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The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of three ventilation conditions (i.e., normal, regimented, and no-ventilation) on the reproducibility of bioimpedance scores in humans for the forearm and trunk segments. One hundred able-bodied North American men and women, from 18 to 71 years of age, volunteered as participants. The experimenters used a Xitron Bio-Impedance Analyzer System model 4200 instrument with Hydra software (Xitron Technologies, San Diego, California, USA) to collect bioimpedance data on extracellular fluid and intracellular fluid scores. The experimenters analyzed the data using the generalizability theory,with persons as the facet of differentiation and time as the facet of generalization. The major findings were (a) ventilation conditions did not have a significant impact on the reproducibility of the test scores, (b) the forearm segment produced consistently higher intracellular fluid generalizability coefficients across three ventilation conditions for both gender groups wh...

This study was undertaken to determine the effects of different pH management strategies during retrograde cerebral perfusion on the relationship between retrograde perfusion pressure and brain tissue perfusion. Six pigs were subjected to an alpha-stat strategy and another 6 to a pH-stat strategy during hypothermic (15°C) retrograde cerebral perfusion at perfusion pressures of 10 to 70 mm Hg, in increments of 10 mm Hg every 20 min. Regional cerebral blood flow was significantly higher in the pH-stat group than in the alpha-stat group. The cerebral blood flow peaked at perfusion pressures of 40–50 mm Hg (18.6% ± 10.8% in the pH-stat group vs. 3.6% ± 1.2% in the alpha-stat group). In both groups, the intracranial pressure remained below the critical level of 25 mm Hg, even at a retrograde perfusion pressure of 70 mm Hg. Cerebral lactate production was higher in the alpha-stat group than the pH-stat group during retrograde cerebral perfusion at pressures of 10–30 mm Hg. Compared to the alpha-stat strategy, the pH-stat strategy significantly improved brain tissue perfusion. With an open inferior vena cava, the optimal perfusion pressure seems to be 40–50 mm Hg.

Generalizability theory was used to investigate the score consistency of observed extracellular fluid/intracellular fluid (ECF/ICF) ratio measurements for both the global and leg-segmental bio-impedance spectroscopy methods. The test instrument used was a Xitron Hydra ECF/ICF Bio-Impedance Analyzer System, model 4200 (Xitron Technologies, San Diego, CA). Fifty able-bodied American men (17 to 72 years) and 50 able-bodied American women (17 to 76 years) volunteered as experimental subjects. Xitron continuous global and leg-segmental ECF/ICF procedures for testing were followed for assessing subjects in both the standing erect and lying supine postures. A two-facet, person-by-trial, completely crossed design was used, and all facets were treated as random. Data were independently analyzed for each method, each body posture and each sex group. The major findings of this study were: (1) the leg-segmental method was superior in producing the higher G-coefficients when compared to the global method regardless of gender or posture; (2) the global method resulted in higher G-coefficients in males compared to females regardless of posture; (3) when the global method was used, the relative and absolute error variances were higher for females while the opposite trend was observed when the segmental method was used and (4) when using the global method, the precision of the ECF/ICF ratio scores in females could be increased by simply using the mean of several trials (e.g., by using the mean of 5, 10 or more test trials).

This article, based on a survey of scholarship and world-wide-web 'metatexts' (reviews, translators' guidelines, etc.), discusses the options open to translators when translating older literary and religious texts. It is argued that different decisions along a scale ranging from 'hyperarchaisation' to 'violent modernisation' give different deictic signals, which point the reader to different aspects of the temporal and cultural relationship between source and target text. Translators' decisions and readers' interpretations are mediated by cognitive factors: translators may be more or less skilled in producing certain target-text styles or conveying certain signals, and readers more or less able or willing to process certain styles. They are also mediated by translational and literary norms, though these may vary across time, between cultures and between interest-groups. In the recent English-reading world, the interaction of pre-modern, modernist and post-modern norms can give different attitudes towards the use of modernising and archaising techniques: archaisation in poetry translation, for example, tends to be seen as hackneyed 'Victorian' translationese rather than as signalling the source text's specific historicity, whereas archaisation in religious translation can be seen as integrating the text into a liturgical tradition.

