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OBJECTIVE OF WORK: The aim of this study was to determine the most frequent injuries and their relationship with gender, age and aetiology. MATERIALS AND METHODS: An Epidemiologic Systematic Review was carried out, in the databases PUBMED and Scopus, between 2010-2020. We used Joanna Briggs Institute Checklist to access the Risk of Bias and Grading of recommendations, assessment, development, and the evaluations (GRADE) method was applied to assess the quality of the evidence of the 78 included articles. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: Out of the 78 articles included, 14 were classified as moderate-risk bias and 58 as low risk. Only 20.5% had a prospective design and the male/female ratio ranged from 0.299 to 11.83. The majority of the studies described fractures (67) and only 26 reported dental injuries. The studies were distributed into five regions of countries: Asia, Africa, Latin America, Europe and Muslin regions. The results showed that road traffic accidents (55.37%) were the most frequent type of trauma, followed by assault (17.56%) and falls (10.21%). Fractures were the most prevalent injuries (84.3%). It was possible to establish an association between road traffic accidents and Asian countries. Assaults were more frequent in Africa, predominantly males, whilst falls increased with age, amongst women, in European countries. Fractures were usually observed in Muslin regions.

Objective To evaluate the etiology and types of oral and maxillofacial injuries in Portugal. Materials and Methods An epidemiological clinical observational study was performed in Centro Hospitalar Lisboa Norte with a sample of 384 subjects diagnosed with oral and maxillofacial trauma, between 2018 and 2020. Data was collected through clinical reports and analyzed in SPSS, version 27. Results Both sexes had a similar distribution, 49.5% females and 50.5% males. 2020 had a lower amount of trauma compared to the remaining years. Falls were the most frequent etiology (44.3%), followed by assault (24.7%). The upper central incisors (174) were the most affected teeth with uncomplicated fractures and the most frequent treatment was the prescription of painkillers. Conclusion A relationship between falls, women, and age increase, and between assault, men and adults have been highlighted. Falls and assault were the main etiology and 2020 shows a decline in the number of traumas due to the current pandemic situation., Objetivo Avaliar a etiologia e os tipos de lesões oro-maxilofaciais mais frequentes em Portugal. Materiais e métodos Um estudo observacional clínico epidemiológico foi realizado no Centro Hospitalar Lisboa Norte com uma amostra de 384 indivíduos diagnosticados com trauma oro-maxilofacial, entre os anos de 2018 e 2020. Os dados foram recolhidos doa registos clínicos e analisados no SPSS, versão 27. Resultados Ambos os sexos apresentaram uma distribuição homogénea, 49,5 sexo feminino e 50,5%g sexo masculino. Em 2020 verifica-se uma diminuição no número de traumas em comparação com os demais anos. As quedas foram a etiologia mais frequente (44,3%), seguida da agressão (24,7%). Os incisivos centrais superiores (174) foram os dentes mais afetados com fraturas não complicadas da coroa e o tratamento mais frequente foi a prescrição de analgésicos. Conclusão Existe uma relação entre quedas, mulheres e aumento da idade, e entre agressão e homens adultos. As quedas e agressões são as principais etiologias e o ano de 2020 apresenta um declínio no número de traumas devido à atual situação de pandemia.

