration at the regional level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

China's economic rise has transformed the global economy in a number of manufacturing industries. This paper investigates whether China's transformative influence extends to the new green economy. Drawing on the debate about how China is driving major economic changes in the world-the "Asian drivers" debate-it identifies five corridors of influence and investigates their relevance for the wind energy industries. Starting with the demand side, it suggests that the size and rapid growth of the Chinese market have a major influence on competitive parameters in the global wind power industry. While Western firms have found ways of participating in the growth of the Chinese market, the government's procurement regimes benefit Chinese firms. The latter have invested heavily and learned fast, accumulating production capabilities that have led to changes in the global pecking order of lead firms. While the combined impact of Chinese market and production power is already visible, other influences are beginning to be felt - arising from China's coordination, innovation and financing power. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chinese wind power policies have productively promoted the development of wind power and also promoted the process of wind power participation in electricity market transactions. However, with policy emphasis on investment and neglect of utilization, there have been some difficulties in the development of Chinese wind power. To highlight the guiding role of policy and improve the wind power policy system, an analysis of Chinese wind power policies is conducted in this paper. First, aiming at the main components of wind power chain, including wind power construction, grid connection, transmission, and sales, a comprehensive and systematic frame of Chinese wind power policy system is proposed from the three aspects of development planning, administrative management and market transactions. Second, the indicator system of Chinese wind power development effectiveness is extracted, including installed capacity, power generation, power utilization hours, carbon emission reduction, investment, on-grid power price, wind curtailment rate, etc., and the effectiveness of policy implementation is verified. Third, new policy recommendations are proposed from parts of transmission, consumption, and market, for the development of Chinese wind power industry in the 14th Five-Year Plan period and the goal to reach the crest value of carbon dioxide emissions by 2030 and achieve carbon neutrality by 2060. In this paper, advice to supplement and improve the Chinese wind power policy system is provided, which may it promote better development of Chinese wind power in the following decade from the policy point of view. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Under the increasing pressure of mitigating air pollution, wind power has been considered as the leader of China's energy revolution for a long time. Although China's wind power development enjoys a favorable policy environment, it is still impeded by the problem of wind power curtailment and overreliance on price subsidies. First, this paper built a system dynamics model to simulate China's wind power development during 2012-2032 considering both economic and technical factors. Further, sensitivity analyses and scenario analysis are performed to analyze the variation ranges of simulation results of different factor settings. The analysis results indicate that China's wind power might not develop as expected under the current development pattern. Our model allows evaluating the long-term trend and major constraints of China's wind power under the latest incentive policies, thus helping to provide reference for policy-making institutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

China's wind power installed capacity is the largest in the world, but the utilization of wind power equipment is not very good, far behind USA. In this paper, the development of China's wind power is reviewed, and the present wind power curtailment restricts the sound development of China's wind power industry. The characteristics of China's wind farm are summered. With the insatiability and intermittence, wind power is not welcome to China's electric grid, and large-scale wind power construction does not match with the existing power grid, therefore, wind power curtailment is serious and the level of wind power utilization is very low. To solve the wind power curtailment rationing problem, in this paper, combined with the characteristics of China's wind farm operation, the wind power utilization level evaluation index system has been built, reflecting the wind resource characteristics, wind power equipment type, wind power output, wind power curtailment, grid technology, operation management and so on. Taking Hami wind farm in Xinjiang province as an example, wind power utilization level is evaluated comprehensively, combined the improved analytic hierarchy process (IAHP) analysis and fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method (FCEM). The results show that the establishment of wind power utilization level comprehensive evaluation index system is helpful to find the main factors which effect the level of wind power utilization and improve the wind power field operation, which can provide reference for the planning and design of wind farm, and the results have certain value on theoretical significance and engineering application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

