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1. Editorial: Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19): Pathophysiology, Epidemiology, Clinical Management and Public Health Response

Author

Denise L. Doolan, Zisis Kozlakidis, Zhongheng Zhang, Slobodan Paessler, Longxiang Su, Yasuko Tsunetsugu Yokota, Tatsuo Shioda, Alexander Rodriguez-Palacios, Ata Murat Kaynar, Rukhsana Ahmed, Abdallah Samy, Hannah Bradby, Alexis M. Kalergis, Mohan Jyoti Dutta, Michael Kogut, and Shen-Ying Zhang

Subjects
coronavirus—COVID-19, first wave, pathophysiology, epidemiology, clinical management, public health response, Public aspects of medicine, RA1-1270
Published
2021
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2. Remediation of Copper and Zinc from wastewater by modified clay in Asir region southwest of Saudi Arabia

Author

Abdallah Samy

Subjects
heavy metals removal, i.r spectroscopy, modified kaolinite, s.e.m, wastewater treatment, Geology, QE1-996.5
Abstract

To investigate the efficacy of modified clay minerals to remediate heavy metals from industrial wastewater, two natural clay sediments dominated by kaolinite were selected. Since the kaolinite clay has low cation exchange capacity, some modifications were made using unusual treatments thermal transformation and acid activation techniques were used to increase exchangeability properties for producing modified kaolinite. The increased exchangeability was demonstrated through various methods. Results of X-Ray diffraction analysis verified the transformation of Kaolinite as indicated from disappearing all the diffractogram peaks due to kaolinite. In infra-red spectroscopy, the presence of a broad band with little change in the intensity in the region coupled with broad Si-O bending vibration band and Si-O-Al compound vibration bands explain the extent of structural disorder as a response of modification treatment. From a mineral structural viewpoint, destruction through heat treatment exposes directed –OH bonds located between the tetrahedral and octahedral layers (amorphization). It has been observed that after an acidification treatment, the –OH groups become less stable and lead to the newly formed vacant sites during the modification treatments accommodate extra structural water; thereby; broadening the –OH bands in the I.R spectrum.

Published
2019
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9. Dude, Where's My Job? D.C. Offers Blazing Job Protections For Recreational Marijuana Users

Author

Abdallah, Samy

Subjects
Marijuana -- Usage -- Laws, regulations and rules, Employee dismissals -- Laws, regulations and rules, Employee rights -- Laws, regulations and rules, Government regulation, Business, international, District of Columbia. Cannabis Employment Protections Act of 2022
Abstract

D.C. legislation is taking effect on July 13, 2023, giving sweeping protections to employees who use cannabis recreationally. D.C. Act 24-483, titled the 'Cannabis Employment Protections Act of 2022' (the [...]

Published
2023

11. Groundwater Quality Indicators and its Suitability for Irrigation, Drinking Uses and Sugar Beet Production.

Author

Hegazi, Ibrahim M., Abdallah, Samy M., Khalil, Ahmed A., Abdel Ghaffar, Mamdouh K., Ismail, Ahmed O. A., and Saad El-Dein, Ahmed A.

Abstract

EGYPT'S RELIANCE on groundwater for irrigation is of paramount importance due to the country's arid climate and limited freshwater resources. The Nile River has historically been the primary water source for Egypt, but increasing population and agricultural demands have strained this finite supply. As a result, groundwater has emerged as a crucial alternative to support agricultural activities and ensure food security. The vital aim of current research is evaluating groundwater suitability in west Menya for irrigation, drinking purposes, and food production. To achieve the aim of the study, 73 well water samples from different depths were collected in 2018. Only 41 pivots of 73 canter pivots are cultivated with sugar beet. Water was analyzed according to the evaluation systems used. The obtained results reveal that groundwater quality for some wells was found unsuitable for irrigation due to high EC, TDS, Na, Mg and Cl. About 93.2 % and 97.2 % of total water samples are suitable for irrigation in IA and CA respectively, while 90.4 % of studied water samples are suitable for drinking use. Comparing WHO and EHCW noticed that the World Health Organization (WHO) criteria are tougher and safety than those recommended by the Egyptian higher committee water (EHCW). Obtained results of sugar beet production exceed 1.47 times more than those reported by the Ministry of Egyptian Agriculture, where the sugar beet production reached to about 60 ton/acre. An abundance of good water quality for irrigation and soil suitability of promising area are very important for agriculture investment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2023
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12. The burden of prostate cancer in North Africa and Middle East, 1990–2019: Findings from the global burden of disease study

Author

Mostafa Akbarzadeh Khiavi, Mohammad Sadegh Razeghinia, Ali-Asghar Kolahi, Mazyar Zahir, Masood Fereidoonnezhad, Bagher Larijani, Javad Khanali, Maryam Sahebazzamani, Yousef Khader, Sahel Valadan Tahbaz, Ahmad R. Mafi, Farshad Farzadfar, Nader Bagheri, Mohammad-Salar Hosseini, Masoud Foroutan, Ali Bijani, Amirali Karimi, and Abdallah Samy

Subjects
Cancer Research, Oncology
Abstract

BackgroundProstate cancer (PCa) is the second most prevalent cancer among men worldwide. This study presents estimates of PCa prevalence, incidence, death, years-of-life-lost (YLLs), years-lived-with-disability (YLDs), disability-adjusted-life-years (DALYs), and the burden attributable to smoking during 1990-2019 in North Africa and Middle East using data of Global Burden of Diseases (GBD) Study 2019.MethodsThis study is a part of GBD 2019. Using vital registration and cancer registry data, the estimates on PCa burden were modeled. Risk factor analysis was performed through the six-step conceptual framework of Comparative Risk Assessment.ResultsThe age-standardized rates (95% UI) of PCa incidence, prevalence, and death in 2019 were 23.7 (18.5-27.9), 161.1 (126.6-187.6), and 11.7 (9.4-13.9) per 100,000 population. While PCa incidence and prevalence increased by 77% and 144% during 1990-2019, respectively, the death rate stagnated. Of the 397% increase in PCa new cases, 234% was due to a rise in the age-specific incidence rate, 79% due to population growth, and 84% due to population aging. The YLLs, YLDs, and DALYs of PCa increased by 2% (-11.8-23.1), 108% (75.5-155.1), and 6% (-8.9-28.1). The death rate and DALYs rate attributable to smoking have decreased 12% and 10%, respectively. The DALYs rate attributable to smoking was 37.4 (15.9-67.8) in Lebanon and 5.9 (2.5-10.6) in Saudi Arabia, which were the highest and lowest in the region, respectively.ConclusionsThe PCa incidence and prevalence rates increased during 1990-2019; however, the death rate stagnated. The increase in the incidence was mostly due to the rise in the age-specific incidence rate, rather than population growth or aging. The burden of PCa attributable to smoking has decreased in the past 30 years.

