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The objective of this study was to evaluate the residues of 42 pesticides subject to public concern in Tieguanyin tea produced in Fujian, China. The presence of 42 pesticide residues in 90 Tieguanyin tea samples were determined. A total of 17 pesticides were detected. At least one pesticide residue was detected in 65 samples (72.2%). The detected pesticides imidacloprid, tolfenpyrad, bifenthrin, acetamiprid were found in 55.6%, 33.3%, 18.9% and 16.7% of samples, respectively. Pesticide residues in Tieguanyin tea varied significantly over the seasons and across the production regions. Based on data obtained, the health risks associated with long-term exposure to those pesticides were assessed and risks of detected pesticides were ranked. The hazard quotients (HQs) among the detected pesticides range from 5 × 10−8 for fenpropathrin to 3 × 10−4 for imidacloprid. The results demonstrated that despite a high occurrence of pesticide residues in Tieguanyin tea, residue levels observed could not be considered as a serious public health problem. The risk ranking scheme showed dicofol and thiacloprid were considered to pose a medium-risk. The suggestions for 17 detected pesticides used in Tieguanyin tea plantation were made, including those already banned from use in China (dicofol and methomyl), recommended for diminished use (thiacloprid and chlorpyrifos), and permitted use with considering the pre-harvest interval (13 other pesticides). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To assess the dietary exposure risks of pesticide residues in snow fungus for the general population and young children, 91 snow fungus samples were collected from major production areas in Fujian Province, China and the presence of 44 pesticides was determined. A total of thirteen pesticides were detected; 65.9% of the samples contained one or more pesticide residues. The most frequently found pesticide was carbofuran, followed by acetamiprid and then imidacloprid. Data obtained were used for chronic, acute, and chronic cumulative dietary exposure risk assessments. The chronic hazard quotient (cHQ) was extremely low for both the general population and young children. The %ADI values of cumulative dietary exposures to organophosphorus pesticides and carbamates ranged from 0.53% to 1.49%, and did not exceed their corresponding ADIs. However, the acute dietary risks from all 13 pesticides, especially carbofuran and methamidophos, were of concern due to the relatively high acute hazard quotient. The risk ranking scheme showed that carbofuran could pose a high risk to snow fungus consumers. Finally, suggestions are made about the potential use in snow fungus cultivation of the pesticides with detected residues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Recommendation on the Historic Urban Landscape (2011) adopted on the 36th UNESCO General Conference stressed that Historic Urban Landscape (HUL) was not a new type of world heritage, but an innovative method in urban heritage conservation. The paper discusses current efforts for applying the HUL Approach in the case of urban heritage conservation of Kulangsu in China, a project for World Heritage nomination in 2017. For Kulangsu, the World Heritage nomination provides an opportunity to rethink its values and characteristics in the global perspective. The HUL Approach also provides a new perspective for identifying the heritage components of the site, and thus changes the conservation system and strategies in order to improve the built environment, the quality of social life, and to enhance the interaction between the community and the site. The paper will introduce the outstanding universal values of the site, the identification of the elements of urban heritage, the understanding of its integrity, the practical challenges and conservation strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Extensive-disease small-cell lung cancer (ED-SCLC) is characterized by rapid progression and relapse, despite high initial response rates to chemotherapy. The primary objective of this trial was to demonstrate the non-inferiority of amrubicin and cisplatin (AP) combination therapy compared with the standard first-line regimen of etoposide and cisplatin (EP) for previously untreated ED-SCLC in a Chinese population. When non-inferiority was verified, the objective was switched from non-inferiority to superiority.Methods: From June 2008 to July 2010, 300 patients were enrolled and randomly assigned at a 1:1 ratio to AP and EP groups. AP-treated patients received cisplatin (60 mg/m(2), day 1) and amrubicin (40 mg/m(2), days 1-3) once every 21 days. EP-treated patients received cisplatin (80 mg/m(2), day 1) and etoposide (100 mg/m(2), days 1-3) once every 21 days. Treatment was continued for four to six cycles, except in cases of progressive disease or toxicity, and patient refusal.Results: Median overall survival (OS) for AP vs. EP treatment was 11.8 vs. 10.3 months (p = 0.08), respectively, demonstrating non-inferiority of AP to EP (AP group: 95% confidence interval for hazard ratio 0.63-1.03 months). Median progression-free survival and overall response rates for AP vs. EP groups were 6.8 vs. 5.7 months (p = 0.35) and 69.8% vs. 57.3%, respectively. Drug-related adverse events in both groups were similar, with neutropenia being the most frequent (AP 54.4%; EP 44.0%). Leukopenia, pyrexia, and fatigue were more prevalent in the AP group, but all were clinically reversible and manageable.Conclusions: AP therapy demonstrated non-inferiority to EP therapy, prolonging OS for 1.5 months, but this difference was not statistically significant; thus we propose AP as a promising treatment option for ED-SCLC in China.Trial Registration: This trial was registered on 10 April 2008 (ClinicalTrials.gov NCT00660504). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Centipeda minima (Ebushicao) has been used for the treatment of various diseases, such as nasal allergies, rhinitis and sinusitis, nasopharyngeal carcinoma, cough, and headache. This study aims to investigate the anticancer activities of Centipeda minima ethanol extracts (CME) against nasopharyngeal carcinoma cell CNE-1 and their underlying mechanism. Methods: CNE-1 cells were treated with diferent concentrations (15-50 µg/mL) of CME for diferent time intervals (24, 48, and 72 h). Cytotoxicity of CME was determined by MTT assay. Cell morphological changes were observed by luorescence microscopy after HO 33258 staining. Cell cycle status was evaluated by low cytometry following propidium iodide staining. Apoptosis was detected by low cytometry following annexin V-FITC/PI staining. The levels of apoptosis-associated and PI3K-Akt-mTOR signaling related proteins were measured by western blotting analysis. Results: CME (15-50 µg/mL) signiicantly inhibited the proliferation of CNE-1 in a dose- and time-dependent manner (P = 0.026 for 15 µg/mL, P < 0.001 for 25, 30, 40, and 50 µg/mL, respectively); the IC50 values (µg/mL) were 41.57 ± 0.17, 30.34 ± 0.06 and 24.98 ± 0.08 for 24, 48 and 72 h treatments, respectively. Signiicant morphological changes of CNE-1 cells displaying apoptosis were observed after CME treatment. CME showed low cytotoxicity toward normal LO2 cells. CNE-1 cells were arrested in the G2/M phase while treated with 15, 25, 40 µg/mL of CME, respectively (P = 0.032, P = 0.0053, P < 0.001). CME (15, 25, 40 µg/mL) down-regulated Bcl-2 expression (P = 0.032, P = 0.0074, P < 0.001), and up-regulated Bax (P = 0.026, P = 0.0056, P < 0.001) with activation of caspase-3, caspase-8, caspase-9, and PARP observed in CNE-1 cells (P = 0.015, P = 0.0067, P < 0.001 for caspase 3; P = 0.210, 0.028, < 0.001 for caspase 8; P = 0.152, 0.082, 0.0080 for caspase 9; P = 0.265, 0.0072, < 0.001 for PARP). CME suppressed the activation of the PI3K-AKT-mTOR pathway (P = 0.03, 0.0007, 0.004, 0.006, 0.022 for p-PI3K, p-Akt-Ser473, p-Akt-Thr308, p-mTOR-Ser2448, p-mTOR-Ser2481, respectively after 40 µg/mL of CME treated for 24 h). Conclusion: CME inhibited the proliferation of CNE-1 cells and activation of the PI3K-AKT-mTOR signaling pathway. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified a number of genetic variants associated with risk of bladder cancer in populations of European descent. Here, we assessed association of two of these variants, rs11892031 (2q37.1 region) and rs401681 (5p15.33 region) in a Chinese case-control study, which included 367 bladder cancer cases and 420 controls. We found that the AC genotype of rs11892031 was associated with remarkably decreased risk of bladder cancer (adjusted odds ratio (OR), 0.27; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.09-0.81; p = 0.019), compared with the AA genotype of rs11892031; and that CT/CC genotypes of rs401681 were associated with significantly increased risk of bladder cancer (adjusted OR, 1.79; 95% CI, 1.10-2.91; p = 0.02), compared with the TT genotype of rs401681. We further conducted stratification analysis to examine the correlation between single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) rs11892031/rs401681 and tumor grade/stage. Results showed that heterogeneity in ORs of tumor categories was not significant for either rs11892031 or rs401681 (p > 0.05), indicating that the two SNPs seemingly do not associate with tumor grade and stage of bladder cancer in our study population. The present study suggests that the SNPs rs11892031 and rs401681 are associated with bladder cancer risk in a Chinese population. Future analyses will be conducted with more participants recruited in a case-control study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The antioxidant vitamin E has been extensively employed to treat chronic liver diseases. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of vitamin E supplementation in lowering alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) levels in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), and chronic hepatitis C (CHC). Methods: We searched all publications in PubMed, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library databases up to June 2013. In total, eight articles met the eligibility criteria, among which, two studies about NAFLD, four studies about NASH, and three studies about CHC, were identified and included in the meta-analysis. Results: According to standardized mean difference and 95% confidence interval, 12.19 (-4.08 to 28.46) for ALT and 6.84 (-3.18 to 16.86) for AST in patients with NAFLD, 4.54 (1.62-7.46) for ALT and 3.55 (1.39-5.71) for AST in patients with NASH, and 0.61 (0.20-1.02) for ALT and 0.68 (0.07-1.29) for AST