China׳s wind power industry has achieved tremendous successes in recent years. The country׳s cumulative installed capacity has exceeded that of America and ranked first in the world. The fast development has also been accompanied by inevitable high risks. Wind turbine accidents are happening with increasing frequency. Since insurance is an effective measure and instrument to control risks, it can guarantee healthy development of the wind power industry. So the fast-growing wind power industry in China is in urgent need of insurance services. However, currently the slow-developing insurance does not match the fast-growing wind power industry. Up to now, there have been few correlative studies on such field. Therefore, based on the problems behind development of China׳s wind power industry, this paper emphasizes the importance of insurance for China׳s wind power industry, and also analyzes the challenges that China׳s wind energy insurance companies have to face. The aim of this paper is to let more experts know the status of both the wind power industry and its corresponding insurance market in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wind speed prediction is an important part of the wind farm management and wind power grid connection. Having accurate prediction of short -term wind speed is the basis for predicting wind power. This paper proposes a short -term wind speed prediction strategy based on the wavelet analysis and the multilayer perceptual neural network for the Dabancheng area, in China. Four wavelet neural network models using the Morlet function as the wavelet basis function were developed to forecast short -term wind speed in January, April, July, and October. Predicted wind speed was compared across the four models using the mean square error and regression. Prediction accuracy of model 4 was high, satisfying the forecasting wind power industry requirements. Therefore, the proposed algorithm could be applied for practical short -term wind speed predictions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since the early stage of wind power development, the Chinese government has attached great importance to the nurturing of the domestic wind power industry and the establishment of a domestic supply chain. This paper examines the trajectory of China's policy pathway by linking the evolution of policy packages with the changing operation states of wind equipment manufacturers (mainly upstream and midstream). It is found that the government selectively combined quantity-oriented policies, quality-oriented, and cost-oriented policies at different historical stages and that a gradualist approach was adopted by strengthening quality and cost regulations in a piecemeal fashion. Though this gradualist approach might risk regulatory gaps, business disputes, and financial stress along the supply chain, it also provides some buffer time for manufacturers to adapt to new quality standards and cost expectations through technological improvement, optimization of production scale, and supply-chain management. The subtle balance between the strengths and weaknesses of this gradualist approach has been centered around the government's capacity to constantly assess the conditions and reactively respond to the needs of domestic enterprises. An in-depth analysis of these dynamic relations helps to better comprehend China's industrial policy pathway and appreciate both its past achievements and future challenges. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: With fast development of the global wind energy market in recent years, China is attaching greater importance to developing the wind power industry and increasing the proportion of wind energy. Currently, the cumulative installed capacity of wind turbines in China is listed among the top ranks in the world. Manufacturing industry is the key to development of wind energy. Although there is a relatively complete manufacturing and supply chain for wind turbines in China, including infrastructures for manufacture of almost all major parts, the design technology and key components of wind turbines still rely on imports. Therefore, problems still exist in the development of wind power industry. However, few papers focus on this aspect at present. In this paper, the current development of wind power industry in China is investigated, and exiting problems are discussed. The aim of this paper is to let more experts know the situation and do something for the wind power industry in China. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Wind power has become the main power generation method in China's clean energy power generation because of its clean and high efficiency, as well as its high power utilization rate. The research on its pricing mechanism has also become the main research focus of the wind power industry. However, wind power pricing is still at the stage of price benchmarking and no market mechanism has been introduced in China. There are still much research on the pricing mechanism of wind power for us to study. In this paper, the Kernel method is used to distribute wind power income. On the basis of the distribution result, considering the contract execution risk of wind power, cooperative game theory and the Shapley value method are used to redistribute the revenue of wind power connected to power grid. Based on the characteristics of alliance members, ANP (Analytic Network Process) was used to modify the apportioned benefits to obtain the benefit distribution method that was more in line with the interest demands of members, and an example was analyzed. The wind power pricing model based on the cooperative game established in this paper can guarantee the smooth operation of the alliance, reach the pareto optimum, and improve the activity of the wind power market. It will effectively shorten the negotiation time, and reduce the transaction cost and the uncertainty of the wind power transaction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Since 2005, there has been dramatic progress in China''s wind power industry. The annual growth rate of newly constructed