Published
2022
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15. Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19): Pathophysiology, Epidemiology, Clinical Management and Public Health Response

Author

Shen-Ying Zhang, Abdallah Samy, Mohan Jyoti Dutta, Michael Kogut, Zhongheng Zhang, Slobodan Paessler, Longxiang Su, Rukhsana Ahmed, Zisis Kozlakidis, Tatsuo Shioda, Alexander Rodriguez-Palacios, Ata Murat Kaynar, Yasuko Tsunetsugu Yokota, Alexis M. Kalergis, Hannah Bradby, and Denise L. Doolan

Subjects
medicine.medical_specialty, Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), business.industry, Public health, Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health, Disease, medicine.disease_cause, Pathophysiology, Editorial, Epidemiology, clinical management, Medicine, epidemiology, public health response, Public Health, Public aspects of medicine, RA1-1270, business, Intensive care medicine, coronavirus—COVID-19, first wave, pathophysiology, Coronavirus
Published
2021

16. Combined Use of Sewage Sludge and Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizobia Improves Germination, Biochemical Response and Yield of Ridge Gourd (Luffa acutangula (L.) Roxb.) under Field Conditions

Author

Kumar, Vinod, primary, Eid, Ebrahem M., additional, Al-Bakre, Dhafer A., additional, Abdallah, Samy M., additional, Širić, Ivan, additional, Andabaka, Željko, additional, Kumar, Pankaj, additional, Goala, Madhumita, additional, Adelodun, Bashir, additional, Singh, Jogendra, additional, Kumari, Sonika, additional, Bachheti, Archana, additional, Arya, Ashish Kumar, additional, and Choi, Kyung-Sook, additional

Published
2022
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17. Public health utility of cause of death data: applying empirical algorithms to improve data quality

Author

Nicole Davis Weaver, Anna Skryabina, Jalal Arabloo, Segun Emmanuel Ibitoye, Mahaveer Golechha, Yasir Waheed, Gebiyaw Wudie Tsegaye, Akshaya Srikanth Bhagavathula, Reza Mohammadpourhodki, Simon Hay, Ilse Dippenaar, Rafael Lozano, Mostafa Dianatinasab, Valentin Skryabin, Bach Tran, Andrew Olagunju, Lorenzo Monasta, Azeem Majeed, Hamidreza Komaki, Mohamad-Hani Temsah, Abdallah Samy, Eduarda Fernandes, Shafiu Mohammed, and Carlos Castañeda-Orjuela

Subjects
Male, Index (economics), ACCURACY, Garbage codes, Negative association, 030204 cardiovascular system & hematology, Global Health, Health informatics, Global Burden of Disease, 0302 clinical medicine, Japan, 030212 general & internal medicine, Cause of death, Health Policy, Redistribution (cultural anthropology), Vital registration, STATISTICS, Data Accuracy, Computer Science Applications, Geography, GBD Cause of Death Collaborators, MORTALITY DATA, HEART-FAILURE, Female, France, Life Sciences & Biomedicine, Algorithms, Brazil, Research Article, medicine.medical_specialty, Computer applications to medicine. Medical informatics, COMPLETION, R858-859.7, Health Informatics, Star ranking system, 03 medical and health sciences, medicine, Humans, UNDERLYING CAUSE, CERTIFICATION, Science & Technology, US, business.industry, Public health, 1103 Clinical Sciences, 0806 Information Systems, Data quality, Redistribution, business, Medical Informatics, Demography
Abstract

Background Accurate, comprehensive, cause-specific mortality estimates are crucial for informing public health decision making worldwide. Incorrectly or vaguely assigned deaths, defined as garbage-coded deaths, mask the true cause distribution. The Global Burden of Disease (GBD) study has developed methods to create comparable, timely, cause-specific mortality estimates; an impactful data processing method is the reallocation of garbage-coded deaths to a plausible underlying cause of death. We identify the pattern of garbage-coded deaths in the world and present the methods used to determine their redistribution to generate more plausible cause of death assignments. Methods We describe the methods developed for the GBD 2019 study and subsequent iterations to redistribute garbage-coded deaths in vital registration data to plausible underlying causes. These methods include analysis of multiple cause data, negative correlation, impairment, and proportional redistribution. We classify garbage codes into classes according to the level of specificity of the reported cause of death (CoD) and capture trends in the global pattern of proportion of garbage-coded deaths, disaggregated by these classes, and the relationship between this proportion and the Socio-Demographic Index. We examine the relative importance of the top four garbage codes by age and sex and demonstrate the impact of redistribution on the annual GBD CoD rankings. Results The proportion of least-specific (class 1 and 2) garbage-coded deaths ranged from 3.7% of all vital registration deaths to 67.3% in 2015, and the age-standardized proportion had an overall negative association with the Socio-Demographic Index. When broken down by age and sex, the category for unspecified lower respiratory infections was responsible for nearly 30% of garbage-coded deaths in those under 1 year of age for both sexes, representing the largest proportion of garbage codes for that age group. We show how the cause distribution by number of deaths changes before and after redistribution for four countries: Brazil, the United States, Japan, and France, highlighting the necessity of accounting for garbage-coded deaths in the GBD. Conclusions We provide a detailed description of redistribution methods developed for CoD data in the GBD; these methods represent an overall improvement in empiricism compared to past reliance on a priori knowledge.

Published
2021

18. Climate, ticks and disease

Author

Abdallah Samy

Abstract

This book is a collection of 77 expert opinions arranged in three sections. Section 1 on "Climate" sets the scene, including predictions of future climate change, how climate change affects ecosystems, and how to model projections of the spatial distribution of ticks and tick-borne infections under different climate change scenarios. Section 2 on "Ticks" focuses on ticks (although tick-borne pathogens creep in) and whether or not changes in climate affect the tick biosphere, from physiology to ecology. Section 3 on "Disease" focuses on the tick-host-pathogen biosphere, ranging from the triangle of tick-host-pathogen molecular interactions to disease ecology in various regions and ecosystems of the world. Each of these three sections ends with a synopsis that aims to give a brief overview of all the expert opinions within the section. The book concludes with Section 4 (Final Synopsis and Future Predictions). This synopsis attempts to summarize evidence provided by the experts of tangible impacts of climate change on ticks and tick-borne infections. In constructing their expert opinions, contributors give their views on what the future might hold. The final synopsis provides a snapshot of their expert thoughts on the future.

Published
2021

19. Tick vectors, tick-borne diseases and climate change

Author

Abdallah Samy, Abdelghafar Alkishe, Tatjana Pustahija, and Townsend Peterson

Abstract

This expert opinion focuses on the impact of global warming and climate change on the distributional potential and population abundance of tick vectors and the occurrence and spread of tick-borne diseases.

Published
2021

20. Author correction: Mapping local patterns of childhood overweight and wasting in low- and middle-income countries between 2000 and 2017