Purpose: The objective of this review was to determine the prevalence of the oral maxillofacial trauma injuries and their relationship with sex, age, and etiology of in the world. Materials and Methods: All articles were published in the English language in databases such as Google Scholar, EBSCO, PubMed, NCBI, Medline, ELSEVIER and SCOPUS were reviewed for oral maxillofacial trauma from the world during the last 11 years (between 2010-2020). Joanna Briggs Institute Checklist was used to access the Risk of Bias. Grading of recommendations, assessment, development, and the evaluation (GRADE) method was applied to assess the quality of the evidence. The studies were distributed into five group of countries: Asia, Africa, Latin America, Europe, and Muslin regions. Results and Conclusions: The results show that road traffic accidents (55.37%) were the most frequent type of trauma, followed by assault (17.56%) and falls (10.21%). Fractures were the most prevalent injuries (84.3%). It was possible to establish an association between road traffic accidents and Asian countries. Assaults are more frequent in Africa, predominantly males, whilst falls increase with age, amongst women, in European countries. Fratures are usually observed in Muslin regions., Objetivo do trabalho: O objetivo desta revisão foi determinar a prevalências das lesões oro-maxilo-faciais e a sua relação com o sexo, a idade e a etiologia das mesmas no mundo. Materiais e Métodos: Todos os artigos publicados em inglês em base de dados Google Académico, EBSCO, PubMed, NCBI, Medline, ELSEVIER e SCOPUS foram revistos no âmbito de lesões oro-maxilo-faciais no mundo durante os últimos 11 anos, entre 2010-2020. Utilizamos a Lista de Verificação do Instituto Joanna Briggs para a avaliar o Risco de Viés e o sistema de GRADE (Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation) foi aplicado para avaliação da qualidade da evidência. Os estudos foram distribuídos em cinco grupos de países: Ásia, África, América Latina, Europa e Regiões muçulmanas. Resultados e Conclusões: Os resultados mostram que os acidentes de viação (55,37%) foram o tipo de trauma mais frequente, seguido de agressões (17,56%) e quedas (10,21%). As fraturas foram as lesões mais prevalentes (84,3%). Foi possível estabelecer uma associação entre os acidentes de viação e os países asiáticos. As agressões são mais frequentes em África, predominantemente masculinas, enquanto as quedas aumentam com a idade, entre as mulheres, nos países europeus. As fraturas são geralmente observadas nas regiões muçulmanas.

Journal of Statistics on Health Decision, vol. 3 n.º 1 (2021): Special Issue - Statistics on Health Decision Making: Public Health

Purpose In an era of the COVID‐19 pandemic, improving health outcomes for diverse rural communities requires collective and sustained actions across transdisciplinary researchers, intersectoral partners, multilevel government action, and authentic engagement with those who carry the burden—rural communities. Methods Drawing from an analysis of transcriptions and documents from a national workshop on the “State of Rural Health Disparities: Research Gaps and Recommendations,” this brief report underscores the gaps and priorities for future strategies for tackling persistent rural health inequities. Findings Four overarching recommendations were provided by national thought leaders in rural health: (1) create mechanisms to allow the rural research community time to build sustainable community‐based participatory relationships; (2) support innovative research designs and approaches relevant to rural settings; (3) sustain effective interventions relevant to unique challenges in rural areas; and (4) recognize and identify the diversity within and across rural populations and adapt culturally and language‐appropriate approaches. Conclusion The COVID‐19 public health crisis has exacerbated disparities for rural communities and underscored the need for diverse community‐centered approaches in health research and dedicated funding to rural service agencies and populations.

Tese de mestrado, Medicina Dentária, Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Medicina Dentária, 2020 Submitted by Luiza Baptista (luiza.baptista@fmd.ulisboa.pt) on 2021-02-26T17:56:45Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação_MIMD_Diana_Augusto_2019-2020 (1).pdf: 6356655 bytes, checksum: 3ccd5d963f083f4c397208e62ebae87a (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2021-02-26T17:57:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação_MIMD_Diana_Augusto_2019-2020 (1).pdf: 6356655 bytes, checksum: 3ccd5d963f083f4c397208e62ebae87a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2020-12-09

This paper examines federal mechanisms that support program developers and researchers in disseminating effective interventions for public benefit. The purpose of this paper is not to discuss the dissemination of intervention research (i.e., how to inform stakeholders about research findings), nor is it intended to discuss the research of intervention dissemination (i.e., what is the best approach to disseminate an intervention). Rather, the paper discusses the challenges specific to finding pathways to disseminate an intervention and describes federal opportunities to support intervention dissemination. Three specific mechanisms are discussed: Federal Registries of Evidence-Based Programs, the Tiered Evidence Grant Programs, and the Small Business Innovative Research (SBIR) and the Small Technology Transfer Research (STTR) programs. The article presents some limitations associated with federal mechanisms for dissemination of effective interventions, but is intended to highlight current and future opportunities they may offer.

