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Aim: This study aimed to evaluate the impact of using melatonin and vitamin C as adjuncts to the non-surgical treatment of chronic periodontitis., Materials and Methods: This triple-blind randomized clinical trial involved 100 participants with chronic periodontitis. Subjects were randomly assigned to three groups: (1) non-surgical periodontal therapy (NSPT) alone (n = 33); (2) NSPT with melatonin (n = 33); and (3) NSPT with melatonin and vitamin C (n = 34). Clinical parameters, including gingival index (GI), probing depth (PD), and clinical attachment loss (CAL), were assessed at baseline and at one week, one month, and three months post treatment. Statistical significance was set at p ≤ 0.05., Results: Compared to baseline, all groups showed significant improvements in periodontal parameters (p ≤ 0.001). At three months, the group receiving both melatonin and vitamin C demonstrated the greatest reduction in PD (mean reduction: 1.96 mm, p ≤ 0.001) and CAL (mean reduction: 1.87 mm, p ≤ 0.001). This group also achieved the most significant improvement in GI (mean reduction: 1.74, p ≤ 0.001)., Conclusions: The combined adjunctive therapy of melatonin and vitamin C demonstrated superior improvements in periodontal indices compared to NSPT alone, supporting its potential as an effective adjunctive treatment for chronic periodontitis., Competing Interests: Human subjects: Consent for treatment and open access publication was obtained or waived by all participants in this study. Kurdistan Higher Council of Medical Specialties issued approval 560. This study was conducted according to the ethical standards of the institutional and/or national research committee, along with the 1964 Helsinki Declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards. The study protocol was reviewed and approved by the Kurdistan Higher Council of Medical Specialties on 2023/02/14. Animal subjects: All authors have confirmed that this study did not involve animal subjects or tissue. Conflicts of interest: In compliance with the ICMJE uniform disclosure form, all authors declare the following: Payment/services info: All authors have declared that no financial support was received from any organization for the submitted work. Financial relationships: All authors have declared that they have no financial relationships at present or within the previous three years with any organizations that might have an interest in the submitted work. Other relationships: All authors have declared that there are no other relationships or activities that could appear to have influenced the submitted work., (Copyright © 2024, Mohamad Rauf et al.)

Introduction Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a complicated disorder that affects communication, social interaction, and behavior. Several investigations have documented increased oxidative stress and damage in individuals with ASD compared with neurotypical controls. Saliva can be used as a non-invasive technique to assess oxidative stress biomarkers. This study aimed to explore the association between oxidative stress and oral health in a sample of high-functioning children with autism in Erbil City. Methods We conducted a case-control study with 96 participants aged 5-12 years, which included 48 children with ASD and 48 healthy controls. Stimulated saliva samples were collected and centrifuged. Oxidative stress biomarkers (malondialdehyde [MDA], glutathione [GSH], and uric acid) and gingival/plaque indices were also measured. Data were analyzed using SPSS, with significance set at p≤0.05. Results The data showed no significant differences between the ASD and control groups in the gingival index, salivary malondialdehyde, glutathione, or uric acid levels. However, the control group had a significantly higher mean plaque index than the ASD group (P = 0.003). Conclusion Sample size and confounding variables may influence the absence of significant differences in gingival index and salivary oxidative stress biomarkers between groups. The higher plaque index in controls aligns with plaque gingivitis. Age differences could impact oral health interpretations. Further research is needed to understand significant factors and the clinical significance of these findings in pediatric ASD populations. Most autistic children were from educated families and had good oral hygiene in addition to special care by the staff of the center., Competing Interests: Human subjects: Consent for treatment and open access publication was obtained or waived by all participants in this study. Ethics and Scientific Committee of Kurdistan Higher Council of Medical Specialties for Scientific issued approval 2275-08/12/ 2022. This study was submitted to the Ethics and Scientific Committee of the Kurdistan Higher Council of Medical Specialties for scientific and ethical approval, which was achieved (2275-08/12/2022). This study was explained to the parents, and written consent was obtained. Confidentiality and anonymity of data were ensured. Animal subjects: All authors have confirmed that this study did not involve animal subjects or tissue. Conflicts of interest: In compliance with the ICMJE uniform disclosure form, all authors declare the following: Payment/services info: All authors have declared that no financial support was received from any organization for the submitted work. Financial relationships: All authors have declared that they have no financial relationships at present or within the previous three years with any organizations that might have an interest in the submitted work. Other relationships: All authors have declared that there are no other relationships or activities that could appear to have influenced the submitted work., (Copyright © 2024, Mahmood et al.)