in patients with CHC, vitamin E supplementation could optimize ALT and AST levels in patients with NASH and CHC, although it was not statistically significantly associated with reduced ALT and AST levels in patients with NAFLD. Conclusion: To summarize, the evidence currently available supported the theory that vitamin E supplementation can optimize aminotransferase levels for patients with NAFLD, NASH, and CHC, and more well-designed, large-scale clinical trials are encouraged to examine the therapeutic effect of vitamin E for these disorders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ethnic minority areas area old revolutionary base areas, areas inhahited by ethnic minorities, remote areas, impoverished areas, and also difficult areas for construction of socialist harmonious society. Studying on factors influencing rural teacher flow in ethnic minority areas is of great significance to improving local teacher team structure and promoting balanced development of urban and rural education. However, it lacks empirical analysis based on field survey for the nonce. In this study, based on interview and questionnaire data of education departments and school leaders in 4 ethnic minority areas of Yunnan Province, it established binary Logistic model, analyzed factors influencing rural teacher flow in ethnic minority areas of Yunnan Province, and finally present policy recommendations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The importance of genetic factors in substance addiction has long been established. The rationale for this work is that understanding of the function of addiction genes and delineation of the key molecular pathways of these genes would enhance the development of novel therapeutic targets and biomarkers that could be used in the prevention and management of substance abuse. Over the past few years, there has been a substantial increase in the number of genetic studies conducted on addiction in China; these studies have primarily focused on heroin, alcohol, and nicotine dependence. Most studies of candidate genes have concentrated on the dopamine, opioid, and serotonin systems. A number of genes associated with substance abuse in Caucasians are also risk factors in Chinese, but several novel genes and genetic risk factors associated with substance abuse in Chinese subjects have also been identified. This paper reviews the genetic studies of substance abuse performed by Chinese researchers. Genotypes and alleles related to addictive behavior in Chinese individuals are discussed and the contributions of Chinese researchers to the international corpus of knowledge about the genetic understanding of substance abuse are described. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One hundred and eight isolates of Botrytis cinerea from greenhouse cucumber and tomato in two locations in Jiangsu Province (Nanjing and Huaiyin) and one location in Shandong Province were tested for their sensitivities to the four fungicides commonly used in China. Isolates with resistance to all four fungicides-carbendazim, diethofencarb, procymidone, and pyrimethanil (CarRDieRPrcRPyrR)-were found in all three regions in this study. High frequencies (52 and 53%) of resistance to all four fungicides were observed among the 62 isolates collected in Nanjing and the 36 isolates collected in Huaiyin in Jiangsu Province. The 10 isolates from Shandong Province were all resistant to the four fungicides. Pathogenicity and sporulation in vivo, and mycelial growth, sporulation, spore germination, and osmotic sensitivity to NaCI in vitro, were similar for the group of quadruple-resistant and wild-type isolates (P > 0.05). In the present study, the complete two-component histidine kinase gene (Bosi) was sequenced for 10 procymidone-resistant and 3 procymidone-sensitive B. cinerea isolates. Isolates representing four different procymidone-resistant phenotypes (CarRDieRPrcRPyrR, CarRDieRPrcRPyrR, CarRDieRPrcRPyrR, and CarRDieRPrcRPyrR) all had nucleic acid point mutations resulting in amino acid changes at position 369 (change from glutamine to proline) as well as at amino acid position 373 (asparagine to serine) in the Bosi gene. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The establishment of the Yan state by the Zhou court during late eleventh century BCE had fulfilled the attempt by the dynastic power to colonize and control the local population of northern Hebei. The Yan and the two local groups, one active in the Yan mountainous region and the other in the Jing, Jin, and Tang area, developed a cooperative relationship during the early Western Zhou period. The cooperation between Yan and local elites was mutually beneficial. While local elite culture was heavily influenced by that of the Shang and Zhou, local traditions continued to be present. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reports on the recognition of corruption as the major factor undermining transitions to market economies in China. Details on the neoliberal logic that economic liberalization can reduce bureaucratic intervention, open up competition, and bring out free markets; Accounts on the development role of the central government over infrastructure, waterworks, poverty reduction and rural relocation; Characteristics of the dominant patterns of Chinese corruption.