Background Although it is well documented that the use of a pH-stat strategy during hypothermic cardiopulmonary bypass improves cerebral blood flow, an α-stat strategy has been almost exclusively used during retrograde cerebral perfusion. We investigated the effects of pH-stat and α-stat management on brain tissue blood flow and oxygenation during retrograde cerebral perfusion in a porcine model to determine if the use of a pH-stat strategy during retrograde cerebral perfusion improves brain tissue perfusion. Methods Fourteen pigs were managed by an α-stat strategy (alpha-stat group, n=7) or by a pH-stat strategy (pH-stat group, n=7) during 120 minutes of hypothermic retrograde cerebral perfusion. Retrograde cerebral perfusion was established through the superior vena cava. Brain tissue blood flow and oxygenation were measured continuously with a laser flowmeter and near infrared spectroscopy, respectively. Brain tissue water content was determined at the end of the experiments. Results During cooling, brain tissue blood flow was significantly higher with use of the pH-stat strategy than with the α-stat strategy (86% ± 10% versus 40% ± 3% of baseline). During retrograde cerebral perfusion, brain tissue blood flow was also significantly higher (about three times higher) in the pH-stat group than in the alpha-stat group (15% ± 4% versus 5% ± 1% of baseline at 60 minutes of retrograde cerebral perfusion). Tissue oxygen saturation appeared to be higher during retrograde cerebral perfusion in the pH-stat group than in the alpha-stat group. Brain tissue blood flow during rewarming remained significantly higher with the use of pH-stat than with the use of α-stat. Brain tissue water contents were similar in both groups. Conclusions In our pig model, the use of a pH-stat strategy during retrograde cerebral perfusion significantly improves brain tissue perfusion. Therefore, to improve retrograde cerebral blood flow during retrograde cerebral perfusion, it may be preferable to use a pH-stat strategy, rather than an α-stat strategy.

The generalizability of bioimpedance measures was studied for the lying and standing postures, using generalizability theory. The test instrument was a Xitron Hydra ECF/ICF Bio-Impedance Analyzer System Model 4200 (Xitron Technologies, San Diego, CA): 50 healthy men and 50 healthy women volunteered as participants. A 2-facet, person-by-trial, completely crossed design was used, and all facets were treated as random. Data on each body posture, each fluid measurement, and each sex group were independently analyzed. The lying-posture data showed that the trial facet accounted for less than 0.03% of the total variance for extracellular fluid (ECF) and intracellular fluid (ICF). The residual accounted for less than 0.02% of the total variance for ECF and for 9.5% for males and 13.6% for females of the total variance for ICF. The standing-posture data showed that the trial facet accounted for less than 0.02% of the total variance for ECF and ICF. The residual accounted for less than 0.05% of the total variance ...

Purpose: To examine neuronal activation in the spinal cord due to secondary hyperalgesia resulting from intrajoint capsaicin injection, and the effect of physiotherapy manipulation, using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), in α-chloralose anesthetized rats. Materials and Methods: FMRI of the rat lumbar spinal cord was performed at 9.4 Tesla. Stimuli included injection of 25 μL of capsaicin (128 μg/mL in 7.5% dimethyl sulfoxide [DMSO]) into the right forepaw or 75 μL into the right ankle joint followed by a light touch stimulus, with and without physiotherapy manipulation. Results: Activation of pain areas of the spinal cord (dorsal horn) was found in all animals after injection of capsaicin into the plantar surface of the rat hindpaw and ankle joint. Overlay maps depicting activations and deactivations showed significant reproducibility between experiments. Greater overlay of activations were observed for intrajoint compared to intradermal capsaicin injection. The distribution of activations after stimulation of the hindpaw using a light touch stimulus was somewhat more varied; activation of the dorsal horn was evident, with greater overlap resulting when joint mobilization was not performed. Conclusion: Results suggest a trend toward decreased areas of activation in the spinal cord associated with pain, as a result of hyperalgesia, following physiotherapy joint mobilization. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2003;18:152–159. © 2003 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

Generalizability theory was used to examine both the relative and absolute generalizability of the observed resistance, reactance, and phase angle measurements of total body bioelectrical impedance (Z) for men and women, using the Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis with modified electrode placement sites (Spectrum Lightweight Instrument; RJL Systems, Detroit, MI). Eighty men and 83 women from a military air force base volunteered as participants. RJL's rules for testing whole-body Z were followed with modification of the proximal electrode placement sites to the center of the antecubital space and popliteal fossa. The design was a 4-faceted crossed Person x Day x Occasion x Trial design treating all facets as random. Each participant was tested by 1 experienced tester on 2 days, 2 occasions, and 3 trials. Data were analyzed independently for each Z measurement anal each sex group. Overall, the modified electrode placement sites produced generalizability coefficients that were equal to or lower than the coef...

In this study, generalizability theory, an extension of classic true‐score reliability theory, was used to investigate the relative and absolute generalizability of the observed measurements of total body bioelectrical impedance (resistance, reactance, and phase angle) for men and women, using the bioelectrical impedance analysis (Spectrum Lightweight Instrument; RJL Systems, Detroit MI) for whole body composition. Eighty Alaskan military men (19 to 56 years old) and 83 Alaskan military women (19 to 54 years old) volunteered as subjects from Elmendorf Air Force Base, Anchorage, Alaska. The rules of RJL for testing whole body bioelectrical impedance were followed. The design was a four‐faceted cross: person by day by occasion by trial. All facets were treated as random. Each subject was tested by one tester on 2 days, 2 occasions, and 3 trials. Data were analyzed independently for each impedance measurement and each sex group. The analyses showed that the person by day interaction contributed a significant...

