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The 19th International Convention of the East Asian Economic Association will be held on November 1-2, 2024 at Thammasat University in Bangkok, Thailand. The theme of the convention is "Globalization and Resilience in Asia: Path to Innovation, Inclusiveness and Sustainable Development." The Program Committee is inviting papers related to the convention theme as well as a wide range of economic issues. Authors interested in presenting a paper should submit an abstract of their proposed paper by May 15, 2024. The deadline for full paper submission is September 30, 2024. Participants are required to register and attend both days of the conference. [Extracted from the article]

Material flow analysis was used to analyse major product groups (paper, glass, and plastics) in the Bangkok Metropolis system in terms of the flows of relevant resources, materials, and waste. The results showed that the consumption process was the major source of paper, glass, and plastic waste in Bangkok. The total paper waste after consumption accounted for 651,986 tons, or 79% of the total paper used (825,067 tons), in the metropolis. However, only 32.4% of the total paper waste was sorted for recycling. About 25.4% of the glass waste after consumption was recycled and 6.7% was reused in Bangkok. Most (89.3%) of the total plastic products (1,342,322 tons) consumed in Bangkok was turned into plastic waste and only 22.2% of the total plastic waste (1,200,911 tons) from both consumption and production was sorted for recycling. Suggestions to minimise the waste generated in certain processes of these product systems are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

INTRODUCTION: Pilots are frequently exposed to thrombotic risk as a result of immobility from air travel. As hypoxemia is associated with secondary polycythemia, and polycythemia increases the risk of thrombosis, intermittent exposure to high-altitude hypoxic environments could escalate the risk of thrombosis in pilots. Our objectives were to find the prevalence of polycythemia in airplane pilots (primary outcome) and to assess associated risk factors of polycythemia (secondary outcome). METHODS: This study is a cross-sectional descriptive study. Data was collected from paper-based and computerized medical records of airplane pilots who applied for Class 1 Aviation Medical Certificate renewal at the Institute of Aviation Medicine, Royal Thai Air Force, Bangkok, Thailand, in 2018. The data was sampled by a simple random sampling technique. RESULTS: A total of 386 paper-based records were sampled. Of those, 29 (7.5%) of the pilots met polycythemia criteria. Spearman's correlation analysis showed a significant positive correlation between Body Mass Index (BMI) and hemoglobin (correlation coefficient = 0.127) and between BMI and hematocrit (correlation coefficient = 0.105). In multivariate logistic regression of each variable on polycythemia as defined by hemoglobin alone, piloting a non-pressurized aircraft was found to be an independent predictor of polycythemia (odds ratio = 4.3). DISCUSSION: The prevalence of polycythemia in airplane pilots was 7.5%. Operating a non-pressurized aircraft was a significant risk factor of polycythemia, and pilots with higher BMI were more likely to have increased red blood cell parameters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Public parks are vital for community well-being, yet often fail to cater to the needs of people with disabilities, restricting their safe and independent use. This paper details a pragmatic study aimed at crafting the design for an inclusive park on the outskirts of Bangkok, addressing these limitations. Through a comprehensive mixed-methods approach—encompassing literature reviews, semi-structured interviews, and surveys with stakeholders, including individuals with disabilities—this research gathered diverse perspectives on inclusive design. Participants underscored the importance of social and recreational activities in universally accessible spaces, providing valuable spatial insights. This research aims to employ pragmatic research methods to develop the design of an inclusive park for people with disabilities at the Thammasat University Rangsit Campus Water Sport Center. This study seeks to integrate the perspectives and needs of people with disabilities into the park design, ensuring that the space is accessible and meets a wide range of needs. The research aims to bridge socio-environmental considerations with practical design applications, creating a model that can serve as a template for similar developments in other urban settings. This study's findings informed the creation of a design that harmoniously integrates green spaces with the specific requirements of disabled users, promoting inclusivity and accessibility within the fast-growing urban areas of Southeast Asia. This research not only offers a template for addressing the gaps in public space provision for people with disabilities but also illustrates how designers can interpret and meet socio-environmental and health-related needs through inclusive planning. It extends the discussion on overcoming WHO-identified inequalities in urban settings and lays the groundwork for interdisciplinary studies aimed at enriching the fabric of urban life through research processes and scientific inquiry. This paper asserts the pivotal role of inclusive design in enhancing urban livability, advocating for a design methodology that responds to the nuanced demands of inclusivity, thereby contributing to the broader discourse on equality, accessibility, and the right to the city for people with disabilities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Refuse derived fuel (RDF) from municipal solid waste (MSW) has been widely used in energy plants. The aim of this study was to investigate the characteristics of RDF components from the MSW generated in Bangkok, Thailand. The MSW generated profile was observed from 2015 - 2020 to analyze the composition, proximate, ultimate, and heating values. The combustible categories of MSW were considered as RDF components, namely paper, plastics, food waste, wood/yard waste, textiles, and rubber. The average MSW generated in Bangkok was approximately 13.5% of the total MSW generated in Thailand. The combustible category represented 86.5% of total MSW. The predominant combustible category was food waste (43.1%), followed by plastics (16.6%), and paper (13%). Moisture, volatile matter, fixed carbon, and ash contents ranged from 0.2 - 57.5, 74.5 - 95.2, 3.3 - 19.4, and 1.5 - 8.6 wt.