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The Covid-19 pandemic has not only affected public health, but it has also affected the macro and micro economy. The working conditions changed, especially for the young population, presenting everythin from a decrease in wages and benefits, to the closure of small businesses. The objective of this paper was to analyze the effects of these changes in people between 15 to 29 years old, in the state of Nuevo Leon. To do this, their working conditions were compared with those of adults in the state and with those of young people in the rest of the country. To do it, we use the National Occupation and Employment Survey of Q3-2019 and Q3-2020. The analysis indicates that the labor participation of this population segment of the state was considerably reduced; however, those who lost their jobs decided not to look for a new one, which caused their unemployment rate to only increase slightly. However, the portion that continued to work recorded a significant deterioration in their working conditions, such as health benefits, informality or wages, especially for younger men with lower levels of schooling., La pandemia del COVID-19 no solo ha  afectado la salud pública, también ha repercutido en la macro y micro economía. Las condiciones laborales cambiaron, sobre todo para la población joven, al presentarse desde disminución de salarios y prestaciones, hasta el cierre de negocios, principalmente los negocios pequeños. El objetivo del presente estudio fue analizar el efecto de esas alteraciones en las personas de entre 15 y 29 años, en el estado de Nuevo León. Para ello, se compararon sus condiciones laborales con las de los adultos del estado y de los jóvenes del resto del país a partir de la información obtenida de los microdatos de la Encuesta Nacional de Ocupación y Empleo del tercer trimestre de 2019 y el de 2020. El análisis indica que la participación laboral de este segmento poblacional del estado se redujo considerablemente; sin embargo, quienes perdieron su empleo decidieron no buscar uno nuevo, lo que ocasionó que su tasa de desempleo sólo se incrementara ligeramente. No obstante, la porción que continuó trabajando registró un deterioro importante en sus condiciones laborales, como prestaciones, informalidad o salario, especialmente para los hombres más jóvenes y con menores niveles de escolaridad.

What makes adult children live with their parents? This paper examines the extent to which individual and family characteristics are associated with co-residence decisions between adult children and their parents. Using Mexico’s 2011 Social Mobility Survey (EMOVI) retrospective data and focusing on the young adult population in Mexico, we test empirically what parent and adult children characteristics correlate with co-residence status. Marginal effects from a probit regression model show that, after controlling for individual characteristics and retrospective family conditions, adult children’s education and employment status seem to be correlated with co-residence status, although only for males. Marital status, whether or not they have children, and retrospective parents’ home ownership are all correlated with co-residence status. The probability of adult male children staying at their parents’ home is reduced when the father has higher levels of education, while increased when the mother has higher levels of education.

Using an unanticipated policy reform in Mexico that shifted 4 months the cutof date for elementary school eligibility in 2006 and information on academic performance of 15-year-old students from the Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) 2018 survey, who entered frst grade in 2006, this paper estimates the efects of starting frst grade without having reached 6 years of age on middle-run academic performance. We found that entering school at a younger age increases the probability of having repeated at least one academic year by 7 percentage points and reduces academic performance (measured throughout PISA’s score points) between 6 and 10 score points in mathematics, reading and science (a Cohen’s d efect size between 0.06 and 0.10). We did not fnd evidence to claim that the efect of early entrance on academic performance is diferent for girls and boys or for urban and rural locations.

En este trabajo se presentan los resultados de un análisis de percepción de la calidad de la educación superior en la Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León (UANL) y el Instituto Tecnológico de Estudios Superiores de Monterrey (ITESM), ambas consideradas como las máximas casas de estudio del estado de Nuevo León. Para llevar a cabo el estudio, se realizó una encuesta semiestructurada que se aplicó dentro y fuera de las instalaciones del ITESM y de la UANL. Con la información recabada se efectuó un modelo de ecuaciones estructurales, que permite explicar la forma en que los estudiantes clasifican sus percepciones sobre la calidad de los diferentes componentes o factores que ofrecen cada una de estas instituciones educativas. Entre los principales resultados se encuentra que los estudiantes del ITESM le dan mayor peso a las instalaciones modernas e innovación tecnológica dentro de las aulas, mientras que los estudiantes de la UANL valoran más la preparación académica de la planta docente.

From an economic perspective, trust among members of a society is associated with the efficient functioning of markets, contract reinforcement and in general with the capacity to generate development and welfare. In this article we empirically explore the determinants of trust in Mexico; in particular we isolate the relation among two measurements of social capital, one for the individual and another for their environment. Our results show that trust increases with these measurements of social capital, and in the absence of segregation, it is higher in smaller communities, at older ages and for inhabitants of the center-occident, among others. Resumen Desde la perspectiva económica la confianza entre los miembros de una sociedad está asociada al funcionamiento eficiente de los mercados, al reforzamiento de contratos y, en general, a la capacidad para generar desarrollo y bienestar. En este artículo exploramos empíricamente los determinantes de la confianza en México, en particular, aislamos la relación entre dos medidas de capital social, una para el individuo y otra para su entorno. Nuestros resultados muestran que la confianza aumenta con estas medidas de capital social y con ausencia de segregación es mayor en comunidades pequeñas, a mayor edad y para habitantes del centro-occidente, entre otras.