Author

SAVITA LASRADO, Fakher Rahim, Saeid Safari, Hassan Magdy Abd El Razek, Baye Dagnew, Farshad Pourmalek, Ali Rostami, Daniel Ketema, Aletta Schutte, Nasir Salam, Nicole Davis Weaver, Agus Sudaryanto, Martin Ayanore, Nataliya Foigt, Masoud Moradi, Susanna Dunachie, Ziad El-Khatib, Zahra Kamiab, Ashish Badiye, Vijay Kumar Chattu, Maryam Khazaee-Pool, Dabere Nigatu, Jalal Arabloo, Garumma Feyissa, Khalil Eskandari, Kewal Krishan, Bolajoko Olusanya, Gebremicheal Gebreslassie Kasahun, Takahiro Tabuchi, Gebrekiros Meles, Babak Moazen, Jaifred Christian Lopez, Ivy Shiue, Keyvan Pakshir, Tomasz Miazgowski, Surendra Karki, Shivakumar KM, Yasir Waheed, Hamideh Salimzadeh, Ali Akbar Fazaeli, Akram Pourshams, Manoochehr Karami, Yasser El-Sherbiny, Tinuke Olagunju, Vafa Rahimi-Movaghar, Ali Yadollahpour, Assefa Desalew, Ali Shalash, Preeti Dhillon, Ali Asadi-Pooya, Venkatesh Maled, Mihajlo Jakovljevic, John Ji, RAJESH SAGAR, GK Mini, Sebastian Vollmer, Ayman Grada, Boris Bikbov, Neda Izadi, Muhammad Aziz Rahman, Victor Adekanmbi, Reza Mohammadpourhodki, Rahman Shiri, Turki Alanzi, Afsaneh Arzani, Om Prakash Kurmi, Rajat Das Gupta, Masoumeh Sadeghi, Irfan Ullah, Phetole Mahasha, Neeti Kapoor, Hamed Zandian, Bruno Sunguya, Khalid Altirkawi, João Fernandes, Simon Hay, Ana Isabel Ribeiro, Krittika Bhattacharyya, Parastoo Ansari, Gebre Teklemariam Demoz, Hossein Samadi Kafil, Sojib Bin Zaman, Joan B Soriano, Sandra B Munro, Josip Car, Collins Chansa, Navid Rabiee, Sharath Burugina Nagaraja, Palash Banik, Maha El Tantawi, Muawiyyah Babale Sufiyan, Rupak Desai, Davide Rasella, Nicola Bragazzi, Borhan Mansouri, Keivan Ahmadi, Yogesh Sabde, Sergio Ivan Prada Rios, Amir Hasanzadeh, Chinwe Juliana Iwu-Jaja, Syed Amir Gilani, Seyed Sina Naghibi Irvani, Lucero Cahuana-Hurtado, Arya Haj-mirzaian, Reza Heidari-Soureshjani, Rajaa Al-Raddadi, Hagazi Gebre Meles, Muhammad Shahdaat Bin Sayeed, Peng Jia, Mostafa Dianatinasab, Ireneous Soyiri, Jennifer Ross, Erkin Mirrakhimov, Ali Koolivand, Diego Augusto Santos Silva, Olufemi Ajumobi, Muhammad Usman, Hesham Al-Mekhlafi, Enayatollah Homaie Rad, Farhad Moradpour, Fatemeh Rajati, Norberto Perico, Francis Zotor, Omid Shafaat, Joel Francis, Muktar Omer, Hedayat Abbastabar, Mohammad Aghaali, Mulat Tirfie Bayih, Sorin Hostiuc, Era Upadhyay, Daniel Diaz, Mustafa Younis, Ambrish Singh, Mohammad Zamani, Mehran Asadi-Aliabadi, Andre Pascal Kengne, Mohammad Sadegh Rezai, Bruce Duncan, Javad Nazari, Vahid Yazdi-Feyzabadi, Anemaw Asrat, Biagio Simonetti, Neda Milevska Kostova, Mariya Titova, Mohammad Rabiee, Hassan Abolhassani, Morteza Shamsizadeh, Shyam Sundar Budhathoki, Zelalem Nigussie Azene, Pallab Kumar Maulik, Rafael Tabares-Seisdedos, Maha Atout, ANDRE RENZAHO, Fatemeh Amiri, Nelsensius Klau Fauk, Yousef Khader, Mohammad Saud Khan, Davood Anvari, Shymaa Enany, Ahad Bakhtiari, Farnam Mohebi, Yuan-Pang Wang, Naser Kamyari, Tewodros Wonde, Dadi Marami, Arash Ziapour, Azmeraw T. Amare, Nima Rezaei, S.mohammad Sajadi, Vahid Rashedi, Ayesha Humayun, Jacob Olusanya, Yousef Moradi, Reta Tsegaye, Dr. Dereje Bayissa Demissie, Vivekanand Jha, Behnam Nabavizadeh, Vivek Kumar, Andrew Olagunju, Mehran Shams-beyranvand, Farshad Farzadfar, Hagos Tasew, Ninuk Hariyani, Nelson Alvis-Guzmán, Girmay Teklay, Jan-Walter De Neve, Bereket Duko Adema, Jagadish Rao Padubidri, Md Nuruzzaman Khan, Abbas Yadegar, Anurag Agrawal, Vera Marisa Costa, Francisco Rogerlândio Martins-Melo, ORISH EBERE ORISAKWE, Khem Pokhrel, Amir Kasaeian, Artem Fomenkov, Birkneh Tilahun Tadesse, Georgy Lebedev, Razique Anwer, Dimas Ria Angga Pribadi, Alex Yeshaneh, Nuno Taveira, Deepesh Lad, Claudiu Herteliu, Ali Bijani, Zahiruddin Quazi Syed, Elena Varavikova, Antonio Maria Borzì, Phuc Huyen Do, Demelash Elemineh, Abel Fekadu Dadi, Taweewat Wiangkham, Ted Miller, Zubair Kabir, Duduzile Ndwandwe, Habtamu Kasaye, Mario Herrero, Nauman Khalid, Adnan Kisa, Sergey Soshnikov, Alberto Ortiz Arduan, Paul Doku, Saravanan Muthupandian, Bing-Fang Hwang, Meghnath Dhimal, Hamidreza Komaki, Ritesh Menezes, Kedir Abegaz, Claudio Davila, Dinesh Bhandari, Mohamad-Hani Temsah, André Faro, Navid Manafi, Hamidreza Haririan, Nazli Khatib, Wahengbam Bigyananda Meitei, RAVI PRAKASH JHA, Mahdi Mirzaei, Abdallah Samy, Priya Rathi, Alireza Esteghamati, Hailay Gesesew, Eduarda Fernandes, Ghasem Azarian, Shafiu Mohammed, Tauseef Ahmad, Derrick Bennett, Stefan Lorkowski, Yunquan Zhang, Karzan Mohammad, Carlos Castañeda-Orjuela, Mohd Anisul Karim, Tissa Wijeratne, Ahmed I. Hasaballah, Somayeh Bohlouli, Mohammed Madadin, and Mohd Shannawaz

Subjects
Immunology, General Medicine, Medical and Health Sciences, General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology, Geography, Childhood Overweight, Low and middle income countries, Environmental health, medicine, medicine.symptom, Wasting, LBD Double Burden of Malnutrition Collaborators, 11 Medical and Health Sciences
Abstract

An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via a link at the top of the paper.

Published
2020

25. Phenotypic and genotypic characteristics and epidemiological relation of Trueperella pyogenes isolated from various origins