%, respectively, depending on the materials. Lower heating values of RDF components ranged from 13.70 - 32.63 MJ/kg, of which plastics exhibited the highest value. The potential energy produced from RDF components was 513,123.4 x 102 GJ/yr, with approximately 1,847,757,371 kWh/yr converted into electricity. The findings from the research on characteristics of MSW from Bangkok city reveal that it has the potential to be used as an RDF resource in energy plants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The stress-strain relationship of clays characterized by strain hardening exhibits varying curves under different confining pressures and dry densities. Methods: Considering the viscoelastic properties of clays, a normalized viscoelastic model of strain-hardening clay was established based on fractional derivatives, and normalization factors were proposed. Results: The experimental results showed that the stress-strain relationship of the clay was strain hardening. It shows that Chengdu clay has better normalization conditions. Furthermore, the normalized analysis of this clay through the viscoelastic normalization model revealed that the straight line of normalized data displayed a goodness-of-fit of over 0.98. The obtained values were consistent with experimental results, suggesting the reasonability of the normalized strain-hardening parameters and elastic moduli. Discussion: In addition, the superiority of the developed model was verified by testing the strain-hardening clays in Wuhan, China and Bangkok, Thailand. After analyzing the strain-hardening parameters and normalization factors of our model, it was found that the slope of the normalized line can accurately reflect the strain-hardening ability of the clay. These findings demonstrated that the proposed normalization factor is preferred for a normalized viscoelastic model. It shows that the model proposed in this paper has clearer physical meaning and advancement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper presents a case study of art activism in Nang Loeng, a historic neighbourhood in Bangkok, Thailand. Long recognised for its rich cultural heritage from food to architecture, Nang Loeng has established its name as a site of cultural tourism, drawing interest from tourists, artists, and professional experts. Like many neighbourhoods nearby, Nang Loeng today is being threatened by looming gentrification and eviction, as the inner city is transforming itself into a tourist destination. In particular, the upcoming underground construction has put their housing security under pressure. The paper first discusses the context of rail‐led urban transformation in historic Bangkok, fuelled by the discourse of transit‐oriented development. Then, it introduces Nang Loeng and their series of art‐based programmes. Disappointed by their failure to secure housing tenure from the landlord, Nang Loeng residents have turned to activism as a tool of resistance. Here, the paper pays particular attention to the role of community architects who creatively translates neighbourhood concerns into artistic forms. Through the case of Buffalo Field Festival, the paper illustrates how the community architects, artists and local residents collaboratively use Nang Loeng's cultural assets to make subtle political statements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper offers a Bourdieusian field analysis to unpack the intersection among sexuality, place, and mobility through an ethnographic study of Taiwanese gay men's trips to Bangkok. It unveils that how the societal cause of 'Eastern orientation'— a racialised sexual desire for 'white Asians' among Thai gay men — and other material circumstances have transformed distinct scales of territory, including nation-states and gay establishments, into nuanced yet not thoroughly disparate sexual fields. Such nuances are closely associated with gay men's intra-Asian mobility between Thailand and Taiwan that I elucidate through the concept of 'sexuality on the move.' This concept suggests that individuals' geographical movements may diversify their sexual habitus as well as fluctuate their tiers of desirability and vice versa, delineating how different aspects of human sexuality are reshaping and reshaped during or after their embodied mobility. At the same time, their yearning for sexuality alterations also shapes the pattern of individuals' trans-national and intra-urban movements. Moreover, the paper underscores that these alterations are not just objective reality but these gay men's subjective belief which, along with their sexual desire, embodied practices and personal experiences composing a conceptual 'circuit of sex and tourism', attracting and captivating gay men to participate in and then be obsessed with this form of sexual/touristic practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study presents an international collaboration in the Students Meet Internationally through Language Education (SMILE) project and investigates how the SMILE project impacts Thai EFL students. This program provides students with opportunities to use English as an Authentic Communication Tool (E-ACT) by sharing their experiences and culture with high school peers in Japan online. Thirty-one Thai twelfth graders from a public high school in Bangkok participated in the SMILE project in the 2022 academic year. The course of the SMILE project we describe in this paper consisted of four collaboration classes (50 minutes, four times), and each class consisted of two sessions (25 minutes, twice). In each session, the Thai students met Japanese students in the same school grade in small groups with four or five students in total. These classes were conducted via online channels. Thai students' data were collected from class observations, interviews, and questionnaires. The results revealed that the Thai students 1) increased their confidence in using English, 2) gained broader perspectives from the cultural exchange sessions, 3) were eager to have similar collaborations with new Japanese students, and 4) showed clear enjoyment in their activities. Given these benefits, we conclude that the experience that student participants gained through the SMILE project had a substantial impact on them, which is likely to change their attitude toward studying English in the future. Besides, we discuss how current approaches to learner psychology may or may not be applied to our findings. Based on the results, the authors argue that having students with different first languages meet online should be conducted more widely in EFL circumstances. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Urban political ecology (UPE) has recently turned its attention to the embodied dimension of human–nature relations. In particular, within urban hydrological systems across the globe, the need to consider the emotional and bodily ways in which we connect to the ecologies of the city has been acknowledged. This paper joins such efforts and explores the flood experiences of a diverse group of Bangkokians during the 2011 inundation by drawing on three interconnected concepts: materiality, affect and emotion. Together they help us explore the intense experiences of Bangkokians during the flood and serve as theoretical tools to unpack the uncanny encounters between Bangkokians and the materiality of the flood. Thus, the paper attends to the socio-material forces that shaped the flooding event and contributes nuanced insights about the embodied experiences of floods within the delta city. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper traces the making of Bamiyan Buddhas beyond the Bamiyan valley in Afghanistan since 2002. Recounting the building and rebuilding of a monastic complex in Bangkok, the study focuses on one of these new Buddhas, more complete than the "original" Bamiyan Buddha of the dually inscribed grotto, "Bamiyanguha-Bamiyan Museum", at Wat Saket. In their global manifestations, the Bamiyan Buddhas have emerged as mobile sites, as place holders with direct and indirect citations to the destroyed Buddhas of the valley. The building of Wat Saket's Bamiyan Buddha is situated within larger transnational histories of planned, projected, rejected, and reproduced Bamiyan Buddhas, within stylistic decisions related to questions of shifting material media, scale, and iconography involved in copying and reproductions, in the context of Thailand's changing engagements with itinerance, multiplication, and copying strategies around Buddha images, and in national and global circuits of collecting, exhibitions, gift, and piety. The museum, specifically the cave-museum of Wat Saket, as a site of retinal and haptic vision which continues to challenge and blur the distinctions between curatorial visions, specialist pedagogy, visual instructions, aesthetic contemplation, and rapidly shifting and evolving complex of ritual practices and leisure, remains at the heart of this study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article offers information about the annual conference "International Association of IT Lawyers" (IAITL) that was held in Bangkok, Thailand from November 11-15, 2013 and also about the 8th 'CLSR Best Paper Awards" that was given to Dr Uri Volovelsky.

