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In this paper, we describe a novel framework for digital predistortion (DPD) based linearization of strongly nonlinear millimeter-wave active antenna arrays. Specifically, we formulate a piecewise (PW) closed-loop (CL) DPD solution and low-complexity gradient-adaptive parameter learning algorithms, together with a region partitioning method, that can efficiently handle deep compression of the PA units. The impact of beamsteering on the DPD performance is studied, showing strong beam-dependence, thus necessitating frequent updating of the DPD. In order to facilitate fast adaptation, an inexpensive, non-iterative, pruning algorithm is introduced, which allows to significantly reduce the amount of model coefficients. The proposed methods are validated with extensive over-the-air RF measurements on a 64-element active antenna array transmitter operating at 28 GHz carrier frequency and transmitting a 400 MHz 5G New Radio (NR) standard-compliant orthogonal frequency division multiplexing waveform. The obtained results demonstrate the excellent linearization capabilities of the proposed solution, conforming to the new 5G NR requirements for frequency range 2 (FR2) in terms of both inband waveform quality and out-of-band emissions. The proposed PW-CL DPD is shown to outperform the state-of-the-art PW DPD based on the indirect learning architecture, as well as the classical single-polynomial based DPD solutions in terms of linearization performance and computational complexity by a clear margin., Comment: Accepted for publication in IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques

This paper studies the processing principles, implementation challenges, and performance of OFDM-based radars, with particular focus on the fourth-generation Long-Term Evolution (LTE) and fifth-generation (5G) New Radio (NR) mobile networks' base stations and their utilization for radar/sensing purposes. First, we address the problem stemming from the unused subcarriers within the LTE and NR transmit signal passbands, and their impact on frequency-domain radar processing. Particularly, we formulate and adopt a computationally efficient interpolation approach to mitigate the effects of such empty subcarriers in the radar processing. We evaluate the target detection and the corresponding range and velocity estimation performance through computer simulations, and show that high-quality target detection as well as high-precision range and velocity estimation can be achieved. Especially 5G NR waveforms, through their impressive channel bandwidths and configurable subcarrier spacing, are shown to provide very good radar/sensing performance. Then, a fundamental implementation challenge of transmitter-receiver (TX-RX) isolation in OFDM radars is addressed, with specific emphasis on shared-antenna cases, where the TX-RX isolation challenges are the largest. It is confirmed that from the OFDM radar processing perspective, limited TX-RX isolation is primarily a concern in detection of static targets while moving targets are inherently more robust to transmitter self-interference. Properly tailored analog/RF and digital self-interference cancellation solutions for OFDM radars are also described and implemented, and shown through RF measurements to be key technical ingredients for practical deployments, particularly from static and slowly moving targets' point of view., Comment: Paper accepted by IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques

We substantiate and extend recent research on the behavior of the out-of-band emissions in antenna array transmitters. Specifically, with multi-user precoding, we show that the emissions are always beamformed in the directions of the intended receivers, contrary to some claims in the recent literature. Moreover, while also other spurious directions exist, we show that the emissions are always strongest in the directions of the intended receivers. We also show that power amplifiers with mutually different nonlinear phase characteristics will reduce the beamforming gain of the unwanted emissions, with the gain approaching the noncoherent combining limit as the phase deviations are increased., Comment: Accepted for publication in IEEE Wireless Communications Letters

In this paper, we provide a novel framework for efficient digital predistortion (DPD) based linearization of active antenna arrays with multiple and mutually different nonlinear power amplifiers. The proposed method builds on the use of a combined feedback signal essentially characterizing the observable nonlinear distortion at the receiving end. The proposed method is validated with extensive over-the-air RF measurements on a 64-element active antenna array transmitter operating at 28 GHz carrier frequency and transmitting a 200 MHz wide 5G New Radio (NR) waveform. The obtained results demonstrate the excellent linearization capabilities of the proposed solution, which allows for a very efficient implementation in practical systems., Comment: Accepted for presentation in IEEE MTT-S International Microwave Conference on Hardware and Systems for 5G and Beyond, August 2019

