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Domestic wastewater in Gampong Garot, Aceh Besar Regency, Aceh Province, Indonesia is directly discharged to the Daroy River without any treatment process. Domestic wastewater from Gampong Garot has been one of the contributors to microplastics contamination in the Daroy River. The microplastics (MPs) contained in domestic wastewater might come from used soaps and detergent products, as well as the scouring of clothes during washing. Thus, this study aims to investigate the abundance of MPs in domestic wastewater in Gampong Garot. The sampling points were determined based on purposive sampling, with samples taken at the end of the main pipe that directly leads to the Daroy River. Organics in domestic wastewater were removed using 30% H2O2 liquid through a digestion process at a temperature of 75°C. MPs characteristics such as size, shape, and colour were visually analysed using a light binocular microscope at 100x magnification, while the polymer type was analysed using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) analysis. The concentration of MPs in domestic wastewater in Gampong Garot was 30.238 ±1.228 particles·(100 cm)-3 sample. The most common sizes of MPs were found to be in the range of 1,001-5,000 µm, while the dominant colour and shape were transparent and fibre-like. Polyester (PES) was the most detected type of MPs. These findings highlight the need for wastewater treatment before discharge into aquatic bodies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Land characteristics and its criteria are important factors affecting the success of crop cultivation. This research aimed to evaluate the value and criteria of land characteristics for Aceh patchouli. Methods: The study was conducted at smallholders' adopting patchouli farming in North Aceh (AU) and Gayo Lues (GL) using purposive sampling method. Eleven patchouli farming in both AU and GL were selected. Soil sampling and agroclimate data were collected from the farming. Result: The results revealed that the altitude varied at each plantation and there were significant differences of altitudes, climates and soil characteristics between plantations in those two regions. It is found that the land characteristics in AU and GL of patchouli plantations are classified into marginally suitable (S3) and not suitable (N). But, the best class for patchouli lies between S1-S3, where S3 class requires adequate rainfall and organic-C, enabling the land to upgrade its class, to be resulted in an increase of patchouli production. The best patchouli growth and production was determined by land characteristics like base saturation (BS), total-N, erosion hazard, stoniness and rocks outcrop and have been evaluated and suitable suggestions were given. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated surviving women's learning experiences from the 2004 tsunami in Aceh. Women were the majority of casualties and the most vulnerable after the tsunami. Almost a decade later, we used a conceptual framework of experiential learning, critical reflection, and transformative learning to understand the surviving women's ways of learning after the disaster. This paper highlights a qualitative study from a larger mixed methods study. Of the larger study's 450 survey respondents, we interviewed 103 participants using a semi-structured interview protocol for 1 to 1.5 hr. From those participants, this paper highlights 13 women who articulated significant learning during their experience. The findings indicate the women learnt through reflection, talking, and feelings. Furthermore, their learning and reflection on life's experiences enabled them to strike a balance and lead a better life. This study highlights that learning experiences in a critical life event can eventually result in a person's changed behavior, attitudes, knowledge, beliefs, or skills. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many foreign aid agencies promote peacebuilding as a global policy objective. This paper considers how they have fared in practice in subnational, “peripheral” conflicts in Asia that have relatively low international profiles, using case material from Aceh in Indonesia, the Far South of Thailand, and Sri Lanka. Foreign aid has supported long-term economic growth in these countries but typically failed to address peacebuilding concerns or associated inequalities between ethnic groups. Many barriers limit the scope to promote peacebuilding, stemming from recipient governments’ reluctance to accept external involvement and from aid agencies’ own limitations. Those agencies that do address conflict concerns tend not to use technical peacebuilding tools or methodologies. Instead, they prioritize the root causes of conflicts, recognizing human rights protection and equality of opportunity as policy aims. They also devise responses locally, build good relationships with governments, and work incrementally from a strong knowledge base. Wider adoption of similar policy objectives and practice would enable further small-scale peacebuilding initiatives. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Tithe or alms is an important source of revenue for the state to improve the economic condition of the poor. Management of the tithe collection as well as its effective distribution will help develop the community. Thus, this paper aims to study the Islamic administration of tithe in two states, namely Aceh in Indonesia and Kedah in Malaysia. Both states have their own relationship in a context where they both have a large number of Muslims, the majority of which are ethnic Malays, and they constitute one of the early regions to accept Islam. The focus of the study is based on historical analysis, economic growth and development, as well as the contemporary scenario in the administration of tithe law. The study will investigate the role of tithe as a fund for community development within the state, its management as well as the administration of the law. For this purpose, the study is conducted using qualitative methods and interviews with a number of respondents in order to examine the administrative aspects of Islamic law on tithe. The finding shows that the strict enforcement of law, accompanied by institutions organised with manpower and focused objectives, will have an impact on the tithe collections as well as the confidence of community towards the institutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract In the last decade, housing has become one of the most prominent and best funded sectors in large-scale post-disaster reconstruction efforts. This has especially been the case in Asian developing countries where both official and private aid helped finance a significant amount of the housing reconstruction. Despite the emphasis upon community involvement, inclusive and participatory processes for housing reconstruction by international non-governmental organizations, recent experiences show that such ideas often do not readily translate in practice on the ground. This paper analyses the necessary conditions for successful involvement by local beneficiaries in rebuilding their homes following natural disasters. The analysis is situated within the context of community recovery, and the trade-off between centralized donor planning, and