Correctional agencies follow traditional organizational structures. The chief executive officer is at the top of the pyramid, with functions grouped and dispersed at various layers down through the pyramid. Many are paramilitary in structure and operations. While this classical organization has permitted correctional agencies to accomplish clearly defined routine missions, the organizational structure and operation often stand in the way of change. Establishing and initiating a project management group provides an opportunity for staff from various functional areas to devote their time to the project. With a multi-discipline group, each member can contribute the expertise of his or her particular functional area, and the contributions this function can make toward the resolution of the problem. The use of project management in corrections offers a method for concentrating the resources of the agency on specific problems or activities. Through a project management approach, change can be implemented in a correctional environment much more readily than through the traditional organizational structure.

The aim of this study was to determine the score reproducibility of the observed extracellular-to-intracellular fluid (ECF/ICF) scores using generalizability theory across three ventilation conditions of the trunk and forearm segments. The test instrument employed was a Xitron Hydra ECF/ICF bioimpedance analyzer system Model 4200. Volunteer subjects were healthy North American males (n = 50) and females (n = 50), 18–71 years. Each segment was tested on a one-trial test, for each of the three ventilation conditions. The single trial was six continuous time measures, taken 5 s apart during a 30 s time period. The three ventilation conditions were the following: normal ventilation, regimented breathing and no ventilation. A two-facet, person-by-time, fully crossed design was used; all facets were treated as random. The ECF/ICF data for each segment were independently analyzed for each ventilation condition and each gender group. The findings were as follows. (1) The reproducibility of scores improved by using the forearm segment compared to the trunk segment, (2) breath holding improves the reproducibility of test scores compared to normal breathing on men's trunk scores, (3) breath holding was not superior to normal breathing on women's trunk scores.

We monitored the development of hepatocellular carcinoma due to chronic infection with woodchuck hepatitis virus by using monthly serum samples, physical examination, and magnetic resonance imaging. The same woodchucks can be imaged repeatedly over a 1-y period by allowing the animals to recover after each experiment, thus reducing the number of animals required without compromising the quality of the data obtained. Age- and sex-matched uninfected control (n = 5) and chronically infected (n = 5) woodchucks were group-housed according to sex and infection status. Woodchucks were anaesthetized using an inhalation anesthetic (isoflurane) without premedication. During imaging, we regularly monitored heart rate, body temperature, and respiration. Tumor growth was observed using MRI, whereas the extent of hepatocyte injury was followed using serum liver enzymes. Elevated serum gamma glutamyltransferase and aspartate aminotransferase levels indicated hepatocyte injury due to tumor growth. On magnetic resonance images, the liver should appear as a well-defined, homogenous organ with defined regions of hyperintensities from larger blood vessels. Within tumor nodules, the liver appeared irregularly shaped, having heterogeneous intensity from unregulated cellular proliferation. Changes in tumor size can be monitored by imaging infected woodchucks on a regular basis. Using the imaging techniques we describe, the development of hepatocellular carcinoma can be visualized using magnetic resonance imaging, correlated to serum tests, and compared with the results from uninfected control woodchucks, thereby improving the understanding of the disease progress.

We examined whether cerebral activation due to secondary hyperalgesia resulting from intrajoint capsaicin injection could be detected using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) in alpha-chloralose anesthetized rats. We also examined whether we could detect analgesic changes in the central nervous system response to pain as a result of physiotherapy joint manipulation. Robust activation of areas of the brain known to be associated with the processing of pain, namely the anterior cingulate (bilateral), frontal cortex (bilateral) and sensory motor cortex (contralateral), was found in all animals following injection of 25 microl of capsaicin (128 microg/ml in 7.5% DMSO) into the plantar surface of the rat hindpaw (n = 7) and 75 microL into the ankle joint (n = 13). Significantly greater activation was observed when capsaicin was injected into the plantar surface of the hindpaw compared to the ankle joint. Mechanical allodynia and secondary hyperalgesia following capsaicin injection into the ankle joint also resulted in activation of the same brain regions. Trends toward decreased areas of activation in brain regions associated with pain in animals following physiotherapy joint mobilization were observed.

The generalizability theory, an expansion of classic true-score reliability theory, was used to investigate the generalizability of observed segmental extracellular fluid (ECF) and intracellular fluid (ICF) distribution measurements. The test instrument was a Xitron Hydra ECF/ICF bioimpedance analysis system model 4200, Xitron Technologies, San Diego, CA. Fifty American healthy men (17-72 years) and 50 American healthy women (17-76 years) volunteered as participants. Xitron continuous segmental ECF-ICF procedures for testing leg segmental data were followed for testing participants in both the standing erect and lying supine postures. A two-facet, person-by-trial, completely crossed design was used. All facets were treated as random. During a one-day session each subject was tested involving 20 trials for the standing erect posture and 20 trials for the lying supine posture. Data on each fluid measurement, each body posture and each sex group were independently analysed. The analyses revealed that the trial factor accounted for less than 0.2% of the total variance for ECF and ICF scores. ECF and ICF generalizability coefficients for the segmental method were 0.99 or greater. In comparing ECF segmental to ECF global, results showed generalizability coefficients were similar. However, ICF segmental coefficients were larger than the coefficients produced by the global method. In conclusion, the segmental method appeared more reliable than the global method, under the conditions of this study.