Search

The Mediterranean freshwater ichthyofauna includes many interesting but poorly known species, because of little interest for sport fishing and culinary purposes. Salaria fluviatilis is the most widespread freshwater blenny of the Mediterranean. This species is found in rivers, brooks and low altitude lakes rich in branches and with stone bottom. Average lifespan is up to 5 years; larvae are planktonic until the size of about 1.5 cm and live in quiet waters. They reach a size of 12 cm on average and males are larger than females, and have a small ridge on the head. S. fluviatilis feeds on benthic organisms like small snails and shrimps, on fish and all kinds of insect larvae; it is itself prey of birds (migratory and resident), tortoise (e.g. Emys orbicularis) and snakes (e.g. Natrix spp). The population is very fragmented, and few data are available due to the difficulties to catch or to observe this fish; consequently, it is difficult to know its conservation status. It is included in Annex III of the Bern Convention and is considered a locally endangered species, listed by the IUCN Red List. The species is included in the overall plan of action for the conservation of freshwater Italian fishes. In South Italy, the main threat factors are water pollution, habitat destruction (gravel extraction, damming, canalization of rivers, etc.) and introduction of non-native predatory fish species like catfish (Ameiurus melas), bluegill (Lepomis macrochirus) and largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides), of two allochthonous decapod crustaceans (Procambarus clarkii and Orconectes limosus) and two Testudines (Trachemys spp.). Due to their important ecological and trophic role of connection between benthic invertebrates, migratory birds and reptiles, we started a monitoring scientific program, capture of breeding animals, setting up of dedicated mesocosms and reproduction as well as rearing of juveniles for, local or in larger scale, restocking purpose allowed by the low genetic divergence of the species.

Lo squilibrio territoriale in Campania, trae origine dal dualismo tra le aree costiere e le aree interne. Gli ambienti protetti nelle aree interne godono di parziale connettività ecologica con le aree esterne. L’orientamento europeo evidenzia la necessità di concepire sistemi funzionali di reti ecologiche, in grado di connettere le diversità biologiche ed ambientali con particolare attenzione alle interazioni con i sistemi di natura antropica. Esiste poi un vuoto urbano che abbraccia parte della Campania meridionale, per questo motivo le aree interne dipendono da quelle metropolitane e costiere. Gran parte dell’armatura urbana delle zone interne della provincia di Salerno è tendenzialmente debole e solo taluni centri sono dotati delle necessarie infrastrutture in grado di contrastare la spinta all’evasione e all’inurbamento. I caratteri strutturali del settore agronomico della provincia di Salerno possono essere enucleati attraverso una serie di dati chiarificativi; su una superficie agricola totale SAT di 337.596.00 ha, solo 193.363.00 ha, sono utilizzati in coltivazioni propriamente agricole SAU. Il carico di aziende agricole zootecniche e forestali è di 83.000 unità. L’indagine è articolata in più fasi analitiche volte a rintracciare le tendenze evolutive degli habitat naturali, seminaturali ed antropici. Queste fasi implicano le conoscenze specifiche proprie di ogni analisi, fonti archivistiche, letterarie, documentali, cartografiche e statistiche. Il comprensorio presenta aree urbanizzate con spazi agricoli residuali, aree urbanizzate a forte valenza naturalistica, aree caratterizzate da ritardo di sviluppo e fragilità demografica, con alternanza di aree non edificabili ad aree edificabili sottoposte al rispetto di specifiche prescrizioni per il vincolo idrogeologico e per le norme generali di salvaguardia per l’area a R.N. Regionale Monti Marzano-Eremita L.R. n. 33/93. Alle pendici del Monte Marzano, sorge ad un’altitudine di 510 m s.l.m., il centro abitato di Valva, la cui superficie territoriale è di 26,21 Km2 ed il cui numero di abitanti è di circa 1.827. Elemento importante del mosaico urbano è Villa d'Ayala, che assolve al ruolo di connessione verso zone ecologicamente delicate e costituisce potenzialmente la porta d’ingresso alla R.N.estensione 3680 ha, istituita con L.R. 33 del 09/1993, D.P.G.R. 5574 del 06/1995 e D.G.R. 66 del 02/1999. L’inquadramento geografico del gruppo montuoso è confinato ad Ovest dal Sito Naturale n. 93, “Alta valle del fiume Sele”, mentre a Nord confina con il fiume Temete e con la S.S. 381 e ad Est con la fiumara di Muro e con i fiumi Platano e Bianco. Il Sito Naturale n. 109, “Massiccio del Monte Eremita” estensione 10570 ha è parte della riserva. Al fine di migliorare la cognizione dell’area oggetto di studio, rimane agevole la definizione spaziale del sistema, che è delimitata a Nord, dal centro abitato di Laviano che ha superficie territoriale pari a 56,56 Km2 ed il cui numero di abitanti è di 1.523, dal fiume Temete e dalle S.S. 381 e S.S. 7, a Ovest dalla R. N. “Foce Sele-Tanagro” e dalla S.S. 91, ad Est, dal confine di regione, mentre a Sud dal centro abitato di Colliano che ha superficie territoriale pari a 54,07 Km2 ed il cui numero di abitanti è di 3.813, e dal sistema autostradale A3 e dalla strada E847. Due centri completano il comprensorio in oggetto: Castelnuovo di Conza, la cui superficie territoriale è pari a 14,00 Km2 ed il cui numero di abitanti è di 682 e Santomenna, la cui superficie territoriale è pari a 8,00 Km2 ed il cui numero di abitanti è di 542. Il paesaggio è un’alternanza fitti boschi di Faggio, che ospitano isolati alberi di Tasso e rigogliosi Agrifogli e prati, in cui si incontrano Quaglie, Prispoloni, Averle piccole e Strillozzi. Le rocce di natura calcarea, sono luogo ideale per la nidificazione di Poiane e Gheppi.