Focuses on a study on the discovery of zinccopperite in the Xifanping porphyry-copper deposit in Yanyuan County, Sichuan Province, China. Geological features of the deposit; Characteristics of the zinccopperite; Conclusion.

Wastes and dust discharged from aluminum factory generally result in soil contamination and may cause enrichment of Cadmium (Cd) in local crops. However, the pattern of Cd enrichment in the vegetables by contaminated soil of aluminum factory and their health risk are unclear. In this study, a total of 12 species of vegetables including 163 samples were collected around an abandoned aluminum factory. The results showed that 21% of the leafy vegetables with Cd exceeding Food Safety Standard Limit of China. The Cd in vegetables collected from different distances of four directions from the abandoned aluminum factory had no significant differences (p>0.05). Our results indicate that the highest hazard quotient (HQ) and carcinogenic risk of Cd in vegetables are 1 km and 7-10 km away from abandoned aluminum factory respectively. The HQ values of Cd in vegetables for children and adults are within the safe range, however CR values of Cd in vegetables for both children and adults are higher than the acceptable limit of USEPA (10-6), suggesting potential health risks. The health risks for children aged 2-6 years old are higher than aged 7-17 years old and adults due to the less amount of vegetable intake by children. The intake risks of Cd in different vegetables are spinach>green vegetables>red leafy vegetables>cabbage>radish leafy>stem vegetables>sweet potato leaves>pumpkin leaves>beans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Due to the rising standard of living environment and advances in public health and medical care in China, it has been a tendency in recent years that health-related quality of life (HRQoL) has been increasingly acknowledged in community health management. However, large-scale population-based study on evaluating HQRoL in northeast of China was not conducted. This article aims to investigate the HRQoL in community residents in Northeast China and explore the associated factors.Methods: Stratified multiple-stage sampling method was used in the cross-sectional survey to investigate HRQoL of community residents in northeast of China. Univariate analysis and multiple linear regressions were used to analyze the factors associated to HRQoL of the community residents.Results: The results were confirmed that HRQoL in general population was well performed for the first time in northeast of China in a large scale population. Community residents had better mental health than physical health. The factors influencing HRQoL included gender, age, educational level, marital status, ethnic group, chronic disease status, having breakfast frequency weekly and sleep quality. However, drinking and smoking habits did not affect residents' HRQoL.Conclusions: In this study, the result of the large-scale survey was satisfactory in northeast of China, providing HRQoL status of community residents. Policies on specific health management in community public health would emphasize on lifestyle behaviors especially eating habits in order to improving HRQoL. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose • Our study aims to explore the impact of noninvasive ventilation (NIV) alone or combined with montelukast on clinical efficiency and pulmonary function (PF) in treating patients with bronchial asthma complicated by obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome (OSAHS). Methods • A total of 386 patients with bronchial asthma underwent sleep monitoring. Patients were divided into 3 groups according to the different treatment methods. The changes in PF, apnea hypopnea index (AHI) score and the level of inflammatory factors in all patients before and after treatment were recorded, and the clinical effect following treatment was noted. Results • Following treatment, the clinical efficiency of Group 2 was significantly better than that of both Group 1and the control group, and the therapeutic effect in Group 1 was better than in the control group (P < .05). Before treatment, vital capacity (VC), peak expiratory flow (PEF), forced expiratory volume in 1 second/forced vital capacity (FEV1/FVC) and asthma control test (ACT) scores, AHI scores, C-reactive protein (CRP), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) index were compared between the 3 groups (P > .05). In contrast, after treatment the VC, PEF, FEV1/FVC and ACT, AHI, CRP and TNF-α scores and the IL-6 index in the 3 groups were improved compared with before treatment. The indices in Groups 1 and 2 were better than in the control group, and the VC, PEF, FEV1/FVC and ACT, AHI, CRP, and TNF-α scores and IL-6 index in Group 2 reported greater beneficial effect than in Group 1. Conclusion • The combination of NIV and montelukast exerts a beneficial effect in treating patients with bronchial asthma complicated with OSAHS, which holds the potential of effectively