Author

Abdallah, Samy Nagib Mohamed and Justus Liebig University Giessen

Subjects
ddc:630
Abstract

In the present study T. pyogenes isolated from milk of mastitic dairy cattle (n=57, n=1), from genital tract of metritic and apparently healthy dairy cattle (n=14) and from fatal infections of three grey slender lorises (n=3) together with 12 reference strains representing ten species of genera Trueperella and Arcanobacterium could be identified and characterized individually by using phenotypical methods, by MALDI-TOF MS fingerprinting, by FT-IR spectroscopy and by various genotypic techniques investigating the molecular targets 16S rRNA, ISR, sodA and gap. The genotypic techniques also included the amplification of the putative virulence factor encoding genes plo, cbpA, nanH, nanP, fimA, fimC, fimE and tet(W). A collection of the investigated T. pyogenes from milk of mastitic dairy cattle were subjected to epidemiological studies using MLSA and the T. pyogenes from fatal infections of three grey slender lorises using rep-PCRs , RAPD-PCR and MLSA. The T. pyogenes of mastitic origin were isolated in a period of 3 years and were mainly isolated together with various other bacteria from milk of mastitic dairy cattle with varying clinical symptoms. However, T. pyogenes seemed to be the major causative agent. The phenotypic properties, also including MALDI-TOF MS analysis and the newly described FT-IR spectroscopy and the genotypic methods, allowed a reliable identification and further characterization of the bacteria of this origin. The T. pyogenes of mastitis origin possessed several putative virulence factor encoding genes in varying combinations. These results together with the genomic fingerprinting with a newly established MLSA revealed that bovine mastitis in farms caused by T. pyogenes is mainly caused by individual bacterial clones without relation to each other. The 14 T. pyogenes isolated from genital tract of metritic and apparently healthy dairy cattle and from the three grey slender lorises could also be identified phenotypically and genotypically. However, the distribution of virulence factor encoding genes of the T. pyogenes isolated from bovine genital tract revealed no significant differences between diseased and apparently healthy animals indicating that additional criteria might be responsible for onset and etiopathology of bovine metritis. In contrast to the T. pyogenes from mastitis origin and from bovine genital tract the three T. pyogenes isolated from grey slender lorises displayed identical phenotypical and genotypical properties. The latter could also be demonstrated by genomic fingerprinting using three different rep-PCRs, by RAPD-PCR and by MLSA. These results showed that the fatal infection of the three grey slender lorises were caused by a cross infection of a single T. pyogenes clone. However, the route of infection of the three grey slender lorises at Frankfurt Zoo remains unclear.In the present study T. pyogenes of bovine and grey slender lorises origin could reliably be identified by several phenotypic and genotypic methods and further characterized by determination of putative virulence factor encoding genes and by novel DNA fingerprinting procedures. All these techniques might help to improve a future identification and characterization of T. pyogenes and might help to determine epidemiological relationships of these bacteria in animal or human infections., In der vorliegenden Studie wurden 57 Trueperella (T.) pyogenes-Stämme, isoliert aus Milch von an Mastitis erkrankten Milchkühen (n=57, n=1), T. pyogenes-Stämme, isoliert aus dem Genitaltrakt von an Metritis erkrankten und offensichtlich gesunden Milchkühen (n=14) und drei T. pyogenes- Stämme, isoliert von tödlichen Infektionskrankheiten von drei Grauen Schlankloris, zusammen mit 12 Referenzstämme von zehn Arten der Gattungen Trueperella und Arcanobacterium mithilfe phänotypischer Methoden, durch MALDI-TOF MS und FT-IR-Spektroskopie und durch verschiedene genotypische Techniken durch Nachweis der molekularen Zielstrukturen 16S rRNA, ISR, sodA und gap untersucht. Die genotypischen Methoden enthielten desweiteren die Amplifizierung der mutmaßlichen Virulenzfaktor-kodierenden Gene plo, cbpA, nanH, nanP, fimA, fimC, fimE und tet(W). Eine Auswahl der untersuchten T. pyogenes-Stämme, isoliert von Milch von Kühen mit Mastitis, wurde in epidemiologischen Untersuchungen mittels MLSA und die T. pyogenes, isoliert von tödlichen Infektionen der drei Grauen Schlankloris, mittels rep-PCR, RAPD-PCR und MLSA weitergehend analysiert.Die aus Mastitis isolierten T. pyogenes-Stämme wurden überwiegend zusammen mit verschiedenen anderen Bakterienarten aus der Milch von Kühen mit Mastitis mit unterschiedlicher klinischen Symptomatik in einem Zeitraum von 3 Jahren isoliert. T. pyogenes schien bei den Mastitisfällen allerdings der Hauptinfektionserreger zu sein. Die phänotypischen Untersuchungen, darunter auch die MALDI-TOF MS-Analysen und die neu beschriebene FT-IR-Spektroskopie und die genotypischen Verfahren, erlaubten eine zuverlässige Identifizierung und weitergehende Charakterisierung der Bakterien diesen Ursprungs. Die T. pyogenes-Isolate mit Herkunft Mastitis besaßen mehrere mutmaßlich Virulenzfaktor-kodierende-Gene in unterschiedlichen Kombinationen. Diese Ergebnisse, zusammen mit dem DNA-Fingerprinting in einer neu etablierten MLSA, ergaben, dass T. pyogenes-Mastitiden in Betrieben hauptsächlich von unterschiedlichen Erregerklonen ohne Beziehung zueinander verursacht werden.Die 14 T. pyogenes-Stämme die aus dem Genitaltrakt von an Metritis-erkrankten und offensichtlich gesunden Milchkühen sowie von den drei Grauen Schlankloris isoliert wurden, konnten ebenso phänotypisch und genotypisch identifiziert werden. Das Vorkommen der Virulenzfaktor-kodierenden Gene bei T. pyogenes, isoliert aus dem Genitaltrakt von Rindern, ergab jedoch keine signifikanten Unterschiede zwischen kranken und offensichtlich gesunden Tieren, sodass zusätzliche Kriterien für die Entstehung und den Krankheitsverlauf von Rindermetritiden verantwortlich zu sein scheinen.Im Gegensatz zu den T. pyogenes-Stämmen, isoliert von Kühen mit Mastitis und aus dem Genitaltrakt von Rindern, zeigten die drei T. pyogenes-Isolate, isoliert von den Grauen Schlankloris identische phänotypische und genotypische Eigenschaften. Letzteres konnte auch durch DNA-Fingerprinting unter Verwendung von drei verschiedenen rep-PCRs, durch RAPD-PCR und durch MLSA nachgewiesen werden. Diese Ergebnisse zeigten, dass die tödlichen Infektionen der drei Grauen Schlankloris durch eine Kreuzinfektion mit einem einzelnen T. pyogenes-Klons verursacht wurden. Der Weg der Infektion der drei Grauen Schlankloris im Frankfurter Zoo bleibt allerdings unklar.In der vorliegenden Studie wurden T. pyogenes-Isolate, isoliert von Rindern und von Grauen Schlankloris, durch unterschiedliche phänotypische und genotypische Verfahren identifiziert und durch Bestimmung mutmaßlicher Virulenzfaktor-kodierender Gene und durch neue DNA-Fingerprinting-Verfahren weitergehend charakterisiert. Diese Techniken könnten helfen in Zukunft die Identifizierung und Charakterisierung von T. pyogenes zu verbessern und epidemiologische Zusammenhänge bei tierischen oder menschlichen Infektionen mit diesen Bakterien eingehender zu analysieren.

Published
2016
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27. Department of Error

