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In catalysis, determining the relationship between the dynamic electronic and atomic structure of the catalysts and the catalytic performance under actual reaction conditions is essential to gain a deeper understanding of the reaction mechanism since the structure evolution induced by the absorption of reactants and intermediates affects the reaction activity. Hard x-ray spectroscopy methods are considered powerful and indispensable tools for the accurate identification of local structural changes, for which the development of suitable in situ reaction cells is required. However, the rational design and development of spectroscopic cells is challenging because a balance between real rigorous reaction conditions and a good signal-to-noise ratio must be reached. Here, we summarize the in situ cells currently used in the monitoring of thermocatalysis, photocatalysis, and electrocatalysis processes, focusing especially on the cells utilized in the BL14W1-x-ray absorption fine structure beamline at the Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility, and highlight recent endeavors on the acquisition of improved spectra under real reaction conditions. This review provides a full overview of the design of in situ cells, aiming to guide the further development of portable and promising cells. Finally, perspectives and crucial factors regarding in situ cells under industrial operating conditions are proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Thermal insulation coating (TIC) is beneficial for reducing building energy consumption. In this work, a joint optimization and analysis approach for multi-parameters of TIC was proposed to determine its optimization trend, importance order of parameter and available parameter combinations. Its radiation characteristics and thermal resistance were comprehensively considered. Based on the approach, TIC was evaluated from energy saving rate of cooling (ESR cool), heating (ESR heat), and total energy consumption (ESR total) in two climates: hot summer cold winter (Shanghai), and hot summer warm winter (Guangzhou). Results indicated that constantly positive ESR cool was only achieved by optimizing solar absorptivity, while constantly positive ESR heat can be obtained by optimizing different parameters. To guarantee positive ESR total , thermal resistance should exceed 0.11 m2·K·W−1 or solar absorptivity should be between 0.2 and 0.6 in Shanghai, while solar absorptivity should be between 0.1 and 0.3 in Guangzhou. For these two cities, the most important parameter was thermal resistance or solar absorptivity. The optimal TIC for Shanghai was "high thermal resistance + low solar absorptivity + low emissivity", while high emissivity was suitable for Guangzhou. By utilizing the approach and results, energy-saving effect of TIC can be optimized during material design, and influence of material aging can be predicted. • A joint optimization and analysis approach for multi-parameters of TIC is proposed. • Optimization and deterioration impact of TIC multiple parameters is evaluated. • Parameter combination law for positive or negative energy saving rate is obtained. • Importance order of parameter is used for optimization design and material aging. • Effect of energy consumption caused by material aging consequences is predicted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: Since there are only a few reports on pediatric systemic lupus erythematosus (pSLE) in Chinese populations, therefore we retrospectively report the clinical and immunological features as well as renal outcome in Chinese pSLE. Methods: Patients diagnosed with pSLE at Shanghai Children's Medical Center between 2001 and 2016 were evaluated and clinical data were retrospectively collected. Results: A total of 102 pSLE patients were analyzed. Renal disorder including proteinuria (81.37%) and hematuria (65.69%) were most commonly identified. Class IV was the most common finding on renal biopsy. In lupus nephritis (LN), 67.21%, 78.0%, 86.0% and 94.55% achieved complete remission within 6, 12, 18 and 24 months, respectively. Furthermore, 16.67% of LN patients suffered at least one renal flare. Antinuclear antibodies were detected in nearly all patients (97.62%), followed by anti‐double‐stranded DNA (anti‐dsDNA) antibodies (70.0%) and anti‐Sjögren's syndrome A (anti‐SSA) antibodies (60.64%). Oral corticosteroid (93.14%) and mycophenolate mofetil (64.71%) was used in the majority of patients. Infection (32.35%) was the main side effect caused by the medications. Conclusions: Our population‐based pSLE cohort indicated that compared to other international cohorts, there was a higher prevalence of LN in Chinese pSLE. Proteinuria was the most frequent manifestation both at disease onset and during the entire clinical course. Class IV LN was the dominant renal pathological type. Nevertheless, there was a favorable renal remission rate and relatively low incidence of renal flare in our cohort. Apart from antinuclear antibodies and anti‐dsDNA antibodies, anti‐SSA antibodies were most frequently detected. Infection was the leading complication caused by the medications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nowadays, thermal conductivity as a key parameter affecting the thermal performance of PCM has attracted much attention. However, the thermal performance evaluation of ultra-high thermal conductivity PCM is scarce, especially in field of building energy conservation. Therefore, we traversed the range of thermal conductivity that can be prepared at present and within the expected time frame, which is 0.08–49.28 W ⋅ m − 1 K − 1 . In addition, a novel index, Utilization Rate of Latent Heat (URLH), was proposed to evaluate matching degree between PCM and a certain application background in buildings, so as to explore the reason of poor energy-saving effect of PCM under some application backgrounds. We found that the thermal conductivity of PCM is not the higher the better in buildings, in other words, a turning point appears. The optimal thermal conductivity is about 0.6 W ⋅ m − 1 K − 1 and when the value is lower than 0.3 W ⋅ m − 1 K − 1 , URLH is equal to 0 in the cases of Shanghai. Therefore, we recommend PCM researchers to evaluate the URLH before using PCM to avoid the ineffective use of materials. Through the analysis of URLH, researchers can know the specific parameters that affect the thermal performance of PCM and obtain the way to optimize them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The urban environment is an essential source and sink of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). However, there is a paucity of knowledge regarding the pollution state of PAHs and their controlling factors in urban soil columns. We therefore quantified PAHs, black carbon (BC), and total organic carbon (TOC) in 24 1-m-deep urban soil columns collected from nearby areas of power plants (P), industrial parks (I) and environmental companies (E) from Shanghai Metropolitan Area, China. The results showed that the total concentrations of USEPA 16 PAHs varied from 91.5 to 46834.5 ng g −1 , and the average pollution level followed the pattern P > I > E. The vertical migration of PAHs obeyed the exponential decay model in undisturbed soil columns. However, anthropogenic factors (land use and artificial disturbance) and edaphic conditions (BC and TOC contents as well as particle size) were strong influencing factors for the PAHs’ fate in urban soils. Coal combustion and vehicle sources were identified as dominant PAH sources. Risks based on both the total benzo[ a ]pyrene equivalent (BaP eq ) values and the incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR) values showed a general trend as P > I > E. For most sites, the ecological risks were below the threshold safe value of 600 ng BaP eq g −1 , and ILCR values were at the negligible risk level in I and E. However, dermal contact to soils, especially the deep soil layers in P, have potential health risks and should draw enough attention. Our findings thus supplemented knowledge regarding the vertical distribution and migration of PAHs, showed the predictive power of BC and TOC for PAH fate, and revealed the importance of monitoring and managing urban soils in deeper layers not just surface layers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]