In this paper, new digital predistortion (DPD) solutions for power amplifier (PA) linearization are proposed, with particular emphasis on reduced processing complexity in future 5G and beyond wideband radio systems. The first proposed method, referred to as the spline-based Hammerstein (SPH) approach, builds on complex spline-interpolated lookup table (LUT) followed by a linear finite impulse response (FIR) filter. The second proposed method, the spline-based memory polynomial (SMP) approach, contains multiple parallel complex spline-interpolated LUTs together with an input delay line such that more versatile memory modeling can be achieved. For both structures, gradient-based learning algorithms are derived to efficiently estimate the LUT control points and other related DPD parameters. Large set of experimental results are provided, with specific focus on 5G New Radio (NR) systems, showing successful linearization of multiple sub-6 GHz PA samples as well as a 28 GHz active antenna array, incorporating channel bandwidths up to 200 MHz. Explicit performance-complexity comparisons are also reported between the SPH and SMP DPD systems and the widely-applied ordinary memory-polynomial (MP) DPD solution. The results show that the linearization capabilities of the proposed methods are very close to that of the ordinary MP DPD, particularly with the proposed SMP approach, while having substantially lower processing complexity., Comment: The manuscript has 14 pages, 19 figures

Efficient mitigation of power amplifier (PA) nonlinear distortion in multi-user hybrid precoding based broadband mmWave systems is an open research problem. In this article, we first carry out detailed signal and distortion modeling in broadband multi-user hybrid MIMO systems, with a bank of nonlinear PAs in each subarray, while also take the inevitable crosstalk between the antenna/PA branches into account. Building on the derived models, we then propose an efficient closed-loop (CL) digital predistortion (DPD) solution that requires only a single-input DPD unit per transmit chain or subarray, despite crosstalk, providing substantial complexity-benefit compared to the state-of-the art multi-dimensional DPD solutions. We show that under spatially correlated multipath propagation, each DPD unit can provide linearization towards every intended user, or more generally, towards all spatial directions where coherent propagation is taking place, and that the proposed CL DPD system is robust against crosstalk}. Extensive numerical results building on practical measurement-based mmWave PA models are provided, demonstrating and verifying the excellent linearization performance of the proposed DPD system in different evaluation scenarios., Comment: final version of the article; accepted for publication in IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing

Modern radio systems and transceivers utilize carrier aggregation (CA) to meet the demands for higher and higher data rates. However, the adoption of CA in the existing Long Term Evolution (LTE)-Advanced and emerging 5G New Radio (NR) mobile networks, in case of frequency division duplexing (FDD), may incur self-interference challenges with certain band combinations. More specifically, the nonlinear distortion products of the transmit signals or component carriers (CCs), stemming from the passive radio frequency (RF) front-end components of the transceiver, can appear in one or more of the configured receiver bands, potentially leading to the receiver desensitization. In this paper, we present advanced baseband equivalent signal models for such passive intermodulation (PIM) distortion viewed from the RX point of view, considering also potential memory effects in the PIM generation. Then, building on these signal models, a digital self-interference cancellation technique operating in the transceiver digital front-end is presented. The performance of the proposed solution is evaluated with real-life RF measurements for LTE-Advanced type user equipment (UE) with dual CC inter-band CA, demonstrating excellent suppression properties. The findings in this work indicate that digital cancellation is a feasible approach for improving the receiver sensitivity of mobile devices that may be prone to RF front-end induced PIM challenges., Comment: 7 pages, 7 figures, accepted to 2018 Asilomar Conference on Signals, Systems, and Computers