Author

Hassan Magdy Abd El Razek, Damian Santomauro, Aletta Schutte, Jean Jacques Noubiap, ZOUBIDA ZAIDI, Marcella Montico, Ileana Beatriz Heredia-Pi, Burcu Kucuk Bicer, Kefyalew Addis Alene, Nataliya Foigt, Ziad El-Khatib, Sachin Atre, Mikk Jürisson, Samir Bhatt, Kalpana Balakrishnan, Lope Barrero, Bolajoko Olusanya, John McGrath, Abdulaal Chitheer, Carla Farinha, Kenji Shibuya, Vafa Rahimi-Movaghar, Irina Filip, Mihajlo Jakovljevic, Santosh Tadakamadla, Elisabete Weiderpass, Ewan Cameron, Pengpeng Ye, Alize Ferrari, Boris Bikbov, Muktar Ahmed, Sadaf Sepanlou, Muhammad Aziz Rahman, Mark Stokes, Mika Kivimaki, Aleksandra Barac, Rahman Shiri, Sergey Vladimirov, Daniel Kim, Graeme Hankey, Dina Nur Anggraini Ningrum, Michael Kravchenko, Salman Rawaf, George Patton, Bruno Sunguya, Amador Goodridge, Khalid Altirkawi, João Fernandes, Paul Dargan, Gert Mensink, Tsegahun Manyazewal, Edson Servan-Mori, Amir Radfar, Muawiyyah Babale Sufiyan, Deborah Carvalho Malta, Denny John, Janni Leung, Peter Gething, Lucero Cahuana-Hurtado, Valery L. Feigin, Gholamreza Roshandel, Rakhi Dandona, Rajaa Al-Raddadi, Rafael Lozano, Amanda Thrift, Ratilal Lalloo, Erkin Mirrakhimov, Diego Augusto Santos Silva, Olanrewaju Oladimeji, Giorgia Giussani, Lemma Negesa Bulto, Mete Saylan, Maziar Moradi-Lakeh, Norberto Perico, Guy Marks, Klara Dokova, Eyal Oren, Eduardo Bernabe, Bach Tran, Rajendra Kadel, Ben Schöttker, Sorin Hostiuc, Mustafa Younis, MARIA JESUS RIOS BLANCAS, Bruce Duncan, Hamid Ahmadieh, Rufus Akinyemi, Morteza Shamsizadeh, Rafael Tabares-Seisdedos, Teketo TEGEGNE, Rachel Woodbrook, Jeffrey V. Lazarus, Michael Brauer, ANDRE RENZAHO, Yousef Khader, Ahmad Ali Enayati, Gizachew A Tessema, Sonia Saxena, Sasa Rajsic, Misgan Legesse Liben, Yuan-Pang Wang, Mayowa Owolabi, Charles Wiysonge, Azmeraw T. Amare, Jacob Olusanya, Hanne Christensen, Vivekanand Jha, Olalekan Uthman, Andrew Olagunju, Farshad Farzadfar, Hamid Hassen, Kamarul Imran Musa, Nelson Alvis-Guzmán, Katarzyna Kissimova-Skarbek, Khurshid Alam, Anurag Agrawal, Francisco Rogerlândio Martins-Melo, Soraya Seedat, Michael Piradov, Amir Kasaeian, David Pereira, Raimundas Lunevicius, Nuno Taveira, EMERITO JOSE A. FARAON, Seid Tiku Mereta, Haitham Shoman, Srinivasa Katikireddi, Ai Koyanagi, Ted Miller, JUNG-CHEN CHANG, Zubair Kabir, Selina Deiparine, Richard Franklin, Jose Martinez-Raga, Dan Stein, Adnan Kisa, Alberto Ortiz Arduan, Melkamu Meried Mengesha, Yohannes Kinfu, Konrad Pesudovs, Olatunji Adetokunboh, Carl Abelardo Antonio, Yannick Béjot, Abdallah Samy, Adugnaw Berhane, Alireza Esteghamati, Shafiu Mohammed, Derrick Bennett, Stefan Lorkowski, Karzan Mohammad, Fiona Charlson, Ettore Beghi, Tesfaye Regassa Feyissa, Tissa Wijeratne, and João M. Furtado

Subjects
Burden of disease, Sustainable development, Economic growth, 030219 obstetrics & reproductive medicine, 030505 public health, Health related, General Medicine, Article, 3. Good health, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Section (archaeology), Past Trends, Political science, 030212 general & internal medicine, 0305 other medical science, Global Health Metrics
Abstract

Summary Background The UN's Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) are grounded in the global ambition of “leaving no one behind”. Understanding today's gains and gaps for the health-related SDGs is essential for decision makers as they aim to improve the health of populations. As part of the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2016 (GBD 2016), we measured 37 of the 50 health-related SDG indicators over the period 1990–2016 for 188 countries, and then on the basis of these past trends, we projected indicators to 2030. Methods We used standardised GBD 2016 methods to measure 37 health-related indicators from 1990 to 2016, an increase of four indicators since GBD 2015. We substantially revised the universal health coverage (UHC) measure, which focuses on coverage of essential health services, to also represent personal health-care access and quality for several non-communicable diseases. We transformed each indicator on a scale of 0–100, with 0 as the 2·5th percentile estimated between 1990 and 2030, and 100 as the 97·5th percentile during that time. An index representing all 37 health-related SDG indicators was constructed by taking the geometric mean of scaled indicators by target. On the basis of past trends, we produced projections of indicator values, using a weighted average of the indicator and country-specific annualised rates of change from 1990 to 2016 with weights for each annual rate of change based on out-of-sample validity. 24 of the currently measured health-related SDG indicators have defined SDG targets, against which we assessed attainment. Findings Globally, the median health-related SDG index was 56·7 (IQR 31·9–66·8) in 2016 and country-level performance markedly varied, with Singapore (86·8, 95% uncertainty interval 84·6–88·9), Iceland (86·0, 84·1–87·6), and Sweden (85·6, 81·8–87·8) having the highest levels in 2016 and Afghanistan (10·9, 9·6–11·9), the Central African Republic (11·0, 8·8–13·8), and Somalia (11·3, 9·5–13·1) recording the lowest. Between 2000 and 2016, notable improvements in the UHC index were achieved by several countries, including Cambodia, Rwanda, Equatorial Guinea, Laos, Turkey, and China; however, a number of countries, such as Lesotho and the Central African Republic, but also high-income countries, such as the USA, showed minimal gains. Based on projections of past trends, the median number of SDG targets attained in 2030 was five (IQR 2–8) of the 24 defined targets currently measured. Globally, projected target attainment considerably varied by SDG indicator, ranging from more than 60% of countries projected to reach targets for under-5 mortality, neonatal mortality, maternal mortality ratio, and malaria, to less than 5% of countries projected to achieve targets linked to 11 indicator targets, including those for childhood overweight, tuberculosis, and road injury mortality. For several of the health-related SDGs, meeting defined targets hinges upon substantially faster progress than what most countries have achieved in the past. Interpretation GBD 2016 provides an updated and expanded evidence base on where the world currently stands in terms of the health-related SDGs. Our improved measure of UHC offers a basis to monitor the expansion of health services necessary to meet the SDGs. Based on past rates of progress, many places are facing challenges in meeting defined health-related SDG targets, particularly among countries that are the worst off. In view of the early stages of SDG implementation, however, opportunity remains to take actions to accelerate progress, as shown by the catalytic effects of adopting the Millennium Development Goals after 2000. With the SDGs' broader, bolder development agenda, multisectoral commitments and investments are vital to make the health-related SDGs within reach of all populations. Funding Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.

Published
2017

30. Healthcare Access and Quality Index based on mortality from causes amenable to personal health care in 195 countries and territories, 1990–2015: a novel analysis from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015