improving clinical symptoms and PF, reducing ACT and AHI scores and alleviating inflammatory reactions. Hence, the combination is valid and appropriate for clinical application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fusarium head blight, caused by members of the Fusarium graminearum species complex (FGSC), is among the most destructive and economically important diseases of small grain crops, including wheat. To determine the phylogenetic species and mycotoxin (trichothecene) chemotypes of the FGSC in the major winter-wheat-producing areas of China, 530 isolates were collected from diseased wheat during the years 2008, 2009, and 2010, and typed using a polymerase chain reaction- based trichothecene genotype assay. Virulence of isolates with different chemotypes was also compared. Of the 530 isolates typed, 348 were F asiaticum and 182 were F graminearum. Subdividing the 530 isolates by the trichothecene predicted to be expressed, 482 were of the deoxynivalenol (DON) chemotype and 48 were nivalenol (NIV). Acetylated derivatives of DON included 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol (3-AcDON; 300 isolates), and 15-acetyldeoxynivalenol (15-AcDON; 182 isolates). Chemotypes of the F asiaticum isolates were either 3-Ac- DON or NIV, with 3-AcDON being predominant. F graminearum isolates were all of the 15-AcDON chemotype. F asiaticum was the predominant phylogenetic species in the Yangtze River Basin and F graminearum was dominant in the north of China. Two areas of cooccurrence of trichothecene chemotypes were found. The 3-AcDON and 15-AcDON isolates had similar levels of virulence. The DON isolates were significantly more virulent than those of the NIV. The 3- AcDON and 15-AcDON chemotypes were predominant in the Yangtze River Basin and areas north of the Yangtze River Basin, respectively, and it is suggested that geographic distribution is associated with differences in temperature as well as crop rotation systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The scale of urbanization in China during the past three decades is unprecedented in human history, and the processes are poorly understood. Here we present an effort to map the urban land expansion processes of 32 major cities in China from 1978 to 2010 using Landsat satellite data to understand the temporal and spatial characteristics. Results showed that the urban extent of the 32 cities expanded exponentially with very high annual rates varying from 3.2% to 12.8%. Temporal fluctuation in urban expansion rates in these 32 cities was obvious, with unexpected and alarming expansion rates from 2005 to 2010 that drastically exceeded their expectation, which was calculated from the long-term trend between 1978 and 2005, by 45%. Overall, we found that the growth rates of cities during the entire study period were inversely related to city size, contradicting the theory or Gibrat's law, which states that the growth rate is independent of city size. More detailed analysis indicated that city growth in China has transitioned from contradicting to conforming to Gibrat's law since 1995. Our study suggests that the urban expansion theory (i.e., Gibrat's law) does not fit Chinese expansion consistently over time, and the exact causes are unknown. Exploring the causes in future research will improve our understanding of the theory and, more importantly, understand the feasibility of the theoretical relationship between city size and expansion rate in guiding contemporary urban expansion planning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

NPC (nasopharyngeal carcinoma) is a common malignancy in southern China without defined aetiology. Recent studies have shown that TGFBR3 (transforming growth factor type III receptor, also known as betaglycan), exhibits anticancer activities. This study was to investigate the effects of TGFBR3 on NPC growth and the mechanisms for its actions. Effects of TGFBR3 overexpression on cell viability and apoptosis were measured by MTT [3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)- 2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide], AO/EB (acridine orange/ethidium bromide) staining and electron microscopy in human NPC CNE-2Z cells. The expression of apoptosis-related proteins, p-Bad, Bad, XIAP (X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis), AIF (apoptosis-inducing factor), Bax and Bcl-2, was determined by Western blot or immunofluorescence analysis. Caspase 3 activity was measured by caspase 3 activity kit and [Ca2+ ]i (intracellular Ca2+ concentration) was detected by confocal microscopy. Transfection of TGFBR3 containing plasmid DNA at concentrations of 0.5 and 1 μg/ml reduced viability and induced apoptosis in CNE-2Z in concentration- and time-dependent manners. Forced expression of TGFBR3 up-regulated pro-apoptotic Bad and Bax protein, and down-regulated anti-apoptotic p-Bad, Bcl-2 and XIAP protein. Furthermore, transient overexpression of TGFBR3 also enhanced caspase 3 activity, increased [Ca2+ ]i and