Dissertação de Mestrado em Biodiversidade e Biotecnologia Vegetal, apresentada ao Departamento de Ciências da Vida da Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia da Universidade de Coimbra. O tamarilho (Solanum betaceum Cav.) é uma espécie arbórea de pequeno porte, pertencente à família Solanaceae, e que apresenta características económicas, nutricionais e biotecnológicas bastante interessantes. No entanto, as populações naturais desta espécie possuem uma baixa variabilidade genética, a qual não é possível ultrapassar sem a aliança entre as técnicas de manipulação genética e os métodos de melhoramento mais convencionais. Os protoplastos podem assim ser considerados como uma ferramenta importante para o melhoramento desta espécie, na medida em que constituem um passo prévio a várias técnicas de manipulação genética, nomeadamente hibridação somática (por fusão de protoplastos) e transformação genética. Recorrendo ao método “one factor at a time”, analisaram-se os principais factores que afectam tanto o rendimento como a viabilidade dos protoplastos obtidos a partir de diferentes explantes em cultura in vitro de tamarilho. Estes dois parâmetros são influenciados pelo estabilizador osmótico (neste caso em concreto, a sacarose), tipos de enzimas hidrolíticas e sua concentração, temperatura e duração da digestão enzimática e métodos de purificação dos protoplastos. O maior rendimento de protoplastos isolados a partir de explantes foliares foi conseguido através da solução K3 com sacarose a 0,4 M contendo celulase “Onozuka” R-10 a 2% (w/v) e macerozima R-10 a 0,5% (w/v). As condições de incubação enzimática com melhores respostas foram a 27 ºC overnight e 30 ºC durante 6 horas para as linhas diplóide e tetraplóide, respectivamente. A centrifugação por gradiente de densidade a 100 g durante 10 min. com obtenção de uma banda interfásica revelou-se o método de purificação dos protoplastos mais eficiente. Para estimar a viabilidade dos protoplastos recorreu-se ao corante de exclusão Evans blue, registando-se valores de protoplastos viáveis acima dos 50%. No entanto, apesar de a quantidade de protoplastos viáveis por grama de peso fresco ser considerável, ainda não foi possível regenerar plantas a partir de protoplastos colocados em meio de cultura. As condições óptimas para o isolamento e purificação de protoplastos de calli e tecidos embriogenicamente induzidos envolveram a digestão enzimática com a combinação de celulase a 1%, driselase a 0,2% e pectinase a 0,02% (w/v), em solução K3 com sacarose a 0,4 M, durante 20 – 22 horas a 25 ºC (para calo embriogénico) ou overnight a 27 ºC (calo não embriogénico e explantes embriogenicamente induzidos), seguida de purificação por sedimentação dos protoplastos num pellet, quando sujeito a uma centrifugação inicial de 100 g durante 10 min. O desenvolvimento de um protocolo eficiente de isolamento e purificação de protoplastos a partir de diferentes explantes permitiu a avaliação do rendimento possível de obter com a extracção de RNA total e a sua aplicabilidade em futuras análises transcriptómicas de populações específicas de células. Tamarillo (Solanum betaceum Cav.) is a small solanaceous tree with interesting economical, nutritional and biotechnological features. The low genetic variability observed in natural populations of tamarillo demands for the need for genetic manipulation techniques to circumvent this problem by complementing the more conventional methods of breeding. Plant protoplast technology can be considered an important tool for S. betaceum improvement because it can be a predecessor step for these genetic manipulation techniques, such as somatic hybridization (by protoplast fusion) and genetic transformation. Thus, the basis of this study was to determine the main factors affecting the isolation of protoplasts from different in vitro cultured tissues of tamarillo. Sucrose as the osmotic stabilizer, types of plant cell wall - degrading enzymes and their concentration, temperature and time of enzymatic incubation, and purification methods were evaluated in terms of their effects on protoplast yield and viability by using the “one factor at a time” method. Results showed that the highest leaf mesophyll protoplast yield was provided by 2% (w/v) cellulase “Onozuka” R-10 and 0.5% (w/v) macerozyme R-10 dissolved in 0.4 M sucrose – K3 solution. This enzymatic mixture was subjected to an overnight incubation at 27 ºC for diploid lines and to 6 h incubation at 30 ºC for tetraploid genotype. The density gradient centrifugation at 100 g for 10 min with the separation of an interphase band was the most effective protoplast purification method tested. The optimal conditions achieved for calli and embryogenic induced - derived protoplast isolation and purification involved an enzymatic digestion with a combination of 1% (w/v) cellulase “Onozuka” R-10, 0.2% (w/v) driselase and 0.02% (w/v) pectinase, also dissolved in 0.4 M sucrose – K3 solution, for a 20 - 22h incubation period at 25 ºC (embryogenic callus) or an overnight incubation at 27ºC (non-embryogenic callus and embryogenic induced explants), followed by centrifugation at 100 g for 10 min to pellet the protoplasts. Viability of protoplasts from leaf mesophyll and embryogenic callus was evaluating using Evans blue staining, with viable protoplasts over 50%. However, despite the high number of viable protoplasts, an efficient regeneration of plants from leaf mesophyll protoplasts was not yet achieved. The development of efficient protoplast isolation and purification protocols, from different explants allowed for the evaluation of the yield possible to achieve with a method for total RNA extraction in order to estimate the application of this technique in subsequent transcriptomic analysis of specific populations of cells.