Author

Barber R. M. a, Fullman N. a, Sorensen R. J. D. a, Bollyky T. f, McKee M. i, Nolte E. g, Abajobir A. A. j, Abate K. H. n, Abbafati C. o, Abbas K. M. p, Abd-Allah F. q, Abdulle A. M. r, Abdurahman, A. A. ac, Abera, S. F. ad, ah Abraham, B. ai, Abreha, G. F. ad, Adane, K. af, Adelekan, A. L. aj, ak Adetifa, I. M. O. i al, Afshin A. a, Agarwal, A. ao, ap Agarwal, S. K. aq, S. ar, Agrawal, A. as, Ahmad Kiadaliri, A. au, Ahmadi, A. ax, Ahmed, K. Y. ay, Ahmed M. B. m, Akinyemi, R. O. ak, az Akinyemiju, T. F. ba, Akseer, N. am, bc Al-Aly, Z. bd, Alam, K. be, bf dn, dq Alam, N. bg, S. S. bh, Alemu, Z. A. ay, Alene, K. A. bi, Alexander L. a, Ali, R. bm, S. D. bn, bo bp, Alizadeh-Navaei, R. bq, Alkerwi, A. bs, Alla, F. bt, Allebeck, P. bu, Allen C. a, Al-Raddadi, R. cb, Alsharif, U. cd, Altirkawi, K. A. ce, Alvarez Martin, E. cf, Alvis-Guzman, N. cg, Amare, A. T. ch, cj gr, Amini E. s, t wy, Ammar, W. cl, Amo-Adjei, J. cm, cn Amoako, Y. A. co, Anderson B. O. e, Androudi, S. cq, Ansari, H. cr, Ansha, M. G. cs, Antonio, C. A. T. ct, Ärnlöv, J. bv, cv Artaman, A. cw, Asayesh, H. cx, Assadi, R. cy, Astatkie, A. cz, Atey, T. M. ag, Atique, S. da, Atnafu, N. T. dc, dd Atre, S. R. de, Avila-Burgos, L. df, Avokpaho, E. F. G. A. dg, Ayala Quintanilla, B. P. di, dj Awasthi, A. dk, Ayele, N. N. dl, Azzopardi, P. dm, dn dr, Ba Saleem, H. O. dt, Bärnighausen, T. du, dz ea, Bacha, U. eb, Badawi, A. an, ec Banerjee, A. ed, Barac, A. eg, Barboza, M. A. ej, ek Barker-Collo, S. L. el, Barrero, L. H. en, Basu, S. eo, Baune, B. T. ch, gr Baye, K. eq, Bayou, Y. T. er, Bazargan-Hejazi, S. es, et Bedi, N. eu, Beghi, E. ev, Béjot, Y. ew, Bello, A. K. ex, Bennett, D. A. bm, Bensenor, I. M. ez, Berhane, A. fa, Bernabé, E. fd, Bernal, O. A. fe, Beyene, A. S. ff, ki Beyene, T. J. eq, fi Bhutta, Z. A. bc, fj Biadgilign, S. fk, Bikbov, B. fl, Birlik, S. M. fm, Birungi, C. ef, Biryukov S. a, Bisanzio, D. bk, Bizuayehu, H. M. fn, Bose, D. fo, Brainin, M. fp, Brauer M. a, fq Brazinova, A. fr, fs Breitborde, N. J. K. fu, Brenner, H. fw, Butt, Z. A. fx, Cárdenas, R. fy, Cahuana-Hurtado, Campos-Nonato, I. R. df, dx Car, J. fz, Carrero, J. J. bw, Casey D. a, Caso, V. ga, Castañeda-Orjuela, C. A. gb, Castillo Rivas, J. gd, ge Catalá-López, F. gf, gg Cecilio, P. gh, Cercy K. a, Charlson F. J. a, j gi, Chen A. Z. a, Chew A. a, Chibalabala, M. gj, Chibueze, C. E. gk, Chisumpa, V. H. gl, gm Chitheer, A. A. gn, Chowdhury, R. go, Christensen, H. gp, Christopher, D. J. gq, Ciobanu, L. G. ci, Cirillo, M. gs, Coggeshall M. S. a, Cooper, L. T. gt, Cortinovis, M. fl, Crump, J. A. gu, Dalal, K. gv, Danawi, H. gw, Dandona L. a, gy Dandona, R. a gy, Dargan, P. I. gz, Das Neves, J. ha, hb Davey, G. hd, Davitoiu, D. V. he, Davletov, K. hf, De Leo, D. hh, Del Gobbo, L. C. eo, Del Pozo-Cruz, B. em, Dellavalle, R. P. hi, Deribe, K. ep, hj Deribew, A. al, Des Jarlais, D. C. hk, hl Dey, S. hm, Dharmaratne, S. D. hn, Dicker D. a, Ding, E. L. dx, Dokova, K. ho, Dorsey, E. R. hp, Doyle, K. E. hq, hr Dubey, M. hs, Ehrenkranz R. a, Ellingsen, C. L. hu, Elyazar, I. hv, Enayati, A. hw, Ermakov, S. P. hx, hy Eshrati, B. hz, ia Esteghamati, A. t wz, Estep K. a, Fürst T. h, ic ie, Faghmous I. D. A. i, Fanuel, F. B. B. cz, if Faraon, E. J. A. cu, ig Farid, T. A. ih, Farinha, C. S. E. S. ii, ij Faro, A. ik, Farvid, M. S. dw, il Farzadfar, F. u xa, Feigin, V. L. im, Feigl, A. B. du, Fereshtehnejad, S. -M. bx, Fernandes, J. G. in, J. C. io, Feyissa, T. R. ip, Fischer, F. iq, Fitzmaurice C. a, b ir, Fleming T. D. a, Foigt, N. is, Foreman K. J. a, ib Forouzanfar, M. H. it, Franklin, R. C. iu, Frostad J. a, Ghiwot T. T. n, Gakidou E. a, Gambashidze, K. iv, Gamkrelidze, A. iv, Gao, W. ix, Garcia-Basteiro, A. L. iy, iz Gebre, T. ja, Gebremedhin A. T. n, jb Gebremichael, M. W. ag, Gebru, A. A. ag, jc Gelaye, A. A. jd, Geleijnse, J. M. fh, Genova-Maleras, R. je, jf Gibney, K. B. jg, Giref, A. Z. eq, Gishu, M. D. fg, jh Giussani, G. ev, Godwin W. W. a, Gold A. a, Goldberg E. M. a, Gona, P. N. ji, Goodridge, A. jj, Gopalani, S. V. jk, Goto, A. jl, Graetz N. a, Greaves, F. ib, jm Griswold, M. a Guban, P. I. jn, Gugnani, H. C. jo, Gupta, P. C. jp, R. jq, R. jr, T. js, V. jt, Habtewold, T. D. fb, jv Hafezi-Nejad, N. t xb, Haile, D. eq, Hailu, A. D. ep, jx Hailu, G. B. ag, jc Hakuzimana, A. jz, ka Hamadeh, R. R. kb, Hambisa, M. T. ff, Hamidi, S. kc, Hammami, M. kd, Hankey, G. J. ke, kf kg, Hao, Y. kh, Harb, H. L. cl, Hareri, H. A. eq, Haro, J. M. mw, Hassanvand M. S. w, xc Havmoeller, R. ca, Hay, R. J. fd, kk Hay, S. I. a bl, Hendrie, D. kl, Heredia-Pi, I. B. df, Hoek, H. W. ju, km Horino, M. ko, Horita, N. kp, Hosgood, H. D. kq, Htet, A. S. kr, ks Hu, G. kt, Huang, H. ku, J. J. kv, Huntley B. M. a, Huynh C. a, Iburg, K. M. kw, Ileanu, B. V. kx, Innos, K. ky, Irenso, A. A. fg, kj Jahanmehr, N. kz, Jakovljevic, M. B. lb, James, P. dv, S. L. lc, Javanbakht, M. ld, Jayaraman, S. P. le, Jayatilleke, A. U. lf, lg Jeemon, P. gx, lh li, nh Jha, V. bm, lk John, D. ll, Johnson C. a, Johnson S. C. a, Jonas, J. B. lm, Juel, K. ln, Kabir, Z. lo, Kalkonde, Y. lp, Kamal, R. lq, Kan, H. ls, Karch, A. lt, lu Karema, C. K. id, lv Karimi, S. M. lw, Kasaeian A. t, y xd, Kassebaum N. J. a, lx Kastor, A. hs, Katikireddi, S. V. ly, Kazanjan, Keiyoro, P. N. lz, ma Kemmer, L. a Kemp, A. H. mc, me Kengne, A. P. jz, mf Kerbo, A. A. if, Kereselidze, M. iv, Kesavachandran, C. N. lq, Khader, Y. S. mg, Khalil I. a, Khan, A. R. ih, E. A. mh, G. mi, Khang, Y. -H. mj, Khoja, A. T. A. ml, Khonelidze, I. iv, Khubchandani, J. mm, Kibret, G. D. ay, Kim, D. mn, Kim P. a, Y. J. mo, Kimokoti, R. W. mp, Kinfu, Y. mq, Kissoon, N. fq, Kivipelto, M. by, Kokubo, Y. mr, Kolk, A. ms, Kolte, D. mt, Kopec, J. A. fq, Kosen, S. mu, Koul, P. A. mv, Koyanagi, A. mw, Kravchenko, M. mx, Krishnaswami, S. my, Krohn K. J. a, Kuate Defo, B. mz, Kucuk Bicer, B. nb, Kuipers, E. J. nd, Kulkarni, V. S. ne, Kumar, G. 