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The Forkhead box factor 1 (FoxO1) gene plays a vital role in the growth and development of skeletal muscle. In the present study, expression analysis of the bovine

Carcass weight, as a measure of meat yield, and body measurements are directly correlated traits in livestock. However, longitudinally collected phenotype records of local breeds are not comprehensive. The research was performed on Qinchuan bull population to understand their growth and development, and data from Qinchuan bull that was weighed and measured at birth, 6, 12, 18, and 24 months of age was analyzed. Furthermore, Logistic, Brody, Gompertz, and Bertallanffy were used to fit the growth curves for weight and body size traits. The results showed that the four curve models have good fitting degrees for the weight and body size (

The Forkhead box factor 1 (FoxO1) gene plays a vital role in the growth and development of skeletal muscle. In the present study, expression analysis of the bovine FoxO1 gene exhibited the highest expression in longissimus dorsi muscle followed by its expression in adipose tissue. Moreover, high mRNA expression of FoxO1 gene was found in differentiated bovine myoblasts and adipocytes at day 6 of induced differentiation (p < 0.05). The regulatory pattern of the bovine FoxO1 gene was investigated through screening and dual-luciferase activity of the 1.7 kb 5′UTR (untranslated region) within pGL3-basic vector and a core promoter region was explored at (-285/-27) upstream of the transcription start site. The transcription factors (TFs) MEF2A and HOXA5 within the core promoter region (-285/-27) were found as the regulatory cis-acting element. The siRNA interference of the TFs, chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assay, and site-directed mutation validated that MEF2A and HOXA5 binding occurs in the region -285/-27 bp and performs an essential role in the transcriptional regulation of bovine FoxO1 gene. These findings explored the regulatory network mechanism of the FoxO1 gene in skeletal muscle development and adipogenesis for the bovine breed improvement program.

The present study describes the antifungal potency of Nigella sativa seeds extract and the effect of immunomodulatory of N. sativa against aflatoxin- fed mice. Disc diffusion method was used for antifungal efficacy of aqueous extract of N. sativa. In animal experiments, lymphoid cell count, total and differential counts of PEC, the phagocytic activity of PEC and detection of the plaque-forming were determined. E-rosette-forming cells (RFC), T-cell mitogenesis assay cells, ALT and AST were detected. The aqueous extract of N. sativa (50%) exhibited high inhibition zone with most of isolates of R. stolonifera.The results indicated that treatment of mice by using N. sativa showed marked rise in the number of cells from thymus and PLN with dose 0.50 g and absolute number and comparative ratio of macrophages (P0.01) with the doses 0.40 and 0.50 g. There is gradually rise in the scavenger activity of PEC with the dose 0.50 g at 60 min. Serum level of ALT was markedly reduced with dose 0.50 g as compared with a control group. These results indicated that N. sativa is promising modifier of biological response.

In the last few years we and others reported a variety of synthesis of heteroaromatics that have been developed utilizing β–oxoanilides as readily obtainable compounds. In this study, treatment of 3-Oxobutanamides 1 with phenyl isocyanate at room temperature in basic medium and DMF afforded thiocarbamoyl derivative 3 through intermediate 2 upon treatment with dilute HCl. The non-isolable potassium salt 2 was allowed to react with α-halo carbonyl compounds such as ethyl chloroacetate and chloroacetonitrile in dry DMF at room temperature to furnished thiophene 6 and thiazole derivative 9 respectively. Compound 6 was treated with hydrazine hydrate in ethanol to yield thiophene-5-carbohydrazide derivative 7. Also, compound 1 reacted with malononitrile and sulfur element in refluxing absolute ethanol and triethylamine to yield thiophene derivative 11, which reacted with formic acid and α-chloro acetylchloride to give thieno[2,3-d]pyrimidine derivative 12 and chloro acetamide derivative 13. Treatment of compound 13 with ammonium thiocyanate led to thiazolo[3,2-a]thieno[2,3-d]pyrimidine derivative 15 through non-isolable 14. Also, condensation of 1 with malononitrile and ethylene diamine afforded the pyridine derivative 17 and 1,4-diazepine derivative 18. The structures and formulas of all the synthesized compounds were supported by spectral data. Some of the synthesized compounds were evaluated for their antibacterial and antioxidant activity. These compounds showed different degrees of activity.

Purpose: To evaluate the antifungal potency of Syzygium aromaticum (Dianthus) seed extract against the growth and aflatoxin production of Rhizopus stolonifer , and its immunomodulatory effect. Methods: Disc diffusion method was used for assay of antifungal effect of aqueous extract of Dianthus. Lymphoid cell counts, total and differential peritoneal exudate cell counts (PEC), phagocytic activity of PEC, and plaque-forming activities were determined. In addition, E-rosette-forming cells (RFC), T-cell mitogenesis cells and liver functions were measured. Results: The aqueous extract of Dianthus (50 %) exhibited high inhibition zone against most isolates of R. stolonifera . It produced significant increases in the number of splenocytes, as well as in the absolute number and relative proportion of macrophages ( p < 0.05). The extract also produced a gradual increase in the scavenging activity of PEC, and significant reduction in serum ALT, relative to control. Conclusion: These results suggest that Dianthus modifies biological responses by enhancement of the immune system, activation of phagocytosis, boosting of immune response, and prevention of liver damage. Keywords: Aflatoxin, Syzygium aromaticum , Rhizopus stolonifer , Lymphocytes, T-cells, B-cells, Macrophages