capacity reached a miracle of 105% and the total installed capacity has increased from 1.27GW in 2005 to 44.73GW in 2010, which has exceeded the target of China''s energy long-term planning for 2020. During the 11th Five-Year-Plan (FYP), the Chinese government has issued a series of polices to promote and regulate the development of wind power industry, which is the underlying force driving its rapid development. This paper is a systematical review on the current status and policies of wind power industry in China. Firstly the current status including achievements and shortcomings is presented, and then the relevant polices and regulations released during the period of 11th FYP are reviewed. Meanwhile, the main approaches of the policies and regulations in promoting the development of wind power industry are discussed and the issues of the current policies are analyzed. Finally, the paper concludes on the perspectives of wind power policies in China. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Between 2006 and 2010 the installed capacity of wind power in China has doubled and by 2010 China''s cumulative installed capacity of wind power ranked the first in the world, surpassing the United States. However, the rapid expansion of installed capacity has not been matched by grid connection, and this deficiency has aroused the concern of both policy makers and scholars. Unlike most of the current studies which focus on technical strategies in China''s wind power industry, this paper analyzes the problem from a policy perspective. The paper analyzes the four challenges that large scale wind power integration in China faces: the uncoordinated development between wind power capacity and power grids; the lack of suitable technical codes for wind power integration; the unclear nature of the grid companies’ responsibility for grid connection; and the inadequate economic incentives for grid enterprises. To address these problems, the paper recommends that the government: formulates policies to better coordinate the development of wind power and the planning and construction of power grids; establishes grid codes that reflect in particular the requirements to be met by users of power transmission and distribution networks; and integrates administrative intervention and economic incentive policies to stimulate the grid enterprises’ enthusiasm to absorb wind power generation. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Wind energy is an important renewable energy source because of its reliability due to the maturity of the technology, good infrastructure and relative cost competitiveness. Rich wind resources and strong support in regulations by the Chinese government have enabled the wind power industry to grow at a fast speed and the primary market scale has been achieved, making it the second largest wind power market in the world. There has also been an increase in wind energy research in various regions in China during the last few years. As utility-size wind turbines increase in size, and correspondingly their initial capital investment cost, there is an increasing need to monitor the health of these structures. However, most of the research papers in China are about the manufacture and production, such as the simulation of the wind turbine generator system model, the systematic resonance and stability for the world turbine, the wind speed, wind power and pitch adjustment simulation model, and so on. Few papers focus on the structural health monitoring (SHM) techniques of the wind turbine. In this paper, we review the status of the current SHM techniques in wind turbine and analyze the problems of them in China. The aims of this paper are to let more scholars and experts know the status of the current SHM techniques and to do something for building a successful industry in China. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The time-varying spillover effect of China's crude oil futures market and new energy market has an important impact on promoting the green development of China's economy. This study uses the dynamic connectedness method based on DCC-GARCH model to analyze the time-varying spillover effects between Shanghai crude oil futures and various industries in new energy markets. The results show that there was a stable volatility correlation and high degree of connectedness between Shanghai crude oil futures and the new energy stock market. The new energy vehicle and energy storage industries were driving the market, while Shanghai crude oil futures and both wind power and photovoltaic industries were driven by the market.With the analysis results, the study provides scientific policy recommendations for the development of China's crude oil futures market and new energy market, which are expected to contribute to the sustainable development of the energy market. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The wind energy industry is an important part of the renewable energy industry. Helpful financial support plays an essential role in the process of its development. This study analyzes the financial support efficiency not only from the aspect of capital raise, but also from the aspect of the allocation of up-, middle- and down-stream of the Chinese wind power industry chain (which includes the fan component manufacturing enterprises, the fan production enterprises, the wind farm generation and operation enterprises). Methods: Based on a data envelopment analysis (DEA) model, this study selected 30 representative public companies which sampled and extracted their financial data in a panel analysis from 2010 to 2015, in which the financial support efficiency for the Chinese wind power industry was investigated from the aspect of capital raise and allocation. Results: In terms of capital raise, the comprehensive efficiencies of these three streams all