In this article, we propose a novel digital predistortion (DPD) solution that allows to considerably reduce the complexity resulting from linearizing a set of power amplifiers (PAs) in single-user large-scale digital beamforming transmitters. In contrast to current state-of-the art solutions that assume a dedicated DPD per power amplifier, which is unfeasible in the context of large antenna arrays, the proposed solution only requires a single DPD in order to linearize an arbitrary number of power amplifiers. To this end, the proposed DPD predistorts the signal at the input of the digital precoder based on minimizing the nonlinear distortion of the combined signal at the intended receiver direction. This is a desirable feature, since the resulting emissions in other directions get partially diluted due to less coherent superposition. With this approach, only a single DPD is required, yielding great complexity and energy savings., Comment: 8 pages, Accepted for publication in Asilomar Conference on Signals, Systems, and Computers

In this article, the adoption and performance of a constant envelope (CE) type spatial precoder is addressed in large-scale multiuser MIMO based cellular network. We first formulate an efficient computing solution to obtain the antenna samples of such CE precoder. We then evaluate the achievable CE precoder based multiuser downlink (DL) system performance and compare it with the corresponding performance of more ordinary zero-forcing (ZF) spatial precoder. We specifically also analyze how realistic highly nonlinear power amplifiers (PAs) affect the achievable DL performance, as the individual PA units in large-array or massive MIMO systems are expected to be small, cheap and operating close to saturation for increased energy-efficiency purposes. It is shown that the largely reduced peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) of the PA input signals in the CE precoder based system allows for pushing the PA units harsher towards saturation, while allowing to reach higher signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio (SINRs) at the intended receivers compared to the classical ZF precoder based system. The obtained results indicate that the CE precoder can outperform the ZF precoder by up to 5-6 dBs, in terms of the achievable SINRs, when the PA units are pushed towards their saturating region. Such large gains are a substantial benefit when seeking to improve the spectral and energy-efficiencies of the mobile cellular networks., Comment: Accepted for publication at IEEE WCNC 2018

This article investigates digital predistortion (DPD) linearization of hybrid beamforming large-scale antenna transmitters. We propose a novel DPD processing and learning technique for an antenna sub-array, which utilizes a combined signal of the individual power amplifier (PA) outputs in conjunction with a decorrelation-based learning rule. In effect, the proposed approach results in minimizing the nonlinear distortions in the direction of the intended receiver. This feature is highly desirable, since emissions in other directions are naturally weak due to beamforming. The proposed parameter learning technique requires only a single observation receiver, and therefore supports simple hardware implementation. It is also shown to clearly outperform the current state-of-the-art technique which utilizes only a single PA for learning. Analysis of the feedback network amplitude and phase imbalances reveals that the technique is robust even to high levels of such imbalances. Finally, we also show that the array system out-of-band emissions are well-behaving in all spatial directions, and essentially below those of the corresponding single-antenna transmitter, due to the combined effects of the DPD and beamforming., Comment: Accepted for publication in IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Signal Processing

This paper proposes an active radio frequency (RF) cancellation solution to suppress the transmitter (TX) passband leakage signal in radio transceivers supporting simultaneous transmission and reception. The proposed technique is based on creating an opposite-phase baseband equivalent replica of the TX leakage signal in the transceiver digital front-end through adaptive nonlinear filtering of the known transmit data, to facilitate highly accurate cancellation under a nonlinear TX power amplifier (PA). The active RF cancellation is then accomplished by employing an auxiliary transmitter chain, to generate the actual RF cancellation signal, and combining it with the received signal at the receiver (RX) low noise amplifier (LNA) input. A closed-loop parameter learning approach, based on the decorrelation principle, is also developed to efficiently estimate the coefficients of the nonlinear cancellation filter in the presence of a nonlinear TX PA with memory, finite passive isolation, and a nonlinear RX LNA. The performance of the proposed cancellation technique is evaluated through comprehensive RF measurements adopting commercial LTE-Advanced transceiver hardware components. The results show that the proposed technique can provide an additional suppression of up to 54 dB for the TX passband leakage signal at the RX LNA input, even at considerably high transmit power levels and with wide transmission bandwidths. Such novel cancellation solution can therefore substantially improve the TX-RX isolation, hence reducing the requirements on passive isolation and RF component linearity, as well as increasing the efficiency and flexibility of the RF spectrum use in the emerging 5G radio networks., Comment: accepted to IEEE

