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This manuscript describes reflectance-based vicarious calibration exercise of the Airborne Visible InfraRed Imaging Spectrometer - Next Generation (AVIRIS-NG) sensor during its second phase of observation campaigns over the Indian subcontinent. Vicarious calibration methods are one of the significant approaches that have been practiced successfully for the absolute radiometric calibration of various spaceborne and airborne sensors to ascertain its desired performance in terms of data quality and its accuracy. Calibration campaigns were performed for AVIRIS-NG sensor during its phase-2 campaign overpass at the Desalpar (25th March 2018) and Amarapur (27th March 2018) calibration sites of Gujarat, India. Results from ground-based measurements of atmospheric conditions and surface reflectance including descriptions of the test sites are summarized in this work. Based on the in-situ data and images from the AVIRIS-NG sensor, the at-sensor apparent radiances are simulated using the 6SV radiative transfer model. The comparison shows good agreement between AVIRIS-NG measured radiance and 6SV simulated apparent radiance at the two calibration sites using desert aerosol model. The gains (spectrally) derived agree to within ∼ 2 % each other. Furthermore, an analysis is performed to determine or identify systematic and random errors, and the overall uncertainty is evaluated for reflectance-based method (total uncertainty of less than 4 % spectrally). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The proper radiometric calibration of the INSAT-3D and --3DR IMAGER is of utmost importance for effective weather forecasting and monitoring. Accurate and reliable images are crucial for predicting weather patterns, tracking storms, and assessing the impact of natural disasters. This research paper presents an evaluation of the radiometric calibration of the INSAT-3D and --3DR IMAGER using a reflectance-based method referenced to in-situ ground site measurements. Calibration campaigns were conducted at the Great Rann of Kutch (GROK) in Gujarat, India during February 2022 to ensure synchronous measurements of surface reflectance and atmospheric variables. In this study, the radiative transfer model called 6 SV (Second Simulation of a Satellite Signal in the Solar Spectrum Vector) was employed to simulate the Top-Of-Atmospheric (TOA) radiance. The calibration coef- ficients for the Visible (VIS) and Short Wave Infrared (SWIR) bands of the IMAGER were determined by comparing the TOA radiance obtained from the radiative transfer model with the Level 1B product of satellite data. The results convincingly demonstrate that the reflectance-based calibration method yields highly accurate and reliable radiometric calibration for both the VIS and SWIR bands of the INSAT-3D and --3DR IMAGER, with an uncertainty significantly smaller than the expected sensor degradation. Specifically, it was found that the VIS band of INSAT-3D underestimates the radiance value by 9.05%, while the VIS band of INSAT-3DR underestimates it by 4.88%. The study also discusses various sources of uncertainty and emphasizes the need for comprehensive uncertainty quantification to ensure the radiometric accuracy of the IMAGER data. Overall, the calibration results indicate that the absolute radiometric accuracy for the VIS and SWIR bands of the IMAGER on-board INSAT-3D and INSAT-3DR satellites is better than 4%. This research contributes to enhancing the reliability and usability of the INSAT-3D and --3DR IMAGER data for weather forecasting and monitoring applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study describes On-Orbit absolute radiometric calibration for the Ocean Colour Monitor2 (OCM2) onboard Oceansat-2 satellite through a vicarious calibration experiment performed at the Great Rann of Kutch calibration site in Gujarat, India, in February 2022. To achieve accurate and consistent calibration for the OCM2 channels, a reflectance-based calibration method was used which relies on synchronous in-situ measurements of surface reflectance and atmospheric parameters at the time of satellite overpass. In this exercise, the 6 SV (Second Simulation of a Satellite Signal in the Solar Spectrum Vector) radiative transfer (RT) model was used to simulate the Top Of Atmosphere (TOA) spectral radiance for the OCM2 channels. The on-orbit radiometric performance/changes were derived by comparing the 6 SV simulated TOA radiance with those of the OCM2 Level 1B (L1B) data product. The results indicate that the average gain for band 1 to band 8 was found in the range from 0.88 to 1.23 and the relative error from 1.58% to 18.79% for the OCM2 sensor. However, the Root-Mean-Square-Error (RMSE) between the OCM2 measured and the 6 SV simulated TOA radiance data range from 0.17 (µW cm−2 sr−1 nm−1) at 443 nm to 2.04 (µW cm−2 sr−1 nm−1) at 620 nm. Furthermore, we analysed in detail the various uncertainties in this approach emanating from surface reflectance, atmospheric conditions (ozone, water vapour and aerosol optical depth), aerosol-type assumption in the RT model, BRDF, and inherent accuracy of the 6 SV RT model. The overall uncertainty was within 6% estimated using the reflectance-based calibration method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]