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Getiye, Dejenu, Kibret, Daniel, Kim, Pauline, Kim, Yun, Jin, Kim, Ruth, Kimokoti, Yohannes, Kinfu, Niranjan, Kissoon, Miia, Kivipelto, Yoshihiro, Kokubo, Anneli, Kolk, Dhaval, Kolte, Jacek, Kopec, Soewarta, Kosen, Parvaiz, Koul, Ai, Koyanagi, Michael, Kravchenko, Sanjay, Krishnaswami, Kristopher, Krohn, Barthelemy, Kuate, Defo, Burcu, Kucuk, Bicer, Ernst, Kuiper, Veena, Kulkarni, Anil, Kumar, Fekede, Asefa, Kumsa, Michael, Kutz, Hmwe, Kyu, Anton, Carl, Jonas, Lager, Aparna, Lal, Dharmesh, Kumar, Lal, Ratilal, Lalloo, Tea, Lallukka, Qing, Lan, Sinead, Langan, Van, Lansingh, Heidi, Larson, Anders, Larsson, Dennis, Odai, Laryea, Asma, Abdul, Latif, Alicia, Elena, Beatriz, Lawrynowicz, Janet, Leasher, James, Leigh, Mall, Leinsalu, Cheru, Tesema, Leshargie, Janni, Leung, Ricky, Leung, Miriam, Levi, Xiaofeng, Liang, Stephen, Lim, Margaret, Lind, Shai, Linn, Steven, Lipshultz, Patrick, Liu, Yang, Liu, Loon Tzian, Lo, Giancarlo, Logroscino, Alan, Lopez, Scott, Lorch, Paulo, Lotufo, Rafael, 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Sanjay, Mohanty, Ali, Mokdad, Glen, Liddell, Mola, Mariam, Molokhia, Lorenzo, Monasta, Marcella, Montico, Maziar, Moradi Lakeh, Paula, Moraga, Lidia, Morawska, Rintaro, Mori, Mark, Mose, Ulrich, Mueller, Srinivas, Murthy, Kamarul, Imran, Musa, Jean, Nachega, Chie, Nagata, Gabriele, Nagel, Mohsen, Naghavi, Aliya, Naheed, Luigi, Naldi, Vinay, Nangia, Bruno, Ramo, Nascimento, Ionut, Negoi, Sudan, Prasad, Neupane, Charles, Newton, Marie, Ng, Frida, Namnyak, Ngalesoni, Josephine, Wanjiku, Ngunjiri, Grant, Nguyen, Dina, Nur, Anggraini, Ningrum, Sandra, Nolte, Marika, Nomura, Ole, F, Norheim, Bo, Norrving, Jean, Jacque, N, Noubiap, Carla, Makhlouf, Obermeyer, Felix, Akpojene, Ogbo, In Hwan, Oh, Anselm, Okoro, Olanrewaju, Oladimeji, Andrew, Toyin, Olagunju, Pedro, Olivare, Helen, Olsen, Bolajoko, Olubukunola, Olusanya, Jacob, Olusegun, Olusanya, John, Nelson, Opio, Eyal, Oren, Alberto, Ortiz, Richard, Osborne, Majdi, Osman, Mayowa, Owolabi, Mahesh, Pa, Amanda, Pain, Smita, Pakhale, Elizabeth, Palomare, Castillo, Adrian, Pana, Christina, Papachristou, Mahboubeh, Parsaeian, Tejas, Patel, George, Patton, Deepak, Paudel, Vinod, Paul, Neil, Pearce, David, Pereira, Rogelio, Perez Padilla, Fernando, Perez Ruiz, Norberto, Perico, Konrad, Pesudov, Max, Petzold, Michael, Robert, Phillips, David, Pigott, Julian, David, Pillay, Christine, Pinho, Suzanne, Polinder, Constance, Pond, V, Prakash, Manorama, Purwar, Mostafa, Qorbani, Alex, Quistberg, Amir, Radfar, Anwar, Rafay, Kazem, Rahimi, Vafa, Rahimi Movaghar, Mahfuzar, Rahman, Mohammad, Hifz, Ur, Rahman, Rajesh, Kumar, Rai, Usha, Ram, Saleem, Rana, Zane, Rankin, Paturi, Vishnupriya, Rao, Puja, Rao, Salman, Rawaf, Maria, Albertina, Santiago, Rego, Marissa, Reitsma, Giuseppe, Remuzzi, Andre, N, N, Renzaho, Serge, Resnikoff, Satar, Rezaei, Rezai, Antonio, Ribeiro, Hirbo, Shore, Roba, Mohammad, Bagher, Rokni, Luca, Ronfani, Gholamreza, Roshandel, Gregory, Roth, Dietrich, Rothenbacher, Nawal, Roy, Perminder, Sachdev, Ben, Benasco, Sackey, Mohammad, Yahya, Saeedi, Saeid, Safiri, Rajesh, Sagar, Mohammad, Ali, Sahraian, Muhammad, Muhammad, Saleh, Joshua, Salomon, Abdallah, Samy, Juan, Ramon, Sanabria, Maria, Dolores, Sanchez, Niño, Logan, Sandar, Itamar, Santo, João, Vasco, Santos, Milena, Santric, Milicevic, Rodrigo, Sarmiento Suarez, Benn, Sartoriu, Maheswar, Satpathy, Miloje, Savic, Monika, Sawhney, Mete, Saylan, Ben, Schöttker, Aletta, Schutte, David, Schwebel, Soraya, Seedat, Abdulbasit, Musa, Seid, Canaan, Negash, Seifu, Sadaf, Sepanlou, Berrin, Serdar, Edson, Servan Mori, Tesfaye, Setegn, Katya, Anne, Shackelford, Amira, Shaheen, Saeid, Shahraz, Masood, Ali, Shaikh, Marina, Shakh Nazarova, Mansour, Shamsipour, Sheikh, Mohammed, Shariful, Islam, Jayendra, Sharma, Rajesh, Sharma, Jun, She, Sara, Sheikhbahaei, Jiabin, Shen, Peilin, Shi, Mika, Shigematsu, Min Jeong, Shin, Rahman, Shiri, Haitham, Shoman, Mark, Shrime, Ephrem, Lejore, Sibamo, Sibamo, Inga, Dora, Sigfusdottir, Diego, Augusto, Santo, Silva, Dayane, Gabriele, Alve, Silveira, Shireen, Sindi, Abhishek, Singh, Jasvinder, Singh, Om, Prakash, Singh, Prashant, Kumar, Singh, Virendra, Singh, Abiy, Hiruye, Sinke, Aklilu, Endalamaw, Sinshaw, Vegard, Skirbekk, Karen, Sliwa, Alison, Smith, Eugene, Sobngwi, Samir, Soneji, Joan, Soriano, Tatiane, Cristina, Moraes, Sousa, Luciano, Sposato, Chandrashekhar, Sreeramareddy, Vasiliki, Stathopoulou, Nicholas, Steel, Caitlyn, Steiner, Sabine, Steinke, Mark, Andrew, Stokes, Saverio, Strange, Mark, Strong, Konstantinos, Stroumpouli, Lela, Sturua, Muawiyyah, Babale, Sufiyan, Rizwan, Abdulkader, Suliankatchi, Jiandong, Sun, Patrick, Sur, Soumya, Swaminathan, Bryan, Syke, Rafael, Tabarés Seisdedo, Karen, Tabb, Getachew, Redae, Taffere, Roberto, Tchio, Talongwa, Musharaf, Tarajia, Mohammad, Tavakkoli, Nuno, Taveira, Stephanie, Teeple, Teketo, Kassaw, Tegegne, Arash, Tehrani Banihashemi, Tesfalidet, Tekelab, Dejen, Yemane, Tekle, Girma, Temam, Shifa, Abdullah, Sulieman, Terkawi, Azeb, Gebresilassie, Tesema, Js, Thakur, Alan, Thomson, Taavi, Tillmann, Tenaw, Yimer, Tiruye, Ruoyan, Tobe Gai, Marcello, Tonelli, Roman, Topor Madry, Miguel, Tortajada, Christopher, Troeger, Thomas, Truelsen, Abera, Kenay, Tura, Uche, Uchendu, Kingsley, N, Ukwaja, Eduardo, Undurraga, Chigozie, Jesse, Uneke, Olalekan, Uthman, Job, F, Van, Boven, Rita, Van, Dingenen, Santosh, Varughese, Tommi, Vasankari, Narayanaswamy, Venketasubramanian, Francesco, Violante, Sergey, Vladimirov, Vasiliy, Victorovich, Vlassov, Stein, Emil, Vollset, Theo, Vo, Joseph, Wagner, Tolassa, Wakayo, Stephen, Waller, Judd, Walson, Haidong, Wang, Yuan Pang, Wang, David, Watkin, Elisabete, Weiderpa, Robert, Weintraub, Chi Pang, Wen, Andrea, Werdecker, Joshua, Wesana, Ronny, Westerman, Harvey, Whiteford, James, Wilkinson, Charles, Shey, Wiysonge, Belete, Getahun, Woldeye, Charles, Wolfe, Sungho, Won, Abdulhalik, Workicho, Shimelash, Bitew, Workie, Mamo, Wubshet, Denis, Xavier, Gelin, Xu, Ajit, Kumar, Yadav, Mohsen, Yaghoubi, Bereket, Yakob, 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Subjects
Dánartíðni, Lífslíkur, Life expectancy, Diseases, Health insurance, Globan Burden of Disease, Healthcare Access, DEVELOPMENT GOALS, Methods, Psychology, LIFE EXPECTANCY, Risk assessment, Public health, Globan Burden of Disease, Injuries, Tölfræði, Sjúkdómar, Statistics, DEATH, Þjóðir, Staðtölur, 11 Medical And Health Sciences, Healthcare access, Health status indicators, Health policy, Global burden of disease, Gæðastjórnun, Sálfræði, COMPARATIVE RISK-ASSESSMENT, Lýðheilsa, Life Sciences & Biomedicine, Standards, UNITED-STATES, Sjúkratryggingar, Medicine, General & Internal, General & Internal Medicine, Heilbrigðisstefna, SYSTEMATIC ANALYSIS, Mortality, Public health systems, medicine (all), Áhættugreining, Science & Technology, Health services accessibility, Staðlar, TRENDS, Heilbrigðisþjónusta, MEDICAL-CARE, AVOIDABLE MORTALITY, Áverkar, Aðferðafræði, Quality of health care, EUROPEAN COUNTRIES, Heilbrigðiskerfi
Abstract