Digital predistortion (DPD) is a widely adopted baseband processing technique in current radio transmitters. While DPD can effectively suppress unwanted spurious spectrum emissions stemming from imperfections of analog RF and baseband electronics, it also introduces extra processing complexity and poses challenges on efficient and flexible implementations, especially for mobile cellular transmitters, considering their limited computing power compared to basestations. In this paper, we present high data rate implementations of broadband DPD on modern embedded processors, such as mobile GPU and multicore CPU, by taking advantage of emerging parallel computing techniques for exploiting their computing resources. We further verify the suppression effect of DPD experimentally on real radio hardware platforms. Performance evaluation results of our DPD design demonstrate the high efficacy of modern general purpose mobile processors on accelerating DPD processing for a mobile transmitter.

Noncontiguous transmission schemes combined with high power-efficiency requirements pose big challenges for radio transmitter and power amplifier (PA) design and implementation. Due to the nonlinear nature of the PA, severe unwanted emissions can occur, which can potentially interfere with neighboring channel signals or even desensitize the own receiver in frequency division duplexing (FDD) transceivers. In this article, to suppress such unwanted emissions, a low-complexity sub-band DPD solution, specifically tailored for spectrally noncontiguous transmission schemes in low-cost devices, is proposed. The proposed technique aims at mitigating only the selected spurious intermodulation distortion components at the PA output, hence allowing for substantially reduced processing complexity compared to classical linearization solutions. Furthermore, novel decorrelation based parameter learning solutions are also proposed and formulated, which offer reduced computing complexity in parameter estimation as well as the ability to track time-varying features adaptively. Comprehensive simulation and RF measurement results are provided, using a commercial LTE-Advanced mobile PA, to evaluate and validate the effectiveness of the proposed solution in real world scenarios. The obtained results demonstrate that highly efficient spurious component suppression can be obtained using the proposed solutions.

In this article, we address the challenges of transmitter-receiver isolation in \emph{mobile full-duplex devices}, building on shared-antenna based transceiver architecture. Firstly, self-adaptive analog RF cancellation circuitry is required, since the capability to track time-varying self-interference coupling characteristics is of utmost importance in mobile devices. In addition, novel adaptive nonlinear DSP methods are also required for final self-interference suppression at digital baseband, since mobile-scale devices typically operate under highly nonlinear low-cost RF components. In addition to describing above kind of advanced circuit and signal processing solutions, comprehensive RF measurement results from a complete demonstrator implementation are also provided, evidencing beyond 40~dB of active RF cancellation over an 80 MHz waveform bandwidth with a highly nonlinear transmitter power amplifier. Measured examples also demonstrate the good self-healing characteristics of the developed control loop against fast changes in the coupling channel. Furthermore, when complemented with nonlinear digital cancellation processing, the residual self-interference level is pushed down to the noise floor of the demonstration system, despite the harsh nonlinear nature of the self-interference. These findings indicate that deploying the full-duplex principle can indeed be feasible also in mobile devices, and thus be one potential technology in, e.g., 5G and beyond radio systems., Comment: 18 pages, submitted for review

In this paper we analyze the effect of the calibration period, or lack of, on self-interference channel estimation in the digital domain of in-band full-duplex radio transceivers. In particular, we consider a scenario where the channel estimation must be performed without a separate calibration period, which means that the received signal of interest will act as an additional noise source from the estimation perspective. We will explicitly analyze its effect, and quantify the increase in the parameter estimation variance, or sample size, if similar accuracy for the channel estimate is to be achieved as with a separate calibration period. In addition, we will analyze how the calibration period, or its absence, affects the overall achievable rates. Full waveform simulations are then used to determine the validity of the obtained results, as well as provide numerical results regarding the achievable rates. It is shown that, even though a substantial increase in the parameter sample size is required if there is no calibration period, the achievable rates are still comparable for the two scenarios., Comment: 8 pages, to be presented in the Asilomar Conference on Signals, Systems, and Computers in November 2014