Looking at the 30,332 informs redid for illegal activities in respect of biodiversity, it was found that illegalities are involved on: birds (74.67%), mammals (19.31%), amphibians and reptiles (5.02%), fishes (0.65%), and insects (0,34%). The worst activity exerted is the poaching for hunting interest (87,80%). The highest percentage (65.57%) of abuse found (birds, mammals, fishes) is placed in the illegal purpose for restaurants food. The illegal trade of live animals sold reaches the 23.25% (market for hunting and hobbies and amateur). The 4.60% of the informs concern all types of living intercepted whose trade is destined to the market of taxidermy. The informs regarding the illegal gambling (dogs fighting and illegal racing horses) are represented by a not significant percentage (0.68% and 0.26% respectively). The illegal dogs market is going to have a big develop (6.69%), the management of kennels (2.31%), the illegal slaughter (1.99%) and the clandestine breeding (species covered by CITES 1.76%; livestock 0.02%).

Minor urban systems have to evolve towards models in which the nebula of settlements merges in a unique district, as proposed in the R.L. 54/74. In the functional regional hierarchy, some inland settlements in the district of Salerno are also subordinated to Napoli, which goes on with its long-term process of orthogenetic development. According to the analysis of the anthropological, civilian, livestock and agricultural capacity of the area that it is being examined, it is evident that the estimated sustainability potential of the proposed urban system (Colliano, Laviano, Santomenna, Castelnuovo di Conza e Valva) is largely underused (housing capacity 79’000 vs inhabitants 8’387). The evolutionary processes of the minor urban systems have to be investigated, since a good management of the territory will be obtained only through a reformist programming that matches development with environment. Key words: Urban systems, Environment, Government, Nature Reserve Introduction: The imbalance of the territory in Campania origins from the dualism between the coastal and the inland areas. In ecological terms, the sheltered environment of the inland areas can use only part of the connection with the outer coastal areas. The European guidance highlights the necessity to conceive functional systems of ecological networks able to connect biological and environmental diversities, with a particular attention to the interactions with anthropic systems. Moreover, in Campania there is an empty urban space that encloses the southern part of the region; for that reason inland areas depend on metropolitan and coastal ones. A big part of the urban structure of the inland areas of Salerno district is tendentially weak, and only a few centres are provided with the necessary infrastructures to contrast evasion and urban migration. Structural peculiarities of the agronomic sector of Salerno district can be defined by some clarifying data: on a Total Agricultural Area (SAT) of 337’596.00 hectares, only 193’363.00 hectares are Agricultural Used Surface (SAU). Farms (agriculture and animal exploitations) and forest firms count 83’000 units. Materials and methods: The research is structured in different analytic steps (ecological, functional and anthropological), aimed to track down evolutionary trends of natural, half-natural and human habitats. These steps involve specific knowledge proper for each analysis (archive, literary, documentary, cartographic and statistical sources). The district of our study, ‘Monti Eremita-Marzano’ is subject to the Regional Law 33/93 and presents: 1) urbanized areas with the remaining agricultural land, 2) urban areas with high natural value, 3) areas characterized by a lag in demographic development, with alternation of land where is not possible build and land in which, even if you can build, there are specific limitations (planning, hydro-geological constraints, overall conservation) and laws enacted specifically for the nature reserves (NR). The nature reserve is characterized in the mountaintop by strong deciduous woodland matrixes, mixed with xerophilous grassland. The town of Valva, with a territorial surface of 26.21 Km2 and about 1’827 inhabitants, stands on the slopes of Monte Marzano at the altitude of 510 m above sea-level. An important element of the urban mosaic is Villa d’Ayala, playing