Background National levels of personal health-care access and quality can be approximated by measuring mortality rates from causes that should not be fatal in the presence of effective medical care (ie, amenable mortality). Previous analyses of mortality amenable to health care only focused on high-income countries and faced several methodological challenges. In the present analysis, we use the highly standardised cause of death and risk factor estimates generated through the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) to improve and expand the quantification of personal health-care access and quality for 195 countries and territories from 1990 to 2015. Methods We mapped the most widely used list of causes amenable to personal health care developed by Nolte and McKee to 32 GBD causes. We accounted for variations in cause of death certification and misclassifications through the extensive data standardisation processes and redistribution algorithms developed for GBD. To isolate the effects of personal health-care access and quality, we risk-standardised cause-specific mortality rates for each geography-year by removing the joint effects of local environmental and behavioural risks, and adding back the global levels of risk exposure as estimated for GBD 2015. We employed principal component analysis to create a single, interpretable summary measure-the Healthcare Quality and Access (HAQ) Index-on a scale of 0 to 100. The HAQ Index showed strong convergence validity as compared with other health-system indicators, including health expenditure per capita (r= 0.88), an index of 11 universal health coverage interventions (r= 0.83), and human resources for health per 1000 (r= 0.77). We used free disposal hull analysis with bootstrapping to produce a frontier based on the relationship between the HAQ Index and the Socio-demographic Index (SDI), a measure of overall development consisting of income per capita, average years of education, and total fertility rates. This frontier allowed us to better quantify the maximum levels of personal health-care access and quality achieved across the development spectrum, and pinpoint geographies where gaps between observed and potential levels have narrowed or widened over time. Findings Between 1990 and 2015, nearly all countries and territories saw their HAQ Index values improve; nonetheless, the difference between the highest and lowest observed HAQ Index was larger in 2015 than in 1990, ranging from 28.6 to 94.6. Of 195 geographies, 167 had statistically significant increases in HAQ Index levels since 1990, with South Korea, Turkey, Peru, China, and the Maldives recording among the largest gains by 2015. Performance on the HAQ Index and individual causes showed distinct patterns by region and level of development, yet substantial heterogeneities emerged for several causes, including cancers in highest-SDI countries; chronic kidney disease, diabetes, diarrhoeal diseases, and lower respiratory infections among middle-SDI countries; and measles and tetanus among lowest-SDI countries. While the global HAQ Index average rose from 40.7 (95% uncertainty interval, 39.0-42.8) in 1990 to 53.7 (52.2-55.4) in 2015, far less progress occurred in narrowing the gap between observed HAQ Index values and maximum levels achieved; at the global level, the difference between the observed and frontier HAQ Index only decreased from 21.2 in 1990 to 20.1 in 2015. If every country and territory had achieved the highest observed HAQ Index by their corresponding level of SDI, the global average would have been 73.8 in 2015. Several countries, particularly in eastern and western sub-Saharan Africa, reached HAQ Index values similar to or beyond their development levels, whereas others, namely in southern sub-Saharan Africa, the Middle East, and south Asia, lagged behind what geographies of similar development attained between 1990 and 2015. Interpretation This novel extension of the GBD Study shows the untapped potential for personal health-care access and quality improvement across the development spectrum. Amid substantive advances in personal health care at the national level, heterogeneous patterns for individual causes in given countries or territories suggest that few places have consistently achieved optimal health-care access and quality across health-system functions and therapeutic areas. This is especially evident in middle-SDI countries, many of which have recently undergone or are currently experiencing epidemiological transitions. The HAQ Index, if paired with other measures of health-systemcharacteristics such as intervention coverage, could provide a robust avenue for tracking progress on universal health coverage and identifying local priorities for strengthening personal health-care quality and access throughout the world., Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.

Published
2017

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