This paper studies the impact that the characteristics of the environment have on crime using neighborhood aggregate data of the Monterrey Metropolitan Area for the year 2010 -- Data spatial autocorrelation is corroborated, i.e. neighborhoods with high crime rates have a positive impact on the crime rates of its surrounding neighborhoods -- Once it was controlled through the bias caused by spatial autocorrelation and data censoring, it is evidenced that the likelihood of being a crime victim and the probability of becoming an offender is positively related to variables such as unemployment, the percentage of young men and the existence of schools, hospitals or markets in the neighborhood, Utilizando datos agregados por vecindario para 2010 en el Área Metropolitana de Monterrey (AMM), México, este trabajo investiga el efecto de las características del entorno en la delincuencia -- Se corrobora la existencia de autocorrelación espacial en los datos, es decir, se encuentra que vecindarios con altos índices de delincuencia inciden positivamente en los índices de delincuencia de los vecindarios cercanos -- Después de controlar por el sesgo causado por la autocorrelación espacial y la censura de los datos, se encuentra evidencia de que la probabilidad de ser víctima de un delito y la probabilidad de que alguien se convierta en delincuente está positivamente relacionada con el desempleo, el porcentaje de jóvenes varones y la existencia de centros comerciales en el vecindario

With the signing of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) in 1994, Mexico entered a bilateral free trade agreement which not only lowered its own tariffs on imports but also lowered tariffs on its exports to the U.S. We find that women’s relative wage increased, particularly during the period of liberalization. Both between and within-industry shifts also favored female workers. With regards to between-industry shifts, tariff reductions expanded sectors which were initially female intensive. With regards to within-industry shifts, we find a positive association between reductions in export tariffs (U.S. tariffs on Mexican goods) and hiring of women in skilled blue-collar occupations. Finally, we find suggestive evidence that household bargaining power shifted in favor of women. Expenditures shifted from goods associated with male preference, such as men’s clothing and tobacco and alcohol, to those associated with female preference such as women’s clothing and education

Emigrating from Mexico to the United States requires three steps: going to the border, crossing it, and going to the final U.S. destination. This article attempts to measure the earnings benefits of each migration step, focusing particularly on the second step: crossing the border. Using U.S and Mexican microdata of workers living in Mexico and in the United States, this article compares wages of identical individuals on both sides of the border after controlling for unobserved differences between migrants and nonmigrants. On average, Mexican workers increase their wages 1.22 times by moving to the Mexican side of the border, 4.15 times by crossing it, and 1.12 times by moving to an interior location in the United States. Gains are larger for unskilled workers. Also, gains for crossing the border are larger for illegal workers, while gains for going to the U.S. interior are larger for legal workers. Resumen: Emigrar de México a los Estados Unidos requiere tres pasos: ir a la frontera, cruzarla e ir al destino final en los Estados Unidos. Este artículo calcula las ganancias salariales en cada paso, enfocándose particularmente en el segundo paso: cruzar la frontera. Utilizando microdatos de México y de los Estados Unidos, este artículo compara los salarios de trabajadores idénticos en ambos países después de controlar por características no observables de los migrantes y los no migrantes. En promedio, los trabajadores mexicanos incrementan su salario 1.22 veces al migrar al lado mexicano de la frontera, 4.15 veces al cruzarla, y 1.12 veces al migrar de la frontera al interior de los Estados Unidos. Las ganancias son mayores para trabajadores no calificados. Las ganancias de cruzar la frontera son mayores para los trabajadores ilegales, mientras que las ganancias de ir al interior de los Estados Unidos son mayores para los trabajadores legales.

El objetivo de este estudio es estimar el monto y el porcentaje de la evasión fiscal en el pago del ISR de personas físicas asalariadas, a través del uso de esquemas de tercerización de la nómina considerando factores regionales, legales y fiscales que afectan los niveles de evasión. Además, se revisan las consecuencias positivas y negativas de las reformas fiscales y se proponen modificaciones al marco jurídico actual que tengan como objetivo una reducción en la evasión por tercerización. Para lograr el objetivo, primero se hace un diagnóstico del marco legal que rodea a los diferentes esquemas jurídicos que pueden utilizar la tercerización de su nómina para reducir la carga fiscal y también se realiza un recuento de la experiencia internacional respecto de este tema. Posteriormente se describe la metodología utilizada para estimar la evasión del pago del ISR sobre nóminas a través de terceros y se presenta el cálculo del mismo. Por último, se hacen recomendaciones y las conclusiones. A continuación se presenta un resumen de los principales aspectos y hallazgos de este estudio.