a role of connection towards ecologically delicate areas and potentially constitutes the entrance to the Nature Reserve (size 3’680 ha), instituted by R.L. 33/93, DPGR 5574/95 and DGR 66/99. The geographical framework of the mountainous area is bounded on the West by the Site of importance n. 93 ‘Alta valle del fiume Sele’, on the North by the river Temete and by the national road S.S. 381 and, on the East, by the swollen river of Muro and by the rivers Platano and Bianco. The Site of importance n. 109 ‘Massiccio del Monte Eremita’ (size 10’570 ha) is part of the reserve. In order to improve the knowledge of the area being analyzed, it appears convenient to give a spatial definition of the system, that is bounded on the North by the town of Laviano, with a territorial surface of 56.56 Km2 and 1’523 inhabitants, by the river Temete and by S.S. 381 and S.S. 7, on the West by N.R. ‘Foce Sele-Tanagro’ and by S.S. 91, on the East by the border of the Region, on the South by the town of Colliano, with a territorial surface of 54.07 Km2 and 3’813 inhabitants, and by the A3 highway and the road E847. Two centres complete the analyzed district: Castelnuovo di Conza, with an area of 14.00 Km2 and 682 inhabitants, and Santomenna, with an area of 8.00 Km2 and 542 inhabitants. The scenery is characterized by the alternation of thick woods of beech (Fagus sylvatica), hosting isolated yew trees (Taxus baccata) and luxuriant hollies (Ilex aquifolium) and meadows where it is possible to meet quails (Coturnix coturnix), tree pipits (Anthus trivialis), small shrikes (Lanius collurio) and corn buntings (Miliaria calandra). The calcareous rocks are the ideal place for the nesting of buzzards (Buteo buteo) and kestrels (Falco tinnunculus). Results and discussion: The analyzed district is underused (Housing capacity 79’000 vs Inhabitants 8’387). Specifically, Valva has 1’827 inhabitants vs 13’000 estimated housing capacity, as well as the other two main centres of the district, Laviano and Colliano, have respectively 1’523 inhabitants vs 28’000 estimated housing capacity and 3’813 inhabitants vs 27’000 estimated housing capacity. In the end, the small centres of Santomenna and Castelnuovo di Conza have respectively 542 inhabitants vs 4’000 estimated housing capacity and 682 inhabitants vs 7’000 estimated housing capacity. A consistent use of the available resources and the diversification of territory development are required for a better distribution of urban areas and functional planning, in observance of the natural environment. A balanced development can be pursued through the consolidation and the diversity of the functions of the minor urban systems that, joined together, can be substrate for economic development free from the subsistence faults connected to the metropolis. Conclusion: The reforming strategies for the territorial management, to be carried out as means of valorisation of the structural and social components within the Mediterranean areas, impose measures aimed to prevent depopulation processes and abandoning of the rural areas, useful to mitigate the effects of territorial imbalance, in accordance with what previously stated in the Convention concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage (Paris, 16th November 1972). References: 1) Buondonno E., Plachesi A., Rendina M., Siniscalchi F., Tornitore L., Cannavacciuolo R., 2005. Coordinated planning of the Regional Natural Reserve Mounts Eremita and Marzano and of naturally expanding territories in order to have a compatible environmental management. IV Int. Symposium on Wild Fauna Slovakia: edited by Trávniček M., pp.155/156, (ISBN80-8077-019-0). 2) Buondonno E., Rendina M., Andreozzi G., Tornitore L., Plachesi A., Sica M., Pinto S., Esposito L., 2007. Experimental system of containment of the bright pollutions and management of the impact on the fauna of the Natural Reserve Reg. Monti Eremita e Marzano and of territories of natural expansion, according to the regional law N.12 of the 25-07-2002. 5th International Congress on Wild Fauna Chalkidiki, Greece: edited by Charalambos Billinis & Polychronis Kostoulas, p.73. 3) Rendina M., Tornitore L., 2006. Dinamiche evolutive del P.co Villa d’Ayala-Valva: risorse e volano del territorio della Medio Alta Valle del fiume Sele. Gestione Ambientale, Faunistica e Venatoria: anno IV, n. 10 p. 38, (ISSN1828-3640).