reached their peak in 2011, and then indicated a slight decline, whereas the fan component manufacturing enterprises had both the largest pure technical efficiency value in 2011 and a relatively high scale efficiency value during the sampling period. In terms of capital allocation, the fan component manufacturing enterprises and the wind farm generation and operation enterprises indicated both the highest comprehensive efficiency in 2011, which is merely the expansion period of the new energy industry. The wind farm generation and operation enterprises showed the lowest pure technical value in 2012, which is also the depression period of the new energy industry. The scale efficiency of the fan production enterprises as well as the wind energy generation and operation enterprises had a relatively high scale efficiency value from 2010 to 2015. Conclusion: The overall efficiency of financial support in the Chinese wind power industry has a close relationship to the macro-economic environment and capital raise while the allocation efficiency of up-, middle-and down-stream show different characteristics. Moreover, the lag of the core technology is the biggest barrier to the financial support efficiency of the wind power industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rapid development and large-scale penetration of wind power would bring about substantial environmental benefits by substituting fossil fuel-based thermal power generation. In this paper, the environmental co-benefits synergized with energy saving benefit of wind power penetration in China were quantified. Moreover, the regional distribution of environmental co-benefits was mapped by considering the baseline emission factor of each region. Based on the co-benefits analysis results, the wind power deployment pathways were designed to enlarge the environmental co-benefits in the whole country level. The results show that the CO 2 , SO 2 , NO x , and PM 2.5 emissions reduced and water consumption saved due to wind power penetration account for respectively 2.58%, 2.71%, 2.66%, 1.58%, and 2.34% of total environmental emissions and water consumption from the whole power generation sector in China. In view of regional distribution, the environmental co-benefits of wind power to the power system is not proportional to the amount of fossil-fueled power that it displaces. The penetration of wind power results in the largest environmental co-benefits in the North China grid. The Northwest China grid has a higher environmental alleviating potential compared with the Northeast China grid even though the two regions has an equal magnitude of wind power penetration. Scenario analysis suggests that lowering the proportion of thermal power in power generation structure and the transmission of bundled wind power and thermal power from the north to the load centers are promising ways in enlarging the environmental co-benefits of wind power penetration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is estimated that there will be 85,000 tons of End-of-Life (EoL) wind turbine blades in China by 2050. How to disposing discarded blades has become a significant problem restricting the development of wind power industry in China. To this end, a life cycle assessment (LCA) is performed to measure the carbon reduction (CR) potential of four disposal scenarios of EoL LM 37.3 P2 blades. The contribution of each scenario to reduce the carbon emission intensity of a specific wind farm is further evaluated. At the same time, the critical transportation distance to maintain the CR potential of each scenario is estimated. The results show that: firstly, the disposal scenarios with the greatest and smallest CR potential are producing concrete by EoL blades instead of cements and producing concrete by EoL blades instead of aggregates, respectively. The former one is determined as the baseline scenario, which can reduce 4516 kg CO2-eq carbon emissions per functional unit. Secondly, the critical transportation distances for incineration for electricity, co-processing and producing concrete by EoL blades instead of cements are 895 km, 3309 km and 9716 km. Finally, a reasonable recycling strategy can reduce the life-cycle carbon emission intensity of Datang Zhaluteqi 49.5 MW Wind Farm from 12.51 g CO2-eq/kWh to 9.22 g CO2-eq/kWh. This study not only quantifies the CR potential of different scenarios, but also offers important implications to promote blade disposal technology and improve the wind turbine blade recycling management. [Display omitted] • This paper measures the carbon reduction potential of EoL blades based on LCA. • Four disposal scenarios of EoL blades are considered. • The contribution of each scenario for a specific wind farm is further evaluated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Building a new type of power system with wind and solar as the dominant body of sources is expected to play the key role for China to achieve carbon neutrality. Transiting from the fossil fuel dominating power system to a renewable dominating system requires both the technology progress and the institutional changes. The total direct investment cost of China's power system decarbonization is estimated to be about 67.6 trillion yuan, which consists of new wind and solar power capacity, energy storage facilities, and transmission lines. The electricity storage technology is the key factor to affect the transitional costs. Meanwhile, institutional changes are needed to adapt to the high penetration of wind and solar to cope with the new challenges the renewable brings, namely the flexibility, adequacy and affordability. China's market-oriented reform should move to the direction of establishing a real unified national market system to achieve the integration of high percentage of renewables. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]