With the signing of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) in 1994, Mexico entered a bilateral free trade agreement which not only lowered its own tariffs on imports but also lowered tariffs on its exports to the U.S. We find that women’s relative wage increased, particularly during the period of liberalization. Both between and within-industry shifts also favored female workers. With regards to between-industry shifts, tariff reductions expanded sectors which were initially female intensive. With regards to within-industry shifts, we find a positive association between reductions in export tariffs (U.S. tariffs on Mexican goods) and hiring of women in skilled blue-collar occupations. Finally, we find suggestive evidence that household bargaining power shifted in favor of women. Expenditures shifted from goods associated with male preference, such as men’s clothing and tobacco and alcohol, to those associated with female preference such as women’s clothing and education.

Se construye una matriz de contabilidad social para la economía mexicana al año 2004. Además de su alto nivel de desagregación, la principal cualidad de esta matriz es que la estructura de ingreso-gasto de los hogares es derivada de los microdatos de la ENIGH 2004. Como aplicación, se formula el modelo de multiplicadores contables que permite analizar la generación y redistribución de la renta en México y determinar el ingreso inducido y redistribuido de una inyección exógena unitaria como el caso de las remesas internacionales.

There is considerable evidence that resources are not allocated randomly within households, and that resources are unequally distributed within the family in many developing countries. Such an unequal distribution of goods usually takes the form of a bias against females. For example, girls lag markedly behind boys in schooling in many developing countries even though this gender gap has been declining in recent years. Using an OLS-Robust model and a ML-Random Effects model for the years 1992, 1998 and 2004 of ENIGH, we did not find enough statistical evidence to support the idea that poor families, nether in rural nor in urban areas, provide more education to their 12 to 18 years old sons or daughters. In fact, contrary to the common belief, we found that non-poor families, invest more in the education of their daughters, especially in the urban areas. However, this education discrimination against male children has been decreasing over the years. It is also found that female head of households are more likely to have children with higher levels of schooling and that children having both parents at home or having older brothers or sisters present higher levels of educational attainment

Hay considerable evidencia de que los recursos no están asignados aleatoriamente en los hogares y de que los recursos se distribuyen desigualmente dentro de la familia en muchos países en desarrollo. Usualmente esta distribución desigual del ingreso toma la forma de un sesgo en contra de las mujeres. Por ejemplo, las niñas van retrasadas respecto a los niños en la escuela en muchos países en desarrollo aunque este rezago por género ha ido declinando en años recientes. Utilizando un modelo de Mínimos Cuadrados Ordinarios robustos y un modelo de Máxima Verosimilitud con efectos aleatorios y con datos de las Encuesta Nacional de Ingresos y Gastos de los Hogares para los años 1992, 1998 y 2004, no encontramos suficiente evidencia estadística que apoye la idea de que los hogares pobres, ni en las áreas urbanas ni en las rurales, provean más educación a sus hijos que a sus hijas. De hecho, contrario a lo que comúnmente se cree, encontramos que las familias no pobres invierten más en la educación de sus hijas, especialmente en las áreas urbanas. Sin embargo, esta discriminación contra los hijos hombres ha ido decreciendo con los años. También se encuentra que las mujeres que son jefas de familia tienen mayor probabilidad de tener hijos o hijas con niveles más altos de escolaridad y que los hijos e hijas que tienen ambos padres en el hogar o que tienen hermanos o hermanas mayores presentan más altos grados de educación ABSTRACT There is considerable evidence that resources are not allocated randomly within households, and that resources are unequally distributed within the family in many developing countries. Such an unequal distribution of goods usually takes the form of a bias against females. For example, girls lag markedly behind boys in schooling in many developing countries even though this gender gap has been declining in recent years. Using an OLS-Robust model and a ML-Random Effects model for the years 1992, 1998 and 2004 of ENIGH, we did not find enough statistica

During the period 1940–1985 the variance of average incomes across Mexican states fell by 60 percent. Beginning in 1985, however, and coinciding with the adoption of trade liberalization policies and other market-oriented reforms, state incomes began to diverge. Using microdata from the 1990 and 2000 Mexican Population Censuses, this study decomposes the recent divergence into components due to economy-wide changes in skill prices and components due to state-specific changes in the composition of workers. The study finds that the rise in the education premium hindered the progress of poor states and raised the variance of average state wages and labor earnings. However, educational attainment mostly compensated for this income-widening effect. State-level regressions reveal that the initial level of education, size of the agricultural sector, and distance from the U.S. border were important factors, while public infrastructure was not. While the border states clearly benefited from increased trade and opening of the economy, I find no evidence that skill demand or the immigration of highly educated workers particularly favored these states.