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Background Insufflation of carbon dioxide (CO2) into the operative field to prevent cerebral or myocardial damage by air embolism is a well known strategy in open-heart surgery. However, here is no general consensus on the best delivery approach. Methods From January 2018 to November 2021, we retrospectively collected data of one hundred consecutive patients undergoing minimally invasive mitral valve repair (MIMVR). Of these, fifty patients were insufflated with continuous CO2 1 min before opening the left atrium and ended after its closure, and fifty patients were insufflated with one shot CO2 10 min before the start of left atrium closure. The primary outcome of the study was the incidence of transient post-operative cognitive disorder, in particular agitation and delirium at discontinuation of anesthesia, mechanical ventilation (MV) duration and intensive care unit (ICU) length of stay. Results In all patients that received continuous field flooding CO2, correction of ventilation for hypercapnia during cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) was applied with an increase of mean sweep gas air (2.5 L) and monitoring of VCO2 changes. One patient vs. 9 patients of control group reported agitation at discontinuation of anesthesia (p = 0.022). MV duration was 14 ± 3 h vs. 27 ± 4 h (p = 0.016) and ICU length of stay was 33 ± 4 h vs. 42 ± 5 h (p = 0.029). A significant difference was found in the median number of total micro-emboli recorded from release of cross-clamp until 20 min after end of CPB (154 in the continuous CO2 group vs. 261 in the one-shot CO2 control group; p 2 group vs. 310 in the control group (p 2 group, the median number of detectable micro-emboli after CPB fell to zero 9 ± 5 min after CPB vs. 19 ± 3 min in the control group (p = 0.85). Conclusion Continuous field flooding insufflation of CO2 in MIMVR is associated with a lower incidence of micro-emboli and of agitation at discontinuation of anesthesia, along with improved MV duration and ICU length of stay.

BackgroundPineal region tumours remain challenging neurosurgical pathologies.MethodsDetailed anatomical knowledge of the posterior incisural space and its variations is critical. An opaque arachnoidal membrane seals the internal cerebral and basal veins, leading to thalamic, basal ganglia, mesencephalic/pontine infarctions if injured. Medium-size tumours can be removed en-bloc with all traction/manipulation applied on the tumour side, virtually without contact of ependymal surfaces of the pulvinars or third ventricle. Sacrifice of the cerebello-mesencephalic fissure vein may be required.ConclusionsThe sitting position offers superior anatomical orientation and remains safe with experienced teams. Meticulous microsurgical techniques and detailed anatomical knowledge are likely to secure safe outcomes.

BackgroundSeveral studies have investigated the histopathology of mechanically retrieved thrombi from stroke patients. Thrombi with unusual components constitute about 1–2% of all stroke thrombi in clinical practice. Knowledge about these rare components is limited.ObjectivesTo characterize the histopathology of unusual stroke thrombi from a real-world setting with relation to clinical presentation, patient characteristics and procedural aspects of mechanical thrombectomy.MethodsOne-thousand and eight thrombi retrieved from stroke patients with mechanical thrombectomy at three different hospitals were retrospectively reviewed for unusual histological components. Fifteen thrombi were included in the study for further histopathological analysis. Clinical data and data on procedural aspects were collected.ResultsWe identified six cases with large amounts of extracellular DNA, of which three were calcified. All six cases except one received anticoagulant therapy. We describe two types of calcifications that differ with respect to general calcification morphology, von Kossa staining pattern, macrophage immunophenotype and presence of multinucleated giant cells. Cholesterol-rich (n = 3), adipocyte-like pattern-rich (n = 2), collagen-rich (n = 2) and myxomatous (n = 1) thrombi were also identified and are discussed with regard to pathogenesis and clinical and intervention characteristics. Finally, a thrombus with parts of a vascular wall is described. Suggestions for future studies are made and clinical and technical aspects of the management for these rare but important patients are discussed.ConclusionIn our retrospective multicenter study, we characterized stroke thrombi histopathologically and found subgroups of thrombi defined by presence of rarely seen components. These defined subgroups showed relation to underlying cardiovascular disease, patient characteristics, and mechanical thrombectomy technique. Knowledge about these components may increase our understanding of stroke pathophysiology and influence interventional procedures.