facilitated AIF redistribution from the mitochondria to the nucleus in CNE-2Z cells, which is independent of the caspase 3 pathway. These events were associated with TGFBR3-regulated multiple targets involved in CNE-2Z proliferation. Therefore transient overexpression of TGFBR3 may be a novel strategy for NPC prevention and therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Quantitative prediction of deep orebody based on 3D visualization technology is of great significance in mineral exploration. Based on the 2D traditional quantitative predicting method, the geoanomaly theory and the mineral exploration model idea, we constructed 3D models of the topography, strata, structure, magmatite and prospecting engineering of the study area using the commercial 3D modeling software Micromine, delineated eight prospective areas and estimated the gold resources amount with methods of Abundance Estimation and Volume Estimation. Then, we compared and counted the known ore blocks and the predicted blocks, which quantitatively explains this prediction's validity. The results show that Xiaoqinling gold belt in Tongguan has convincing potential for gold development and utilization and the prediction method based on 3D visualization technology proves to be effective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pyrethroid insecticides have been extensively used in China and worldwide for public health pest control. Accurate resistance monitoring is essential to guide the rational use of insecticides and resistance management. Here we examined the nucleotide diversity of the para-sodium channel gene, which confers knockdown resistance (kdr) in Culex pipiens pallens mosquitoes in China. The sequence analysis of the para-sodium channel gene identified L1014F and L1014S mutations. We developed and validated allele-specific PCR and the real-time TaqMan methods for resistance diagnosis. The real-time TaqMan method is more superior to the allele-specific PCR method as evidenced by higher amplification rate and better sensitivity and specificity. Significant positive correlation between kdr allele frequency and bioassay-based resistance phenotype demonstrates that the frequency of L1014F and L1014S mutations in the kdr gene can be used as a molecular marker for deltamethrin resistance monitoring in natural Cx. pipiens pallens populations in the East China region. The laboratory selection experiment found that L1014F mutation frequency, but not L1014S mutation, responded to deltamethrin selection, suggesting that the L1014F mutation is the key mutation conferring resistance to deltamethrin. High L1014F mutation frequency detected in six populations of Cx. pipens pallens suggests high prevalence of pyrethroid resistance in Eastern China, calling for further surveys to map the resistance in China and for investigating alternative mosquito control strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims: To clarify the incidence of multicentric occurrence (MO) and intrahepatic metastasis (IM) for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) related to hepatitis B virus in China and to identify the differences between them.Methods: Histopathologic and genetic features of primary and recurrent tumors in 160 cases with HCC were analyzed. The two groups, the origin of which was definitely determinable as of multicentric occurrence or as of intrahepatic metastasis, were analyzed for their disease-free survival and clinicopathological differences.Results: According to histopathological findings, 27.5% and 59.4% patients were considered to be MO and IM, respectively. By comparing the genetic information of loss of heterozygosity and microsatellite instability for 10 different markers between primary and recurrent tumor, 30.0% and 63.8% patients with recurrent HCC were considered to be MO and IM, respectively. In total, 126 cases with unanimous conclusions from the histopathological and genetic method were selected and divided into the MO group (37 cases) and the IM group (89 cases). Analysis of stepwise regression identified that recurrence time, grading, portal vein invasion, tumor number, and Child's stage were the most important discriminating factors between MO and IM (p < 0.05). As for their prognosis, Kaplan-Meier and log rank test showed that the disease-free survival in the MO group was significantly better than in the IM group (p = 0.002).Conclusions: Combined analysis of histopathological and genetic analysis may reflect more exactly the nature of recurrent HCC. The incidence of MO in China is lower than in other countries--30% compared to up to 50% in Japan [Morimoto et al., Journal of Hepatology 39:215-221, 2003; Yamamoto et al., Hepatology 29;1446-1452, 1999]. Recurrence time, tumor grading, portal vein invasion, tumor number, and Child's stage are the most important discriminating factors between MO and IM. The prognosis (disease-free survival) of patients with MO compared to IM is significantly better. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]