Purpose: This paper aims to examine the design and implementation of age-related human resource (HR) practices across organizations located in the institutional contexts of the under-researched emerging market economy of Thailand. Design/methodology/approach: A cross-case analysis of five organizations is conducted across industries. The empirical evidence in this paper draws on semistructured interviews and focus groups with older workers of each organization, semistructured interviews with top managers and/or HR managers of each organization, field visits to each organization located in Bangkok and other provinces in Thailand and a review of archival documents and Web-based resources. Findings: This paper proposes that firms design and implement various age-related HR practices, including the extension of the retirement age, financial planning facilitation, the bundling of maintenance and the bundling of utilization, to ensure that older workers in their firms maintain their current level of functioning to cope with the problem of skill shortage in the Thai labor market, have sufficient savings after retirement to respond to the "productivist informal security" welfare state regime and return to previous levels of functioning after facing losses in their careers. Research limitations/implications: Due to the fact that this research is based on case studies of age-related HR practices in five firms across industries in Thailand, the findings may not be generalizable to all other firms across countries. Rather, the aim of this paper is to enrich the discussion regarding the design and implementation of age-related HR practices in organizations. Another limitation of this research is that it does not include firms located in several industries, such as the financial services industry and the education industry. Future research may explore age-related HR practices in organizations located in these industries. Moreover, quantitative studies using large samples of firms across industries might also be useful for fostering an in-depth understanding of the design and implementation of age-related HR practices in organizations. Practical implications: This paper provides practical implications for top managers and/or HR managers of firms in Thailand and other emerging market economies. That said, these top managers and/or HR managers can implement age-related HR practices to respond to the problem of skill shortage in the labor market, ensure that older workers have sufficient savings after retirement and help older workers return to previous levels of functioning after facing deterioration in health conditions and/or losses in their careers. Social implications: This paper provides policy implications for the government and/or relevant public agencies of Thailand and other emerging market economies that still face a severe skill shortage problem. Older workers who possess tacit knowledge and valuable experience and are still healthy can be considered excellent alternates for firms to help alleviate the skill shortage problem in the labor market. However, firms should implement age-related HR practices to retain this group of employees overtime. Originality/value: This paper contributes to the literature on comparative institutionalism and human resource management, specifically regarding age-related HR practices, in the following ways. First, this paper examines how firms design and implement age-related HR practices to respond to the country's macro-level institutions. Additionally, in this paper, the author triangulates the findings from older workers with those from employers to ensure that actual HR practices perceived by older workers are in line with HR practices perceived by top managers and/or HR managers. Moreover, the literature on age-related HR practices has likely overlooked emerging market economies, including the under-researched country of Thailand, because most studies in this area have focused on developed economies. Therefore, the findings in this paper provide an in-depth analysis of the design and implementation of age-related HR practices across firms located in the emerging market economy of Thailand to respond to the national institutional context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Geographers have a long‐established research interest in the ways infrastructures shape urban flood vulnerability and how urbanites cope with urban flooding. In this paper, I contribute to this literature by exploring the three‐dimensional city during an urban flooding situation. Within a case study (based on interviews and ethnographic observations), I attend to ad hoc coping practices of a diverse city population during the 2011 flood in Bangkok. I foreground the vertical direction of these strategies and the affordances of the urban built environment and urban infrastructures that enabled such coping. The paper thus stages a conversation between established literature on urban flood vulnerability and coping with an emerging interest in vertical urbanism literature. Through this conversation between the two literatures, research on urban verticality is probed to consider verticality as a crucial dimension of urbanism during times of flood disasters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research paper investigates digital literacy components for youths in Bangkok. The first phase used a qualitative method. The key informants were eight experts in information and communication technology (ICT), human resource (HR), and education. The second phase was to develop the measurement of digital literacy components using the confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) approach with a sample consisting of 1,362 youths in Bangkok. Data collection was conducted through a questionnaire with 52 questions. The results revealed that digital literacy criteria for youths in Bangkok consisted of four factors containing 13 indicators. The first factor and its related access components was three subcomponents, which are: i) use of tools and devices; ii) data collection in the cloud; and iii) internet connection. The second factor was understanding components consisting of evaluation, ethics, and legal literacy. The third factor was use of components consisting of safeguarding, search, sharing, and innovation. The fourth factor was creating components consisting of creating weblogs/applications, presenting on website/application, and safeguarding. CFA was employed to test the construct validity of the research latent variables that revealed the harmony correlation of empirical data contained in this research model. These results were employed to develop a digital literacy for youth during the COVID-19 pandemic in Bangkok, Thailand. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although Thai Buddhism is the dominant religion in Bangkok, the capital is ethnically and religiously diverse. In particular, there is a large community of Muslims. This paper examines the Muslim community in Bangkok, focusing on the Minburi district. Most Thai Muslims in this district are of Pattani descent, having migrated to the area since 1786, bringing with them the common cultural practices of Thailand's southernmost provinces and Malaysia. The complex social, cultural, and political structures of Bangkok are rooted in the complexities of different religions, migration phenomena, and development discourses. The international migration of Muslims to the Minburi district resulted from state policies, economic and cultural factors, while existing networks cultivate a contemporary sense of mobility. To explore the causes of the migration and its legacy, this paper poses two research questions: 1) How have members of the Muslim community in the Minburi district settled through the migration and development process? 2) How do the Muslims in the Minburi district sustain and negotiate their identities through activities and changes within the community? To answer these questions, the paper used semi-structured interviews, observation and secondary data analysis techniques. The paper argues that through a history of migration and development, Muslims in Minburi have constructed identities and interpersonal networks within their community. Once unoccupied farming land, Minburi was transformed into an identifiable ethnic and religious community, which is currently undergoing the gradual process of becoming a multi-racial community. This reflects that historical entities and development programmes have shaped individual and community identities. Islamic identities and faiths remain salient in the district despite other dominant norms in Bangkok as a whole. The findings demonstrate the ways in which Muslims have negotiated their identities in the face of changing development paradigms and migration policies since the late 18th century. Transitions at different times underpin the Minburi community in its state of becoming or as an assemblage. Each period of change has challenged their identity and ability to consolidate their community. This paper contributes to our understanding of the migration phenomenon and the process by which identities flow and communities become dynamic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The Bangkok Basin has been known from non-instrumental observations of the local population to be subject to ground motion amplification due to the deep alluvial sediments and basin geometry. This study analyzes available seismic data to confirm that basin effects are significant in the Bangkok Basin. The paper contributes to the evaluation of basin effects by characterizing the engineering ground motion parameters and HVSR curves for the Bangkok basin which produce lengthening of ground motion duration with respect to nearby rock sites, albeit with very low ground motions. For this purpose, we analyzed ground motion records from seismic stations located within the Bangkok alluvial basin from 2007 to 2021. Recorded peak horizontal ground acceleration (PGA) for seismic stations inside the basin always exceeded 1 cm/s2 during eight earthquakes with Mw ≥ 5.5. Of these, two were intraslab events and six were shallow crustal earthquakes. These recorded ground motions shook high-rise buildings in Bangkok even though their epicentral distance exceeded 600 km. Methods: Several time and frequency domain analyses (such as analysis of residual, HVSR, Hodogram plots, etc.) are used on the ground motion records in the Bangkok basin to determine the frequency content of recorded ground motion and to demonstrate the significance of surface waves induced by the deep basin in altering the engineering ground motion amplitudes. In addition, centerless circular array microtremor analysis is used to determine the depth of sedimentary basin to the bedrock. Results: Based on comparisons from those stations located outside the Bangkok basin, we observed the capability of alluvial deposits in the Bangkok basin to amplify ground motion records by about 3 times. We observed that there is a unique site amplification effect between 0.3 and 0.1 Hz due to local surface waves and other moderate amplifications between 2 and 0.5 Hz due to a soft layer like other deep alluvial basins in other metropolitan areas. Conclusion: We noticed that there is a unique site amplification effect between 0.1 and 0.3 Hz and smaller peaks around 2 and 0.5 Hz consistent with expectations for site amplification effects associated with deep basins. Moreover, we noticed the presence of low frequencies content of the surface wave generated within the basin which deserved further studies using the 2D/3D ground motion modelling through basin topography and velocity models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many urban areas in tropical Southeast Asia, e.g., Bangkok in Thailand, have recently been experiencing unprecedentedly intense flash floods due to climate change. The rapid flood inundation has caused extremely severe damage to urban residents and social infrastructures. In addition, urban Southeast Asia usually has inadequate capacities in drainage systems, complicated land use patterns, and a large vulnerable population in limited urban areas. To reduce the urban flood risk and enhance the resilience of vulnerable urban communities, it has been of essential importance to develop real-time urban flood forecasting systems for flood disaster prevention authorities and the urban public. This paper reviewed the state-of-the-art models of real-time forecasting systems for urban flash floods. The real-time system basically consists of the following subsystems, i.e., rainfall forecasting, drainage system modelling, and inundation area mapping. This paper summarized the recent radar data utilization methods for rainfall forecasting, physical-process-based hydraulic models for flood inundation prediction, and data-driven artificial intelligence (AI) models for the real-time forecasting system. This paper also dealt with available technologies for modelling, e.g., digital surface models (DSMs) for the finer urban terrain of drainage systems. The review indicated that an obstacle to using process-based hydraulic models was the limited computational resources and shorter lead time for real-time forecasting in many urban areas in tropical Southeast Asia. The review further discussed the prospects of data-driven AI models for real-time forecasting systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With its vast network of canals, Thailand's capital Bangkok once earned its nickname as 'Venice of the East' during the nineteenth Century. Although many of the 'khlongs' (canals) have long been filled in to form roads, enough remains of their function to stir the hope of the Bangkok Metropolitan Administration (BMA) to 'revive' the city's reputation. Under the plan to modernise the network of waterways and promote water transport as a primary means of transportation, about 50,000 residents along nine canals are required to relocate. After many attempts, the