Laparoscopy has become the procedure of choice for routine gallbladder removal. A serious complication of this technique is the occurrence of gas emboli due to insufflation. It is associated with a high mortality rate of around 28%. The present systematic review intends to provide more insight into causes, symptoms and risk factors for this specific complication and to explore which measures should be taken to treat and prevent it. The Cochrane library and Pubmed were used as sources. Articles and their references were selected when they were related to the subject in sufficient detail.The course of this complication can vary from asymptomatic up to impairment of normal flow through the right ventricle (RV) or pulmonary artery, potentially leading to acute heart failure. The severity depends on the amount of gas, the rate of accumulation and the ability to remove the gas bubbles. It is difficult to estimate the true incidence of venous gas embolism during laparoscopic cholecystectomy as there are various diagnostic tools, each with different sensitivity. Precautions that need to be taken are: correct positioning of the needle, low insufflation pressure, low insufflation speed, screening for hypovolemia, Trendelenburg positioning, availability of intervention equipment at operation table, no placement of venous catheters during inspiration and catheter removing during expiration.Physicians need to be more aware of this harmful complication and the preventative measurements that need to be taken. As there are virtually no prospective data, future studies are needed to gain more knowledge on gas emboli during laparoscopic cholecystectomy.

Laparoscopy has become the procedure of choice for routine gallbladder removal. A serious complication of this technique is the occurrence of gas emboli due to insufflation. It is associated with a high mortality rate of around 28%. The present systematic review intends to provide more insight into causes, symptoms and risk factors for this specific complication and to explore which measures should be taken to treat and prevent it. The Cochrane library and Pubmed were used as sources. Articles and their references were selected when they were related to the subject in sufficient detail. The course of this complication can vary from asymptomatic up to impairment of normal flow through the right ventricle (RV) or pulmonary artery, potentially leading to acute heart failure. The severity depends on the amount of gas, the rate of accumulation and the ability to remove the gas bubbles. It is difficult to estimate the true incidence of venous gas embolism during laparoscopic cholecystectomy as there are various diagnostic tools, each with different sensitivity. Precautions that need to be taken are: correct positioning of the needle, low insufflation pressure, low insufflation speed, screening for hypovolemia, Trendelenburg positioning, availability of intervention equipment at operation table, no placement of venous catheters during inspiration and catheter removing during expiration. Physicians need to be more aware of this harmful complication and the preventative measurements that need to be taken. As there are virtually no prospective data, future studies are needed to gain more knowledge on gas emboli during laparoscopic cholecystectomy.

Cerebral gas embolism as a result of upper gastrointestinal endoscopy is a rare complication and bares a high morbidity. A patient is presented who underwent an upper endoscopy for evaluation of a gastric-mediastinal fistula after subtotal oesophagectomy and gastric tube reconstruction because of oesophageal cancer. During the procedure, cerebral gas emboli developed resulting in an acute left-sided hemiparesis. After hyperbaric oxygen therapy, the patient recovered almost completely. The aetiology and treatment is discussed based on the reviewed literature. Once cerebral gas emboli are recognized, patient outcome can be improved by hyperbaric oxygen therapy. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 21:833-835 (C) 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health vertical bar Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.

A new technique for generating xylem cavitation and vulnerability curves was evaluated. The centrifugal force was used to lower the negative pressure in a xylem segment and to induce a positive pressure difference between sample's ends. This enabled the determination of sample hydraulic conductance during centrifugation and, hence, its variation with decreasing xylem pressures. The centrifuge technique was compared with standard methods on a large number of species including conifers, diffuse-porous and ring-porous woody angiosperms. A very good agreement was found for coniferous and diffuse-porous species. However, the technique was not appropriate for ring-porous species, probably because many vessels were cut open in the centrifuged xylem segments. The main advantage of this technique is its rapidity, the vulnerability curve of a xylem segment being constructed typically in less than half an hour. This will greatly facilitate the study of xylem cavitation in ecological or genetic researches.

Between harvest and vase life the cut surface of most cut flowers is exposed to air for a longer or shorter period. It was hypothesized that under normal harvest and transport conditions air only enters the cut open vessels and does not move to non-cut vessels. The vessel length distribution of chrysanthemum stems was analyzed with the latex particle method and compared to the distribution of air embolisms in 5øw/w) desiccated stems, visualized using cryo-scanning electron microscopy. It was concluded that by moderate desiccation all cut open vessels are completely air-filled and that intact vessels are not embolized.