In this paper we provide an overview regarding the feasibility of in-band full-duplex transceivers under imperfect RF components. We utilize results and findings from the recent research on full-duplex communications, while introducing also transmitter-induced thermal noise into the analysis. This means that the model of the RF impairments used in this paper is the most comprehensive thus far. By assuming realistic parameter values for the different transceiver components, it is shown that IQ imaging and transmitter-induced nonlinearities are the most significant sources of distortion in in-band full-duplex transceivers, in addition to linear self-interference. Motivated by this, we propose a novel augmented nonlinear digital self-interference canceller that is able to model and hence suppress all the essential transmitter imperfections jointly. This is also verified and demonstrated by extensive waveform simulations., Comment: 7 pages, presented in the CROWNCOM 2014 conference

This paper addresses the modeling and digital cancellation of self-interference in in-band full-duplex (FD) transceivers with multiple transmit and receive antennas. The self-interference modeling and the proposed nonlinear spatio-temporal digital canceller structure takes into account, by design, the effects of I/Q modulator imbalances and power amplifier (PA) nonlinearities with memory, in addition to the multipath self-interference propagation channels and the analog RF cancellation stage. The proposed solution is the first cancellation technique in the literature which can handle such a self-interference scenario. It is shown by comprehensive simulations with realistic RF component parameters and with two different PA models to clearly outperform the current state-of-the-art digital self-interference cancellers, and to clearly extend the usable transmit power range., Comment: 7 pages, 5 figures. To be presented in the 2014 International Workshop on Emerging Technologies for 5G Wireless Cellular Networks

In this paper we propose and analyze a novel self-interference cancellation structure for in-band MIMO full-duplex transceivers. The proposed structure utilizes reference receiver chains to obtain reference signals for digital self-interference cancellation, which means that all the transmitter-induced nonidealities will be included in the digital cancellation signal. To the best of our knowledge, this type of a structure has not been discussed before in the context of full-duplex transceivers. First, we will analyze the overall achievable performance of the proposed cancellation scheme, while also providing some insight into the possible bottlenecks. We also provide a detailed formulation of the actual cancellation procedure, and perform an analysis into the effect of the received signal of interest on self-interference coupling channel estimation. The achieved performance of the proposed reference receiver based digital cancellation procedure is then assessed and verified with full waveform simulations. The analysis and waveform simulation results show that under practical transmitter RF/analog impairment levels, the proposed reference receiver based cancellation architecture can provide substantially better self-interference suppression than any existing solution, despite deploying only low-complexity linear digital processing., Comment: 7 pages, 4 figures. To be presented in the 2014 IEEE Broadband Wireless Access Workshop

This article addresses the modeling and cancellation of self-interference in full-duplex direct-conversion radio transceivers, operating under practical imperfect radio frequency (RF) components. Firstly, detailed self-interference signal modeling is carried out, taking into account the most important RF imperfections, namely transmitter power amplifier nonlinear distortion as well as transmitter and receiver IQ mixer amplitude and phase imbalances. The analysis shows that after realistic antenna isolation and RF cancellation, the dominant self-interference waveform at receiver digital baseband can be modeled through a widely-linear transformation of the original transmit data, opposed to classical purely linear models. Such widely-linear self-interference waveform is physically stemming from the transmitter and receiver IQ imaging, and cannot be efficiently suppressed by classical linear digital cancellation. Motivated by this, novel widely-linear digital self-interference cancellation processing is then proposed and formulated, combined with efficient parameter estimation methods. Extensive simulation results demonstrate that the proposed widely-linear cancellation processing clearly outperforms the existing linear solutions, hence enabling the use of practical low-cost RF front-ends utilizing IQ mixing in full-duplex transceivers., Comment: IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications, vol. 32, no. 9, pp. 1674-1687, September 2014