last round of orders by the military government, BMA is finally going ahead with its plan in 2015. From an ethnographic perspective employing visual methods, this paper aims to explore urban interventions through the 'presence' of graffiti in the area of Chumchon Rim-Naam, more generally the relationship between eviction and graffiti under the military government. It pays close attention to socio-political discontent and counterculture through the lens of daily class struggle. Moreover, it attempts to examine the experiences of those impacted by eviction and the stories of those canal squatters who are victims of this injustice. For the authority, graffiti that appears to come in the form of a political statement has become more than just a public nuisance. The paper demonstrates that in embracing the concept of visual politics, and to further crystallise their roles in and relationships to the socio-political movement, there is the need to examine the city through visual methods critically. The specificities of visual tools and aesthetic experience in the contentious political times in which we live can and have been utilised strategically and instrumentally to mobilise people's opinions, memories, experiences and their social relationships. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Asylum-seekers nowadays undertake multiple journeys before reaching a country of resettlement. In Southeast Asia, several countries are playing important roles as transit locations. This paper focuses on Thailand, which serves as a major transit point for Sri Lankan Tamil asylum-seekers who hope to move to resettlement countries through irregular channels. Drawing on in-depth interviews and ethnographic observations from 2018 to 2019, this paper examines the Sri Lankan Tamil asylum-seekers' migration experiences in Bangkok, and how they plan their onward migration and utilise connection networks. Moving beyond traditional pull-push approach that standardises reasons to flee, this research uses asylum-seeking habitus as a conceptual lens to explore the interactive process between structure (economic and cultural) and asylum-seekers, and individual/communal interpretations of such structural environment that trigger onward migration aspirations of asylum-seekers in a transit country. In Bangkok, because lived experiences do not meet personal and/or familial expectations, insecurity prevails following news from others in their networks, which then triggers onward migratory disposition among Sri Lankan Tamil asylum-seekers. Asylum-seeking habitus as a conceptual lens provides a useful approach in assisting us in understanding asylum-seekers' vision of autonomy by investigating their changing perceptions of security at different stages of the journey. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phaya Thai is an inner-city district of Bangkok, Thailand, which has quite high mixed-use density and overall fair development. These advantages have attracted many people to live and work there, which increases multi-aspect demands, including on green and open spaces. Therefore, appropriate solutions for increasing these spaces are needed. Among several approaches, utilisation of existing spaces is highly recommended for Phaya Thai district due to its lack of available land for new development. This paper explores the existing open spaces in the district and identifies opportunities for utilising them to increase the greenery or improve their use. Mainly by mapping and observation, the physical attributes of existing spaces are investigated. Based on that, development concepts are proposed through 2D and 3D visualisation. These can be used as a reference for future revitalisation or development of the district, as well as for other areas with similar features, for which further feasibility studies are needed to identify the physical and socio-economic characteristics of specific locations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study would be whether MIS risks and investment efficiency have an impact on profit persistence in Bangkok, Thailand industrial companies, and if so, whether this varies between different industrial companies in Bangkok, Thailand. The descriptive analytical method is used in this study, and the hypothesis of this paper is investigated using a simple linear regression model. This study employs a sample of 41 companies drawn from a population of 54 companies listed on the Thai Stock Exchange's industrial sector between 2007 and 2021. The findings revealed that financial risks - as measured by liquidity ratios - had no statistically significant impact on profit persistence in the short term. The study also found that financial risks - as measured by debt ratio - had no statistically significant impact on profit persistence. This study also found that asset efficiency - as measured by total asset turnover - had no statistically significant impact on profit persistence. Whereas the study discovered a statistically significant difference in profit persistence between industrial companies at a level of (0.01). The findings of this paper can help industrial companies improve their short-term profit persistence. This paper is regarded as the first to investigate the profitability persistence of Bangkok, Thailand industrial firms. The study produced some recommendations, one of which is that authorities should raise awareness about profit persistence in the long versus short run. Companies should be required to report on profit persistence in their governance reports to assist investors and other stakeholders in determining a company's ability to maintain current profit persistence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Serious concerns have been raised about the sustainability of conventional mechanized linear wastewater treatment systems in the developing world. Bangkok in Thailand is no exception to these concerns, and merits closer examination. This paper is aimed at unveiling the fundamental facts and characteristics relating to the organic degradation potentials of domestic wastewater in Bangkok. It is supported by evidence from simple laboratory experiments in which existing local conditions were simulated. The results showed that greywater-like qualities of domestic wastewater do predominate in Bangkok, most probably as a result of three main factors: (1) continued use of leaching septic tanks, (2) the tradition of using water after defecation, instead of toilet paper, and (3) high organic degradation potentials under tropical monsoon conditions. Considering the small organic content, coupled with high organic degradation rates of the freshly collected greywater-based sewage in Bangkok, low-cost and decentralized natural treatment systems could be far more suitable for environmental sustainability in such tropical monsoon areas than the implementation of large-scale sewage works. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Even though linguistic or grammatical competence has been of paramount importance for language development and research in English language teaching and learning, other related competence types (i.e., pragmatic competence and sociolinguistic competence) should not be neglected. The objectives of this paper were to investigate Thai university learners’ understanding of mock politeness expressions in English, comparing English major and non-English major students, and to discern the factors influencing their understanding. The data were collected from a stratified purposive sample of bachelor degree English majors and nonEnglish majors enrolled in a public university in Bangkok. A mixed method approach was used; the quantitative data were collected from a mock politeness judgement task while the qualitative data were obtained from individual interviews. The qualitative findings revealed that the majority of both English majors and non-English majors seemed to understand English mock politeness without much difficulty, yet details of each individual’s understanding differed in details. As for quantitative findings, an independent sample t-test revealed no significant differences between the accurate answers of majors and non-English majors, while a one-way ANOVA test revealed no significant differences in the accuracy of answers among the four years of study/enrollment of both majors and non-English majors. The participants’ understanding of mock politeness in English is shaped by their differences in English proficiency, anxiety levels, and views regarding the importance of understanding English mock politeness, opinions about cultural influence, and strategies used for learning mock politeness. This study sheds some light for language teachers and policymakers, highlighting pragmatic or implicit meaning in English language use in general, and promoting appropriate strategies for teaching and learning different types of politeness and impoliteness in communications, including mock politeness. This enables learners to become more successful in understanding and using the English language accurately. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Given that estimating the comprehensive and precise impacts of the COVID-19 crisis is challenging, this paper aims to quantify the overall impacts of the COVID-19 on Thai economy both at the macroeconomic and household levels. Our finding indicates that if government supports are not implemented, the country's GDP could fall by 13.66 percent—the most important transmission channels of this severe impact coming from inbound and domestic tourism demand shocks. The pandemic has also significantly increased the level of poverty in Thailand. And those people facing the greatest risk of falling into poverty tend to be those living in urban areas, especially in metropolitan Bangkok, as well as those whose head of household is working in the tourism sector. In exploring the effectiveness of the mitigation measures implemented by the Thai government, our findings also show that such mitigation measures could successfully help lower the numbers of poor and almost poor people to below those of the Pre-COVID-19 era. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since January 1, 2020, Thailand has implemented a campaign to stop giving free single-use plastic bags in 75 major retail stores. This study aims to (1) understand the status quo and effectiveness of the plastic bag ban campaign by estimating the number of plastic bags used in Bangkok and Phuket (2) understand the consumers' behavioural on plastic bag consumption and management by integrating a knowledge, attitude, and practice (KAP) model (3) provide policy recommendation to strengthen the country plastic waste management roadmap. The results showed that the ban on plastic bag campaign is effective, especially in the supermarkets and convenience stores in Bangkok. The numbers of plastic bags used per visit at supermarkets and convenience stores are approximately 1.9 bags and 1.7 bags, respectively, whereas the plastic bags used at fresh markets, restaurants, and food delivery services are, on average, up to 3.7, 3.1, and 2.8 bags per visit, respectively. On average, people in Bangkok use approximately 1.2 bags/person/day, while only 0.7 bags/person/day are used in Phuket. According to the KAP model, attitude is more crucial than knowledge towards pro-environmental behaviour. Bangkok residents' trend to show more pro-environmental behaviour than Phuket residents. For policy implication, it is important to continuously communicate the environmental impact of plastics and emphasise the proper knowledge and attitudes toward plastic bags among people to encourage their cooperative behaviours in reducing the use of plastic bags and sorting waste for recycling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As travel restrictions ease amid the COVID-19 pandemic, a revival of traffic congestion is observed caused by the increased use of private vehicles. To help alleviate this, return to public transport use is encouraged. Given the positive relationship between passenger satisfaction and their recurrent use of public transit, it is then recommended to improve the service quality offered by these systems. This paper illustrates the use of a combination of principal component analysis and ordinal logistic regression in determining how satisfaction with rail transport service quality affects passengers’ usage frequency with Bangkok’s mass rapid transit system as a case study. The results show that satisfaction with ticket sales, station facilities, station staff, public relations, and rolling stock significantly affect passengers’ recurrent use of the rail transport system. It is also determined that among these indicators, the station facilities, rolling stock, and station staff are found to contribute greatly to the marginal effects on the probability of observing more frequent use compared to less frequent use. It is then recommended that these factors be prioritized and further improved to produce higher levels of passenger satisfaction, and consequently, increased ridership of the rail transport system. The findings of this study can also be beneficial for public agencies and rail transport operators with regard to policy and decision making amid and in the transition out of the COVID-19 pandemic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objectives of this research were as follows: the development of a MOOCs knowledge repository system using a digital knowledge engineering process, and a competency assessment of digital entrepreneurs engaging in a MOOCs knowledge repository system using a digital knowledge engineering process. A total of 30 people were selected as a sampling group (purposive sampling) for this study, these included Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) in Bangkok with expertise in Human Performance Technology (HPT), as well as the MOOCs knowledge repository system. The mean, standard deviation, percentage, and a dependent sample t-test were used in the procedure for data analysis. The research findings suggested that: (1) the overall result concerning the development of a MOOCs knowledge repository system using a digital knowledge engineering process was at the highest level (Mean = 4.89, S.D. = 0.31), and (2) the overall result regarding the competencies of digital entrepreneurs after engaging in a MOOCs knowledge repository system using a digital knowledge engineering process passed the 80% rating, according to criteria. Moreover, learners who had undertaken activities through a MOOCs knowledge repository system using a digital knowledge engineering process improved their learning outcomes with a significance level of .05 based on the research hypothesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article investigates Charoengkrung Creative District as a site of cross-border policy learning. Heralded as Thailand's first creative district and a "prototype" for many more to come, Charoenkrung Creative District promises to rejuvenate the city through a participatory, broad-based approach. Rather than analyzing the creative district as a local intervention, the article foregrounds the transnational character of policymaking. It shows that while the policy intervention is local, it is globally inspired by the imaginaries of "successful" elsewheres. The paper analyzes the state's discourse of creativity as a global–local negotiation, whereby the local understanding of creativity is contingent upon (and therefore curtailed by) its selective perception of foreign successes. Building upon the notion of assemblage, it points to a collage of policy ideas and imaginaries of success, which are mobilized to promote the vision of the creative district at home. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Insights into traveller's behavior are important for the Tourism Authority of Thailand to draw up plans and make decisions to manage and promote their capital city (Bangkok) as a tourism hub. Therefore, the objective of this paper is to obtain a comprehensive understanding of traveller's behavior in Bangkok. To achieve this, we used a variety of methods such as activity, temporal, and spatial analysis to identify visitor patterns in Bangkok by utilizing a relatively new data gathering technique to extract social media check-in data. The findings include comprehensive statistics about traveller's behavioral patterns at these spots that have practical implications in various city management applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The deep mixing method is considered one of the most popular ground improvement techniques, which cement is commonly used as a cementitious material. However, the use of cement resulted in high cost and high carbon footprint. Utilizing bottom ash, a by-product from electricity power plant, as a green stabilizer material is of interest. This paper studied the effect of bottom ash and ground bottom ash on the properties of cement stabilized soft Bangkok clay. The variables included initial water content, clay/binder ratio, cement/BA ratio, and curing time. The unconfined compressive strength test, scanning electron microscope, cost, and CO2 emission were assessed. The results showed that the strength decreased with the increase in initial water content because of the bleeding effect and poor particle bonding. The mixes with 10%BA and 10%GBA achieved the highest 7-day and 28-day strengths for all clay/binder ratios. The strength of sample with GBA was higher than that with BA due to the higher reactivity of the GBA. For BA, the mixes with 60clay/40binder exhibited sufficient strength passing the Thailand's Department of Highways requirement for cement column materials. In the case of GBA, the lower binder content mix with 70clay/30binder met the strength requirement. According to the SEM analysis, the improvement of the matrix was observed and confirmed the higher pozzolanic reaction of GBA and the resulting higher strength from the higher surface area. This research thus showed that the cement-BA could be used as a low-cost and low-carbon binder for the stabilization of clay. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the variations in subsoil conditions of the Bangkok Metropolitan Area of Thailand. The study was initiated by measuring ambient noise with a seismometer. A total of twenty sites was investigated by microtremor measurements. The typical subsoils of Bangkok were presented on the basis of site investigation reports. Furthermore, inversion analysis was conducted to determine subsoil properties in Bangkok. Geotechnical parameters for seismic analyses, such as soil layer thickness, undrained (su), unit weight, time-averaged shear wave velocities at 30 m (Vs30), 100 m (Vs100), and 500 m (Vs500), and engineering bedrock surface depth were reported. Results shows that clay layer thickness varies from 17 - 25 m with the su of approximately 10 - 60 kPa and unit weight of approximately 15 - 17.5 kN/m3. The results also show that Vs30, Vs100, and Vs500 fall in the ranges of 100 - 225, 175 - 300, and 325 - 450 m/s, respectively. Engineering bedrock with the Vs of 760 m/s is found at 375 - 625 m below the ground. This result also indicates that a thick sediment is generally found in the Bangkok Metropolitan Area. In general, the results of this work could be used for civil engineering practice, especially seismic design and analysis in the studied area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents the impact study of electrical vehicle charging stations (EVCS) loading to the Thailand's North eastern power system. Main purposes of this paper are to find the maximum number of EVCS that can be loaded to power system and to rank the critical areas under EVCS load changing by using the repeated power flow calculation technique. Results from the calculation are for the integration planning of distributed renewable generators (DRG) to reduce system congestion. Typically, the critical areas are buses or devices that violate of system control limits. The system control limits are consisting voltage limit and load percentage limit of power transfer devices. All critical areas are needed to improve system stability and reduce system congestion for support the EVCS growing. In this study, The EVCS have been installed on main roads in Thailand's North-eastern area from Bangkok to Nong-Khai province with a length of 624 km. The EVCS were installed every 50 km, totally 11 stations, and connected to 115 kV substations in the system. The impact study results found that the system experienced with congestion problem on following elements: a) 11 critical buses at 115kV network, b) one critical bus at 230kV network and c) one transmission line is overload to 100 percent at 115kV network when each of EVCS station load increase to 30 MW. In addition, study results reveal that when installed DRG at the right and proper locations, these can reduce congestions situation, reduce system losses and enhance system stability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper investigates mobility options and practices of irregular migrant workers and international urban refugees during the 2011 flood in Bangkok, Thailand. Contributing to debates on disaster mobility and climate change induced displacement, the paper explores how citizenship and racialized differences unfolded during the flood event and how such differences had (de)mobilising effects for specific subgroups of Bangkok's irregular population. Drawing on the concepts of assemblage and affect the paper proposes to perceive of race as emergent within concrete interactions between bodies, rather than a pre-given social category or a purely discursive trope. From this perspective the body itself may become a repository to subvert or manipulate racialized perceptions. The paper argues that approaching race as an emerging assemblage helps to shed light both on the demobilising effects race had on people's mobility as well as on the fleeting moments of generosity and care between people that proliferated alongside such demobilisations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores representations of identities and fandom in two Southeast Asia border-crossing films, Myanmar in Love in Bangkok (2014) and From Bangkok to Mandalay (2016). Both films have already been exhibited in Thailand and Myanmar and have gained