EU indicates common strategies to follow for preserving natural resources and their sustainable use. The program of fauna preservation in the industrialized countries requires the involvment of private enterprises that must take into account the market demands. The increase of pretected areas in Italy allows a proper plannign of fauna preservation, via an integrated management that includes natural agricultural and zootechnical resources.

Lepus europaeus (n=110) were studied in four different farms of campania: 1) private centre of game production in natural state; 2) private centre of intensive game production; 3) family farm included on re-peopling area; 4) buffalo intensive farm.

The fragmentation of natural environments by the roads have a severe impact on wildlife resources. The aim of this paper is to report data on the presence of roadkilled little animals. The selected road includes little towns, agriculture zones, wet zone. The total number of founded animal killed was 156: 56 of domestic animals; wild mammal 57, wild birds 31 and reptiles 2.

The concept that wild flora and fauna play an essential role in maintaining biological balances has a strong value. Creation of the National Prarks is a fundamental step for the protection and the preservation of natural biodiversity. Repopulation and/or reintroduction of native species of wild flora and fauna are a strong contribute to the conservationof endagered species.This investigation aim to describe reintroduction and/or repopulation action effected by six National Parks of South Italy of different animal species: red deer, roe deer, grey partridge, rock partridge, white.headed duck, griffon vulture, white stork.

The economic success of livestock is strictly correlated with the innovative technologies applied on the agriculture and animal production. Data of Mountain Community "VAallo di Diano" (15 Municipalities) were analysed from decade 1980-90 to 1990-2000. Protected areas was compared to non protected areas. There was a negative trend related to the total number of farms and animal breeding in all studied areas, except for the pig (+27%) and buffalo species (new appearance).

Histochemical changes of oxidative enzymes and cadmium uptake in the Carassius auratus gills were examined up to 7 days after a 87.6 mu M cadmium exposure in very alkaline water in the presence and absence of catabolic ammonia. In the presence of catabolic NH3, the toxic action of cadmium is much more intense and determines a 20% survival of goldfish with a heavy increase in the excretion of mucus. Animals treated with cadmium only and controls survived in the order of 100%. More drastic histochemical alterations in the activity of oxidative enzymes (SDH, G-6-PDH, LDH) were documented in animals treated both with cadmium and ammonia, if compared with those treated with cadmium only. A reduction in the activity of enzymes after 24 h, a heavy increase of the LDH reaction after 72 h, and a strong increase after 7 days in the number of positive SDH cells (which correspond to chloride cells) were documented. After a hyperaccumulation at 24 h (returning afterwards to much lower values), at 7 days the cadmium uptake was higher in the animals treated both with cadmium and ammonia.