This paper addresses the analysis of oscillator phase-noise effects on the self-interference cancellation capability of full-duplex direct-conversion radio transceivers. Closed-form solutions are derived for the power of the residual self-interference stemming from phase noise in two alternative cases of having either independent oscillators or the same oscillator at the transmitter and receiver chains of the full-duplex transceiver. The results show that phase noise has a severe effect on self-interference cancellation in both of the considered cases, and that by using the common oscillator in upconversion and downconversion results in clearly lower residual self-interference levels. The results also show that it is in general vital to use high quality oscillators in full-duplex transceivers, or have some means for phase noise estimation and mitigation in order to suppress its effects. One of the main findings is that in practical scenarios the subcarrier-wise phase-noise spread of the multipath components of the self-interference channel causes most of the residual phase-noise effect when high amounts of self-interference cancellation is desired., Comment: Revised manuscript for IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications, 2014

Despite the intensive recent research on wireless single-channel full-duplex communications, relatively little is known about the transceiver chain nonidealities of full-duplex devices. In this paper, the effect of nonlinear distortion occurring in the transmitter power amplifier (PA) and the receiver chain is analyzed, alongside with the dynamic range requirements of analog-to-digital converters (ADCs). This is done with detailed system calculations, which combine the properties of the individual electronics components to jointly model the complete transceiver chain, including self-interference cancellation. They also quantify the decrease in the dynamic range for the signal of interest caused by self-interference at the analog-to-digital interface. Using these system calculations, we provide comprehensive numerical results for typical transceiver parameters. The analytical results are also confirmed with full waveform simulations. We observe that the nonlinear distortion produced by the transmitter PA is a significant issue in a full-duplex transceiver and, when using cheaper and less linear components, also the receiver chain nonlinearities become considerable. It is also shown that, with digitally-intensive self-interference cancellation, the quantization noise of the ADCs is another significant problem., Comment: 16 pages, 12 figures

In an in-band full-duplex system, radios transmit and receive simultaneously in the same frequency band at the same time, providing a radical improvement in spectral efficiency over a half-duplex system. However, in order to design such a system, it is necessary to mitigate the self-interference due to simultaneous transmission and reception, which seriously limits the maximum transmit power of the full-duplex device. Especially, large differences in power levels in the receiver front-end sets stringent requirements for the linearity of the transceiver electronics. We present an advanced architecture for a compact full-duplex multiantenna transceiver combining antenna design with analog and digital cancellation, including both linear and nonlinear signal processing., Comment: Presented in 47th Annual Asilomar Conference on Signals, Systems, and Computers, 2013

Recently, full-duplex (FD) communications with simultaneous transmission and reception on the same channel has been proposed. The FD receiver, however, suffers from inevitable self-interference (SI) from the much more powerful transmit signal. Analogue radio-frequency (RF) and baseband, as well as digital baseband, cancellation techniques have been proposed for suppressing the SI, but so far most of the studies have failed to take into account the inherent nonlinearities of the transmitter and receiver front-ends. To fill this gap, this article proposes a novel digital nonlinear interference cancellation technique to mitigate the power amplifier (PA) induced nonlinear SI in a FD transceiver. The technique is based on modeling the nonlinear SI channel, which is comprised of the nonlinear PA, the linear multipath SI channel, and the RF SI canceller, with a parallel Hammerstein nonlinearity. Stemming from the modeling, and appropriate parameter estimation, the known transmit data is then processed with the developed nonlinear parallel Hammerstein structure and suppressed from the receiver path at digital baseband. The results illustrate that with a given IIP3 figure for the PA, the proposed technique enables higher transmit power to be used compared to existing linear SI cancellation methods. Alternatively, for a given maximum transmit power level, a lower-quality PA (i.e., lower IIP3) can be used., Comment: To appear in proceedings of the 2013 Asilomar Conference on Signals, Systems & Computers