a huge following in both countries. Myanmar in Love in Bangkok portrays a contemporary migrant situation: It is a love story between a male Burmese migrant worker and a Thai woman played by Kaew Korravee, a Thai leading actress who has become famous in Myanmar because of her portrayal of this modern and unconventional character. Alternatively, From Bangkok to Mandalay, which notably presents Burmese and Siamese cultural heritage, has successfully created a feeling of nostalgia among the Thai audience, resulting in fan tourism to Myanmar. Comparing these two cases, I argue that consuming modernity and nostalgia are the main driving forces of the cross-border representations and their subsequent fandom. This paper also engages with the existing fan studies framework put forward by Koichi Iwabuchi and extends the studies of transnational fans further by considering the Southeast Asian sociocultural context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper brings together literature from urban and refugee studies, aiming to contribute new theoretical insights about agency in the space of an urban assemblage to the study of the mundane mobility of refugees in Bangkok, Thailand. Drawing on empirical material gathered through qualitative interviews and ethnographic methodologies, the paper offers new insights into the daily struggles of refugees in a city located in a country that is not a signatory to the 1951 Refugee Convention. In particular, the Deleuzo-Guattarian concept of becoming as a transformative capacity, as well as the notion of distributed agency, are highlighted to raise awareness to the ambivalent, complex and ambiguous ways in which agency is expressed by urban refugees in a non-Convention city. The paper aspires to offer both new theoretical perspectives as well as novel empirical data to consider the agency of refugees who are criminalised in their host country due to a lack of legal recognition, contending that these particular urban conditions are precisely the reason for their situated, contingent and ambivalent agency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Growing food in a city is quite challenging but possible around the globe. Urban farming practices require specific knowledge depending on the location and the limitation of the land or space availability in a city. Under tropical climate conditions, even though the growing season is extensive, there are investment and business models on greenhouse urban farming within a city boundary. This paper highlights the greenhouse urban farm location and focuses on the commercial perspective of producing crops in Bangkok Metro Region (BMR). The paper focuses on reviewing and analysing greenhouse urban farm opportunities and challenges. There are two objectives of the study to understand landscape patterns and analyse the challenges and opportunities of greenhouse farming within BMR: 1) understand the landscape pattern of greenhouse farming with BMR and 2) analyse the challenges and opportunities of urban farming in BMR. The results are discussed with respect to specific topics including greenhouse urban farming location and operation, greenhouse design, and marketing analysis. There are 54 greenhouse urban farms located within the BMR boundary; 20 of these farms share their business opportunities and constraints of farming in the city. This finding shows that the location of the farms is no longer a constraint of urban farming, as all the greenhouse urban farmers can use social media to promote their farms and products. The most important advantage is that not only are the urban farm greenhouses involved with an extensive farming season, but the local city farms can also set the selling price of their produces higher than the standard price. This study could be used as a database for researchers, urban farmers, and locals who want to invest in the greenhouse urban farming business. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper discussed the selection criteria for Ordinary Urban Heritage (OUH) in Rattanakosin, the historic center of Bangkok through the case of ordinary restaurants and everyday foods. The OUH stands for an alternative approach to heritage understanding and conservation, derived from the notion of ordinary heritage, vernacular heritage, and urban heritage emphasizing the heritages of the everydayness of ordinary people. The OUHs have co-existed and inherited through the evolution of the city but are overlooked by the official conservation process. Ordinary restaurants and everyday foods were selected by 5 criteria, 1) appeared for more than 50 years; 2) created, developed, and used by ordinary people; 3) found as the clusters; 4) able to be adapted to the urban context; 5) exist until the present day. The methodology applied to the analysis of the historical documents and Bangkok maps from 1887 to 1974, and the selection criteria developed from past research in another old commercial district of Bangkok were also reinvestigated with observational surveys. Ordinary restaurants and everyday foods are the outcomes representing the heritage of everyday life of ordinary people that are ubiquitously related to commercial activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This study aims to investigate the reasons for the shutdown of a mobile night market during the COVID-19 pandemic. Lack of tourists was obviously one of the causes but social reasons must also exist. The study investigates territoriality, collectivization and human relations in urban social spaces which are essential for the sustainability of a market than solely short-term profit and unconnected customers. Design/methodology/approach: In this study qualitative methods are used, including reviewing contents, semi-structured interviews with vendors and customers, and informant interviews. Findings: Drawing from urban space theories, this paper argues that trendy markets catering for diverse market segments sustain their business. Once the market has shifted away from local Thai customers to main tourists, it loses its base and becomes vulnerable in territoriality negotiation. Practical implications: The findings and model provide practice information for local authorities, town planners and night market operators in the design of open-air marketplaces. Such knowledge pinpoints the importance of connecting place and people in order to sustain a business. Originality/value: Studies on mobile marketplaces are rare. The findings address the "detaching" process and consequence from the perspective of place attachment. Peer review: The peer review history for this article is available at: https://publons.com/publon/10.1108/IJSE-04-2021-0218 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Some advertisements include celebrity endorsers hoping that will increase the popularity of the ad and, thereby, the celebrity status will be positively associated with the brand. This paper reports the findings of a cross-cultural study undertaken across the cities Hong Kong, Shanghai, Jakarta, Bangkok and Mumbai, using the Foote, Cone & Belding (FCB) grid to determine whether the appearance of a celebrity increases the chance for the advertisement to be liked. The results found that the use of celebrity endorsements in liked advertisements differed considerably, which provide an insight for advertisers developing campaigns using celebrities in different Asian markets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]