Mental health professionals have recently begun to provide supportive services to families of the mentally ill. In assisting family members who are either living with or caring for a relative with mental illness, support programs may provide a variety of services, including respite care, peer support groups, educational workshops, supportive counseling, and service linkage. While an important step forward, professional family support programs remain rare, serving only limited areas. This article describes a multisite network of professional family support programs funded by the Massachusetts Department of Mental Health during the late 1980s. A history and description of the demonstration project is provided, as is an overview of findings from a two-year project evaluation. Evaluation results indicate program participation to be associated with a number of favorable family outcomes, including reduced levels of family stress and burden. While these findings suggest program expansion is warranted, qualitative findings point to several noteworthy implementational difficulties experienced by support services, many of them flowing from ambiguities surrounding the concept of “family support” as a service philosophy and model of practice.

This chapter presents issues associated with the definition of physical activity, and potential ways these definitional issues can help fill gaps in our knowledge about physical activity as an intervention strategy to address public health problems. Why does this matter? Physical activity, including exercise, sport, recreation, play, and its many other manifestations, is generally thought to be a positive thing. This is true in popular culture and also in much scientific literature. However, while the scientific evidence is compelling, and has even led to the development of national guidelines for public participation in physical activity, it is rare for experts to clarify what types of activity bring the most benefit. This chapter explores the current base of knowledge and suggests ways that future scientific studies can help clarify these uncertainties.

Data on the relationship between physical activity and the use of alcohol, tobacco, and other drugs warrant a closer look before automatically presuming that physical activity has the potential to reduce risk for drug abuse. For example, recent analyses from the Monitoring the Future Study (MTF) between substance use and physical activity (either exercise in general or athletic team participation specifically) among US middle and high school youth from 1992 to 2009 indicates varying patterns of use by type of physical activity (Terry-McElrath, O’Malley, & Johnson, 2011). Exercise in general (reported level of participation in sports, athletics, or exercising) was associated with lower prevalence of middle and high school alcohol use, binge drinking, cigarette use, smokeless tobacco use, marijuana use, and steroid use; in contrast, athletic team participation (extent of participating in school athletic teams) was associated with lower rates of marijuana and cigarette use in middle school and higher rates of alcohol use, binge drinking, and steroid use in high school. Clearly, based on this information from the MTF data, physical activity is not the “silver bullet” of drug abuse prevention. However, there are many possible explanations for these relationships, and those explanations could lead to different approaches to prevention. While the MTF measurement questions around physical activity specify some distinctions in type of physical activity, those questions leave out many of the important dimensions and nuances described in Chap. 1 of this volume, which is focused on definitions of physical activity. Thus, assuming the relationships found in the MTF study relate solely to organized sports participation, without looking at the specifics such as characteristics of the sport itself and the motivation of the individual for participating, may lead to erroneous conclusions about causality and misguided direction for prevention. A more holistic view of physical activity offers the potential of elucidating multiple etiologic pathways and more targeted approaches for drug abuse prevention interventions.