community driven initiatives, using primary and secondary data collected from post-tsunami Aceh, Indonesia. The paper also discusses how various stakeholders (including recipient government and donors) evaluate and make use of the practical capacities of affected persons and communities to be involved in planning, building and monitoring processes in the housing sector. Our research focused on the level and types of roles played by the aid beneficiaries in the housing reconstruction process in Aceh. In spite of considerable rhetoric about participation and inclusive reconstruction accompanying the post-tsunami reconstruction by various donors, a number of systemic barriers created considerable distance between beneficiaries and NGOs in Aceh in the housing sector. The drive for efficiency and need to produce tangible results quickly, mixed with the sheer number of stakeholders and resources involved, created a largely top-down environment in which decisions were centralized, and arbitrary standards imposed. This was exacerbated by an extensive chain of sub-contractors, a large supply of lower-cost imported labor, and highlighted the importance of local political affiliations, leading to weak accountability and reduced aid effectiveness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract In the last decade, housing has become one of the most prominent and best funded sectors in large-scale post-disaster reconstruction efforts. This has especially been the case in Asian developing countries where both official and private aid helped finance a significant amount of the housing reconstruction. Despite the emphasis upon community involvement, inclusive and participatory processes for housing reconstruction by international non-governmental organizations, recent experiences show that such ideas often do not readily translate in practice on the ground. This paper analyses the necessary conditions for successful involvement by local beneficiaries in rebuilding their homes following natural disasters. The analysis is situated within the context of community recovery, and the trade-off between centralized donor planning, and community driven initiatives, using primary and secondary data collected from post-tsunami Aceh, Indonesia. The paper also discusses how various stakeholders (including recipient government and donors) evaluate and make use of the practical capacities of affected persons and communities to be involved in planning, building and monitoring processes in the housing sector. Our research focused on the level and types of roles played by the aid beneficiaries in the housing reconstruction process in Aceh. In spite of considerable rhetoric about participation and inclusive reconstruction accompanying the post-tsunami reconstruction by various donors, a number of systemic barriers created considerable distance between beneficiaries and NGOs in Aceh in the housing sector. The drive for efficiency and need to produce tangible results quickly, mixed with the sheer number of stakeholders and resources involved, created a largely top-down environment in which decisions were centralized, and arbitrary standards imposed. This was exacerbated by an extensive chain of sub-contractors, a large supply of lower-cost imported labor, and highlighted the importance of local political affiliations, leading to weak accountability and reduced aid effectiveness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The Indian Ocean tsunami of December 2004 and a subsequent Memorandum of Understanding ending three decades of armed conflict has opened up Aceh to international aid, trade, ideas and potential investment. For Naomi Klein in her book The Shock Doctrine, such disasters have been exploited systematically in processes of neoliberalization. Based on fieldwork in Aceh and Jakarta, this paper shows that while neoliberal elements are present within important economic-geographical imaginaries in post-disaster Aceh, they are intertwined with and exceeded by other imaginaries. We draw attention to the theoretical importance of a fuller understanding of such imaginaries, their origin and reach, content and the actors and mechanisms associated with their promulgation. The paper recounts four economic-geographical imaginaries of the future of Aceh: (1) Aceh as newly (re)opened to overseas investors; (2) Aceh as a site of revivable trade connections to the Malay and Islamic worlds; (3) Aceh as a self-governing economic space; (4) Aceh as a united territory of diverse cultures and districts. The first of these is most closely associated with processes of neoliberalization but is exceeded by the others which, taken together, unsettle any singular script of a “disaster capitalism complex” at work in the reconstruction of Aceh. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Background: Physical restraint and confinement of the mentally ill (called pasung in Indonesia) is common in Aceh. In early 2010, the local government initiated a program called Aceh Free Pasung 2010. The main goal of the program is to release the mentally ill in the province from restraint and to provide appropriate medical treatment and care. The aim of the paper is to report the findings of a preliminary investigation of the demographic and clinical characteristics of patients who have been admitted to the Banda Aceh Mental Hospital as part of the Aceh Free Pasung program. Methods: This is a cross-sectional descriptive study conducted at the Banda Aceh Mental Hospital, where people who had been restrained or confined in the community are being admitted for psychiatric treatment and, where necessary, physical rehabilitation, as part of the Aceh Free Pasung program. Results: Fifty-nine of former ex-pasung patients were examined. The majority (88.1%) of the patients were male, aged 18 to 68 years. The duration of pasung varied from a few days to 20 years, with a mean duration of 4.0 years. The reasons for applying pasung are many, with concerns about dangerousness being most common. The great majority (89.8%) had a diagnosis of schizophrenia. Discussion: The development of a community mental health system and the introduction of a health insurance system in Aceh (together with the national health insurance scheme for the poor) has enabled access to free hospital treatment for people with severe mental disorders, including those who have been in pasung. The demographic and clinical characteristics of this group of ex-pasung patients are broadly similar to those reported in previous studies. Conclusions: The Aceh Free Pasung program is an important mental health and human rights initiative that can serve to inform similar efforts in other parts of Indonesia and other low and middle-income countries where restraint and confinement of the mentally ill is receiving insufficient attention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper we will explore the purported tension that lies between one's so-called Islamic identity and the demands of civic identity—seen as proof of “integration”—in liberal democratic societies, and show that the relationship is philosophically and existentially more complex than advocates of the “clash of civilizations” thesis or “democratic Islam” admit. To this end, we will explore the historical experience of two Muslim communities, one very ethnically heterogeneous Muslim minority in the democratic Netherlands, and the other, a more homogeneous ethnic Muslim minority in the province of Aceh in a democratizing Indonesia. We believe such a comparative examination of empirical cases where religious and ethnic differences simultaneously and differentially impact relations between minority Muslim communities and the democratic or democratizing societies they inhabit will offer a more nuanced, and therefore more useful, understanding of the complexities of belonging for Muslims in democratic/democratizing multicultural societies and offer insight into social and educational policies more likely to mitigate rather than exacerbate whatever tensions that may exist. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper examines engagements between the Japan Self-Defense Forces (JSDF) and civilian entities during the 2004/2005 tsunami relief operations in Aceh, Indonesia. Japan's framework for providing international emergency assistance allows for JSDF dispatch as augmentation forces to the civilian Japan Disaster Relief (JDR) teams. This deployment is deemed compatible with Article 9 and is governed by a separate law from those regulating peacekeeping and anti-terrorism. Asymmetrical field experiences, differential operational structures and procedures, and contrasting timetables of disaster response created tension between JDR and JSDF. As the largest post-World War II overseas deployment, the mission highlighted the forces' inherent mobilization challenges and relative inexperience working alongside civilian humanitarian organizations. The tsunami response offered a snapshot of the interface between local hosts and foreign assistance providers. As host country, Indonesia had no legal basis nor established procedures for receiving international relief aid, including foreign military assets. The Indonesian military controlled relief distribution and strictly monitored both the foreign military and civilian presence, but was eclipsed by the superior capacity of First World armed forces for heavy logistics. Exceptional circumstances of linkages between international humanitarian organizations and the military in relief provision were evident, but functioned mostly as separate streams and networks on the ground, with little crossover in logistics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Useful lessons can be drawn from international involvement in development and peacebuilding in Aceh, 2005-2006. Over this period, Aceh emerged from decades of internal conflict through a peace agreement between the Government of Indonesia and the Free Aceh Movement (or GAM). Although political shifts across Indonesia are widely accepted as the main reason why the agreement has held to date, international bodies played valuable supporting roles in brokering talks, monitoring progress, and providing development aid. This paper builds on ground-level experiences of what worked and what did not, finding that the process of devising and implementing international interventions confronted various barriers, including: limited scope for international actors to affect critical, domestic conditions; divergent interests and incentives that international agencies responded to; and institutional limits and constraints on what those international agencies could deliver. The most effective interventions in Aceh built on agencies' core strengths rather than aiming to implement global 'best practice', and forged relationships with domestic interests. It is suggested that understanding of these ground realities is not always evident in international policymaking, and greater recognition would help improve peacebuilding interventions in future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A clear understanding of what creates a conflict is central to building a lasting peace. This paper targets two common misconceptions which cloud analyses of the recent separatist conflict in Aceh. First, the conflict was not about oil. Resource curse theories help explain the creation of the Free Aceh Movement (GAM), but cannot explain why the conflict remained limited for several years. The lessons here are that what motivates a conflict varies over time and across groups. Second, despite Acehnese history, identity, and global trends, the conflict was not marked by Islam. Instead, the GAM promoted ethnic nationalism and downplayed religion to sustain the conflict and their control of it. The lesson here is how leaders can shape, but cannot determine the identity of movements. Beyond these two misconceptions, I move towards explaining the causal mechanisms of the Aceh conflict and assessing this model in light of post-Tsunami developments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The 26 December 2004 tsunami disaster around the Indian Ocean provided an opportunity to see if decades of knowledge and experience on post-disaster settlement and shelter could be applied to match the tagline which many groups gave to the post-tsunami reconstruction: ‘build back better’ (or ‘building back better’). This paper uses evidence from field work completed on implementing settlement and shelter in post-tsunami Aceh and Sri Lanka to examine whether or not the theory and practice of ‘build back better’ were witnessed. Focusing on settlement and shelter, four areas are examined: (i) safety, security, and livelihoods; (ii) how post-disaster settlement and shelter could have an improved connection with permanent housing and communities (the ‘transition to what?’ question); (iii) fairness and equity; and (iv) connecting relief and development by tackling root causes of vulnerability. Based on the field work, addressing these four areas is suggested as how ‘build back better’ could be implemented. Recommendations are 1.Community involvement is essential, but that does not necessarily mean community control. 2.Organizations involved in implementing transitional settlement and shelter need to consider their capacity and links to other sectors. 3.Thinking ahead is necessary by integrating relief and development through long-term planning and disaster risk reduction. Overall, ‘building back safer’ might be a preferable tagline to ‘building back better’ because ‘better’ has multiple interpretations, many of which caused further problems, whereas ‘safer’ provides a clearer goal on which to focus for post-disaster settlement and shelter. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In reply to the critique of Baird and Kerr, we emphasize that our model is a generalized vulnerability model, built from easily acquired data from anywhere in the world, to identify areas with probable susceptibility to large tsunamis--and discuss their other criticisms in detail. We also show that a rejection of the role of trees in helping protect vulnerable areas is not justified in light of existing evidence [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Indonesian military sees itself as the guarantor of national unity, the state's last line of defence against separatist movements. This paper argues that the military's methods for maintaining national unity have been counterproductive. Its counter-insurgency wars in Aceh and Papua have exacerbated the sense of alienation from Indonesia that the people in these provinces have felt. In this post-Suharto era of political reform, the military has been unable to recognise that its old methods have failed, even after its obvious failure in East Timor, whose people, after living under a 24-year military occupation, rejected continued integration with Indonesia in a referendum in 1999. The fact that the politicians in the legislative and executive branches of the state have tended to encourage the military to persist with its old methods suggests that the military by itself should not be faulted. Only political resolutions, such as the Helsinki agreement for ending the conflict in Aceh – an agreement that resulted more from the devastation of the December 2004 tsunami than from the Indonesian military's counter-insurgency warfare – offer any guarantee of national unity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cash for work (CFW) programmes are utilised in various disaster and emergency contexts and were a prominent component of the tsunami response in Aceh province, Indonesia. This paper describes Mercy Corps' CFW programme, discusses CFW implementation experiences and provides key recommendations for similar programmes in future emergencies. For the majority of CFW participants and their households, CFW was the only source of household income and 93 per cent of household incomes were attributable to it. The CFW programme empowered displaced populations to return to their communities; 91 per cent of participants indicated that CFW facilitated their return. Other reported psychosocial benefits included providing productive activities and giving communities an opportunity to work together. Mercy Corps' experience in Aceh demonstrates that cash disbursements can be safely delivered in a widespread manner in emergencies, and that when implemented on a short-term basis, can have positive impacts at the individual and community level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The big irony of the Aceh conflict is that the Acehnese grassroots have never been regarded as its rightful stakeholder. More interestingly, the alienation of the people from the process of conflict resolution coincides with the current process of democratization of the Indonesian state following the collapse of Soeharto's authoritarian regime in mid 1998. This paper argues that the resolving of this conflict by the Indonesian government and CAM (Free Aceh Movement) has appeared as if it were the exclusionary business of the political elite of both sides. At the same time the escalation of military violence continues to victimize the civilians both in terms of human lives and socio-economic deprivation. It is now time to seek more participation of the Acehnese civil society groups in the peaceful resolution of this conflict, as these groups constitute one of the conflict's legitimate stakeholders. Otherwise, the prolongation of the conflict would only serve the vested interests of the Indonesian political and military elite. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since the fall of Suharto's autocratic regime in May 1998, Indonesia has gone through a delicate process of democratisation. At the same time Indonesia is also confronted with the problem of nation-building. The question is: how can a democratic Indonesia unite itself? By using the theoretical relationship between the issue of democratisation and national identity, the paper tries to show the dilemma of nation-building in the post-Suharto Indonesia, especially with regard to the resolving of conflict in Aceh. On the one hand, the Indonesian leaders are required to show their commitment to democratic principles in ending the conflict and, on the other hand, they cannot rule out the possibility of using military means in keeping the nation united. An effective control by the civilian leaders over the military is essential for the peaceful solution of Aceh conflict. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

"Ratéb Dôda Idi" is a traditional lullaby passed on from generation to generation in Aceh society of Indonesia, as one of the mediums for cultivating religious and other important values in children. There is a scarcity of studies that specifically examine the lullaby concerning its kinds of compassion based on the religious teachings of Islam. Hence, this study intends to fill in the gap by probing the kinds of compassion embedded in "Ratéb Dôda Idi" and how religion plays a role in immersing these teachings. It employed an ethnographic case study to analyse the verses by interviewing 17 Acehnese elders to obtain data. The results showed that the lullabies contain five kinds of compassion essential to Acehnese society - compassions for parents, teachers, society, nature and the homeland. It is necessary to preserve this tradition of local wisdom because language, religion and cultural heritage reflect and shape the values, beliefs and aspirations that define and keep their integrity as an Acehnese society. This kind of study thus helps our understanding of the values expressed in lullabies from many cultures and these beliefs are mirrored in the society of the singers (i.e., speakers). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work probes the life history and journalistic career of Mohammad Said (1905-1995) in a condensed manner, with much consideration on intensive insight into his personality and writings. In this regard, this study can be classified as an example of microsociology because it departs from the general approach of conventional historiography by absorbing facts concerning grand political events and episodes. He was a self-made intellectual who explored in his writings formidable historical events concerning the migrant workers (koeli kontrak) in North Sumatra, and the Dutch War in Aceh. In addition, it was also pertinent to construct a framework to explain his ideas on the development of nationalism, and the factors that led to independence in the following decades. During the early 20th century, nationalism, identity, and nation-state were a patchwork, and had cleavages in many people’s minds in the Archipelago. Nevertheless, new discourses were developed to gain political consciousness and power through the writings of young journalists and intellectuals like Mohammad Said (MS). The thoughts and actions of MS should be considered as representing the values of his time. In this regard, one can assert that—in a Hegelian way—his self-consciousness helped the readers to comprehend the ‘spirit of the time.’ This study carried some glimpses of the era of tense discussions of independence, and anti-colonial struggles through MS’s intellectual discourse. This approach, namely viewing past political developments through the prism of a social agent, is essential. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Cardio-metabolic diseases are a major cause of death worldwide, including in Indonesia, where diabetes is one of the most critical diseases for the health system to manage. Methods: We describe the characteristics, levels of control, health behavior, and diabetes-related complications of diabetes patients in Aceh, Indonesia. We use baseline data and blood testing from a randomized-controlled trial. We conducted semi-structured interviews with eight health providers from Posbindu and Prolanis programs that target diabetes and other non-communicable diseases (NCDs). We also conducted three focus group discussions with 24 diabetes patients about their experiences of living with diabetes and the existing support programs. Results: The blood tests revealed average HbA1c levels indicative of poor glycemic control in 75.8 percent of patients and only 20.3 percent were free from any symptoms. Our qualitative findings suggest that patients are diagnosed after diabetes-related symptoms manifest, and that they find it hard to comply with treatment recommendations and lifestyle advice. The existing programs related to NCDs are not tailored to their needs. Conclusion: We identify the need to improve diabetes screening to enable earlier treatment and achieve better control of the disease. Among diagnosed patients, there are widespread beliefs about diabetes medication and alternative forms of treatment that need to be addressed in a respectful dialogue between healthcare professionals and patients. Current diabetes screening, treatment and management programs should be revised to meet the needs of the affected population and to better respond to the increasing burden of this disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to study the massive and systematic extent of money politics in the 2017 elections of the Bireuen District. This study used a qualitative method with the participant-observer approach. Data were collected through FGD at Al-Muslim University in Bireuen and in-depth interviews with the relevant parties. The practice of moneypolitics in the Bireuen election was very immaculate and well-coordinated. It started by collecting the photocopies of ID and family registry cards and ended with distributing the money before and after the voting. The campaign teams in each village helped to assist this process to the villagers. The study found five major causes of money politics in the Bireuen District. First, the public confidence in the political elections has declined. Second, the political orientation of the community was pragmatic. Third, several candidates had the same power in the election; thus, they had no other choices but to give away money to the public in the hope of being elected. Fourth, the prevention of money politics in the local elections of the Bireuen regent was somewhat weak. The elections supervisory committee does not have the authority to punish the political money perpetrators but could only give recommendations to the District Independent Elections Commission (KIP). These recommendations are subject to being processed or neglected. Lastly, the regulation of money politics was also weak in the Bireuen regional election. This massive money politics in Bireuen could be prevented by establishing a concept and formulating policies in the form of qanun (Islamic bylaws) in Aceh. The qanun could cancel or disqualify the regent candidates if they are proven to have committed money politics based on convincing and legally binding evidence. The political parties could also be deprived of their political rights to carry the regional head candidates for a term of office. Aceh, through its self-government, has a special authority to produce regulations that do not contradict the higher regulation in Indonesia. The function of the qanun is to break the chain and the money politics system by imposing punishment on the regent candidates and political parties. This research has never been investigated before, especially the regulation potential to break the chains of money politics by establishing a qanun to be applied in Aceh. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Elemental profiling is being explored as a traceability tool in many seafood products. However, the extent that elemental profiling can be used at finer geographical scales in cultured shrimp is unknown. Additionally, few studies have included multiple species in the same discriminant models, which would be useful in applications where one species is common, and the other is not. Here, elemental profiling was used to discern the provenance of black tiger shrimp Penaeus monodon and whiteleg shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei from the regions of North Kalimantan, Sulawesi Seletan, and Aceh in Indonesia. ICP-MS was used to determine elemental concentrations of 41 elements in shrimp muscle tissue and was the basis for multivariate and univariate statistical analyses. A MANOVA showed that multivariate differences exist in regions and between species of shrimp sampled. Univariate comparisons were utilized after the significance of the MANOVA and showed that 19 of the 24 elements above detection limits had significant differences. Classification via random forest was used to access the ability to discern, region, species, and region × species group combinations. The lowest model accuracy was the region × species combinations at 78.9%, while the highest accuracy was species irrespective of geographical origin at 93.59%. Elements that were routinely important in classification included As, B, Ba, Li, Na, Rb, Se, and Zn. Elemental profiles of white leg shrimp and black tiger shrimp are varied and potentially should not be used in the same classification models. Altogether, these results suggest that elemental profiling of farmed shrimp at finer geographic scales needs refinement as a traceability tool. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Stroke resources in Indonesia are limited; however, there has been demand to include nonbiomedical practitioners in stroke care. This paper will present a snapshot of available nonbiomedical stroke 'services' used by stroke survivors in two subdistricts of Aceh, Indonesia. Data were collected through interviews, observations, focus groups and vignettes with stroke survivors, their carers, biomedical and nonbiomedical stroke practitioners. Two categories of nonbiomedical practitioners were identified, all of whom discussed and demonstrated an understanding and approach to stroke treatment with multiple layers of influence, predominantly, education, religion and culture. There were a number of areas of overlap between the two categories; some of these influences were also evident in the biomedical practitioners. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tacca leontopetaloides (T. leontopetaloides) contain a number of active compounds such as flavonoids, tannins, phenolics, steroids, and alkaloids. The active compounds from plants have been shown to reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease by lowering cholesterol levels by inhibiting the enzyme 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzym A (HMG-CoA) reductase activity. This study aims to investigate the potential active compounds in the ethanolic extract of Tacca tubers (T. leontopetaloides) from the Banyak Islands, Aceh Singkil Regency, Aceh Province both in vitro and in silico. Tacca tubers contain secondary metabolites including flavonoids, phenolics, tannins, steroids and saponins, according to phytochemical screening. In vitro investigation of ethanolic extract of Tacca tuber revealed inhibitory activity of HMG Co-A reductase with an IC50 value of 4.92 ppm. Based on the in silico study, active compound from the extract, namely Stigmasterol with the highest binding affinities with HMG Co-A reductase (−7.2 kcal/mol). As a comparison, the inhibition of HMG Co-A reductase activity by simvastatin with an IC50 4.62 ppm and binding affinity −8.0 Kcal/mol. Our findings suggest that the ethanolic extract of Tacca tuber (T. leontopetaloides) from Banyak Islands, Aceh Province has the potential to inhibit the activity of HMG Co-A reductase. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The earthquake and tsunami disasters in Aceh Province, Indonesia led to several injuries, deaths, unfound bodies, and high property losses on 26 December 2004. This hazardous period has reportedly become a valuable case for Syiah Kuala University, where various solutions are being considered for eradicating subsequent occurrences. Therefore, this study aims to determine the implementation patterns of the disaster curriculum developed and applied at Syiah Kuala University, to achieve a DPC (Disaster Preparedness Campus) reputation and enhance DP (Disaster Preparedness) among community members, especially students. A qualitative verification method outlined as a description was used, due to being an inductive approach to the entire experimental process. Data collection was also carried out through observation and literature review, as well as several interviews with the following, (1) The head of the technical implementation unit general course of Syiah Kuala University, (2) The coordinator and lecturer of disaster and environmental knowledge course, and (3) The students of Syiah Kuala University studying the course. After this process, a Delphi method was used to analyze the data obtained, with the outcomes confirmed by a competent expert. Based on the results, three important steps were found to improve disaster preparedness among the people of Aceh and Syiah Kuala University students, namely (1) The establishment of the Tsunami Disaster Mitigation Research Center in 2006, (2) The establishment of the Master Program Study of Disaster Science in the university's Postgraduate Program in 2010, and (3) Development of the general course of disaster knowledge and environment in 2016, which was a compulsory requirement for all students from various faculties, departments, and programs. This indicated that Syiah Kuala University was the first campus to mandate a disaster science course in Indonesia. These results are expected to improve disaster preparedness for students, with Syiah Kuala University becoming a DPC (Disaster Preparedness Campus) in Indonesia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Human-elephant conflict (HEC) poses a major threat to elephants in many parts of Asia, including Indonesia. This paper presents data from a case study on HEC in Aceh, Sumatra, Indonesia. The area consists of a mosaic of settlements, agriculture, and forested areas that are used both by elephants and humans. Questionnaire survey data were used to examine villagers "attitudes towards elephant conservation", "forest protection", and "wildlife authorities". While 36% of the respondents expressed a positive attitude and accepted the need to protect elephants, a majority of the respondents (64%) indicated that they would not support conservation where crop damage by wildlife, particularly elephants, was threatening livelihoods. Nevertheless, 86% of respondents had a positive view of protected forests, either for personal benefits such as hunting and collection of non-timber forest produce or to act as wildlife refuges. Although the wildlife management authorities respond to crop raiding incidences by elephants, which had some positive influence on perceptions of people towards the authorities, overall the majority of respondents (83%) perceived the wildlife authorities negatively and claimed that they did not provide support when crop raiding took place. The main factors identified as reasons for the observed conservation attitudes were proximity to forest boundary, occupation, and education level. Further education and conservation awareness programs, and conflict mitigation should become a priority to gain local communities' support for conservation and change people's attitudes towards elephant conservation so they can share resources with elephants, where possible. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research aims to identify and compare the chemical components of Chromolaena odorata leaf extract grown in the geothermal and outer areas of the geothermal source site. The antibacterial activity of the plant extracts was also identified. The plant materials were collected from the Ie Seum Geothermal area and Blangkrueng region, approximately 31 km from the geothermal area. All samples were extracted using three different solvents: ethanol, nhexane, and ethyl acetate. A phytochemical test was performed to identify the secondary metabolites, volatile components were identified using GC-MS, and the inhibition zone method was used to assess the antibacterial activity of the extracts against S. aureus. The ethanol extract and ethyl acetate from both areas contained phenolic, flavonoid, and steroid, while the n-hexane extracts from both areas’ steroid groups were identified. In addition, GCMS data revealed that the plant material sample from the geothermal contained more chemical constituents compared to the sample from the geothermal outer area. The extract from geothermal also shows better antibacterial activity against S. aureus, and statistical analysis indicates a significant difference in antibacterial activity among solvents and between the origin of the samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Herein, we report our success synthesizing silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using aqueous extracts from the leaves and flowers of Calotropis gigantea growing in the geothermal manifestation Ie Seu-Um, Aceh Besar, Indonesia. C. gigantea aqueous extract can be used as a bio-reductant for Ag+→Ag0 conversion, obtained by 48h incubation of Ag+, and the extract mixture in a dark condition. UV–Vis characterization showed that the surface plasmon resonance (SPR) peaks of AgNPs-leaf C. gigantea (AgNPs-LCg) and AgNPs-flower C. gigantea (AgNPs-FCg) appeared in the wavelength range of 410–460 nm. Scanning electron microscopy energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometry (SEM-EDS) revealed the agglomeration and spherical shapes of AgNPs-LCg and AgNPs-FCg with diameters ranging from 87.85 to 256.7 nm. Zeta potentials were observed in the range of −41.8 to −25.1 mV. The Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion assay revealed AgNPs-FCg as the most potent antimicrobial agent with inhibition zones of 12.05 ± 0.58, 11.29 ± 0.45, and 9.02 ± 0.10 mm for Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Candida albicans, respectively. In conclusion, aqueous extract from the leaves or flowers of Calotropis gigantea may be used in the green synthesis of AgNPs with broad-spectrum antimicrobial activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Analysis of anti-malarial antibody responses has the potential to improve characterization of the variation in exposure to infection in low transmission settings, where conventional measures, such as entomological estimates and parasitaemia point prevalence become less sensitive and expensive to measure. This study evaluates the use of sero-epidemiological analysis to investigate heterogeneity of transmission in area conducting elimination in Indonesia. Methods: Filter paper bloodspots and epidemiological data were collected through a community-based cross-sectional study conducted in two sub-districts in Sabang municipality, Aceh province, Indonesia in 2013. Antibody responses to merozoite surface protein 1 (MSP-119) and apical membrane antigen 1 (AMA-1) for Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax were measured using indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Seroconversion rates (SCR) were estimated by fitting a simple reversible catalytic model to seroprevalence data for each antibody. Spatial analysis was performed using a Normal model (SaTScan v.9.4.2) to identify the clustering of higher values of household antibody responses. Multiple logistic regression was used to investigate factors associated with exposure. Results: 1624 samples were collected from 605 households. Seroprevalence to any P. falciparum antigen was higher than to any P. vivax antigen, 6.9% (95% CI 5.8–8.2) vs 2.0% (95% CI 1.4–2.8). SCR estimates suggest that there was a significant change in P. falciparum transmission with no exposure seen in children under 5 years old. Plasmodium falciparum SCR in over 5 years old was 0.008 (95% CI 0.003–0.017) and 0.012 (95% CI 0.005–0.030) in Sukakarya and Sukajaya sub-districts, respectively. Clusters of exposure were detected for both P. falciparum and P. vivax, most of them in Sukajaya sub-district. Higher age, P. vivax seropositivity and use of long-lasting insecticide-treated bed net (LLIN) were associated with higher P. falciparum exposure. Conclusion: Analysis of community-based serological data helps describe the level of transmission, heterogeneity and factors associated with malaria transmission in Sabang. This approach could be an important additional tool for malaria monitoring and surveillance in low transmission settings in Indonesia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The province of Aceh in Indonesia provides a promising case for studying the economic legacy effects of conflict given subnational district-level data on violence and gross domestic product. We demonstrate specific negative economic legacy effects of armed conflict despite a general peace dividend: whilst all districts in Aceh grow faster after conflict ends in 2005 than during the conflict, the districts that suffered relatively more from violence during the war grow relatively more slowly during peacetime than districts that experienced relatively little violence. These negative legacy effects are relatively short-lived, however, and are no longer statistically significant from 2009 onwards. JEL classification: O40, O47, Q54 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A reassessment of the geochemistry of stream sediments collected by the British-led North Sumatra Project from 1975 to 1980 in central Aceh with spectrum–area and local singularity fractal techniques refines previously determined areas with anomalous Cu and delineates As anomalies (proxy for Au) that correspond to porphyry Cu and epithermal Au–Ag deposits and prospects discovered in the 1980s and 1990s. Additionally, the application of these methods to stream sediment samples collected by an Australian company in the mid-1990s from part of central Aceh identifies Au, As, and Cu anomalies that are aligned with regional geochemical trends. Integrating singularity metal-enriched areas and the distribution of mineral occurrences and structures reveals northerly and easterly tectono-magmatic corridors controlling epithermal Au–Ag and porphyry Cu mineralisation. The above results attest to the usefulness of legacy data for first-pass mineral assessments and for providing evidence layers for a future mineral prospectivity map. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study reported on here was aimed at providing statistical evidence on the correlation between instructional management and behaviour management, and how they relate to English proficiency level, gender, age, and years of experience among low proficiency teachers in Indonesia. The data were collected using a behaviour management and instructional management scale developed by Martin and Sass (2010). The data for the English proficiency level were obtained by administering a reading subtest from the sample test of the Preliminary English Test (PET) to 54 English teachers from Aceh, the westernmost province in Indonesia. Information regarding age, gender, and years of experience were embedded in the PET. The correlations were analysed by using the Pearson coefficient formula for normal data, the Spearman rank correlation coefficient for non-normal data, and the Independent Sample T-test for the analysis of the gender category. The results show that there was a medium positive correlation between instructional management and behaviour management, which was statistically significant (r = .4121, p = .0019). Behavioural management skills were also significantly correlated, but in a negative direction with the level of English proficiency (r = .32, p = 0.018), as were instructional management skills (r = .35, p-value = 0.029). In addition, age was negatively correlated to instructional management skills, and no correlation was found for gender and years of experience. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the northern part of Sumatra Island, Indonesia, the Great Sumatran Fault, which can cause an earthquake, was divided into two segments: the Aceh and Seulimeum. An effort to reduce the risk is mapping the fault area, especially in the region that does not clearly show the sign on the surface, e.g., in the Lamtamot area, Indonesia. Electrical resistivity is widely used to study shallow structures, but the method requires more time when applied in a large area. This research explores the potential of an extremely low frequency (very low frequency-electromagnetic; VLF-EM) method to investigate the shallow fault of the Seulimeum segment. Here, the VLF-EM is compared with other geophysical methods such as resistivity and magnetic methods. For comprehensive results, the geomorphic observation that was conducted covered outcrops of the fault and trenching sites in the geophysical study for validating the model. A similar pattern of the VLFEM and electrical resistivity data has been shown in a two-dimensional profile using data processing. The fault structure can be mapped at a distance of 20-24 m from the profile measurement, which is demonstrated by the low current density associated with the conductive zone from the VLF-EM, and low resistive anomaly in electrical resistivity. The fault can also be confirmed via magnetic intensity, which significantly increases at the same distance (20-25 m) of the VLF-EM and electrical resistivity. The geomorphic observation shows outcrops of fault activity, such as fault scarp, fractures, and faults, in the same direction as the Seulimeum segment, while scrap extends in the northwest direction up to ~20 m around the geophysical surveys. As revealed by the results, the VLF-EM method combined with other geophysical surveys and geomorphic observation can be used as a technique to image the fault that shows the shallow structure of the Seulimeum fault at 20-32 m along the profile. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper analyses the context in which education in Aceh acts strategically to advance an agenda of social transformation. Applying a cultural, political economy analytical framework, it identifies ways in which education is embedded in key cultural, political, economic and social struggles at present. They include: (1) the redistribution of educational opportunities and access; (2) ambiguous spaces for democratic representation in a decentralised educational structure; (3) competing notions of how diversity is acknowledged within Indonesia and Aceh Province; and (4) conflicted approaches to reconstruction following the 2004 tsunami and end of conflict in 2005. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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While there has been a flurry of research on party system institutionalisation (PSI) and regionalist parties, very little research has been conducted on their imbrication. This study aims to fill this gap by analysing the impact of local parties on the party system in post-conflict Aceh, Indonesia. It contends that the presence of local parties in Aceh has had a hybrid effect on the institutionalisation of the party system. Similar to national parties, local parties in Indonesia have weak societal roots and party organisations that obstruct PSI in Aceh. That notwithstanding, local parties in post-conflict Aceh have assisted in solidifying the party system by improving the legitimacy of parties and elections and by creating a less fragmented party system. This hybrid effect is also strongly influenced by Aceh's long wartime history and its post-conflict status. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the most popular surface runoff estimation methods is the rational method. Unfortunately, this method has several concentration-time approaches that have been developed, as one of the parameters, which are specific to the environment to increase the accuracy of the runoff estimation. Therefore, this study aims to estimate surface runoff using a rational method with several concentration-time approaches in order to obtain the best accuracy in tropical palm dates plantations in Aceh Province, Indonesia. The concentration-time approaches studied were Kerby, Kirpich, Manning, Bransby Williams, Federal Aviation Agency (FAA), and Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS). This research was conducted by making a test plot in the plantation with the length, width, and slope of 22 m, 4 m, and 25%, respectively. Each side of the test plot is given a barrier plate with a height of 15 cm and embedded as deep as 30 cm. In addition, on the bottom side, there is a runoff collection tank with a capacity of 50 L. The physical properties of the soil on the test plots in the form of structure, texture, porosity, permeability, and organic C were granular, sandy loam, 0.43%, 1.84 cm/day, and 1.25%, respectively. The test was carried out from March to November 2020 with 37 days of rain. The results of this study indicate that there are significant differences between each concentration-time approach being tested. The best runoff estimation uses the Bransby William method in units of l/hr with the root mean square of 7.95. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the mensural classifiers along with various traditional measurement tools used by the Acehnese community in Pidie Jaya District, Aceh Province, Indonesia. The data for this qualitative research with an ethnographic approach was obtained from five sub-districts in Pidie Jaya District. Elicitation techniques and non-participant observation techniques were employed to collect data from 12 selected informants. Pictures of these tools were taken for documentation. It was found that there are 23 mensural classifiers for the volume measurement unit (kai, sukèe, ndhie, siblakai, cupak, arè, gantang, pacôk, kulah, naléh, gunca, kuyan, tayeun, gaca siarè, gaca sicupak, gaca sikai, glok, cawan, mok, cinu, tima, yôk, and kalè), one mensural classifier for width measurement unit (naléh) and three mensural classifiers for weight measurement unit (manyam, bungkai, and katoe). These traditional measuring tools are made from parts of plants, recycled goods, and even items sold in the market but are considered traditional by the community, as well as antiques that are believed to have originated from abroad. It is expected that the results of this research can be used as documentation of the Acehnese traditional heritage as an effort to preserve a regional culture in Indonesia. Future research on this topic should also investigate traditional measuring tools that use parts of the human body as measurements because they also exist in Acehnese society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Interpretation of various exploration data, in particular geochemical prospecting, offers a powerful and rapid assessment of grass‐root projects in a green‐field terrain. Here, we present an example of the Collins epithermal prospect in Aceh Province, Indonesia. In this area, the Au+ base‐metal‐bearing sheeted quartz veins (individually mostly 2–4 cm wide), which are controlled by a 250 m wide by 800 m long NNE‐trending structural corridor within Paleogene sandstone and volcanic rocks, are the product of two main stages of deposition. Stage I formed veins with a sliver of cryptocrystalline quartz wall zone followed by an inner zone of comb quartz with interstitial rhombic adularia that terminates in open space. Stage I or main‐stage sulfide mineralization consisting of early galena + sphalerite and later chalcopyrite occurs with the quartz + adularia. Small amounts of galena also occur in the wall zone. Stage II mineralization brecciated Stage I veins and overprinted them with silicification characterized by vuggy texture. Mineralization associated with this episode consists of earlier chalcopyrite + sphalerite + tennantite–tetrahedrite and later, vug‐filling Au–Ag alloy (Ag0.37–0.41Au0.62–0.59). The above mineralized veins are successively flanked by silicic selvages, an illite + chlorite + pyrite ± kaolinite zone and a chlorite + epidote + carbonate + pyrite zone. Local supergene alteration induced replacement of galena by plumbogummite and anglesite and chalcopyrite by covellite. Data from fluid inclusion microthermometry in quartz indicated that the inner zone of Stage I veins formed from fluids with a 2.3 wt% salinity (0.5–3.3 wt% NaCl equivalent), at 174°C (155–211°C). Combining these physico‐chemical parameters with the mineral assemblage, the mineralization occurred under a reduced environment. Rock and soil assays indicate that elevated Au concentrations (up to 16.5 ppm over 1 m) occur along northeast‐trending zones and show a strong correlation with Pb, while Cu (up to 2.58% over 1 m), Zn, As, Sb, and Mo anomalies lie mostly at the periphery. The high‐grade mineralized veins correlate with moderate to high resistivity and chargeability zones, and the pseudosections of such geophysical signals are interpreted as reflecting coalesced or enlarged veins at depth, or inclined veins in other localities. The intermediate sulfidation affinity for Collins points to potential mineralization at depth as well as preservation of Au‐rich and sulfide‐poor zones in the less eroded areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]