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Abstract Background The aim of the present study was to analyze the lived experiences of Iranian women living with their retired spouses in relation to their marital rights. Methods The research method was qualitative and descriptive phenomenology. The statistical population included women living with their retired spouses in the city of Isfahan, and the sample consisted of 15 women. Data were collected through semistructured interviews, with three general questions on emotional rights, economic rights, and sexual rights, and were approved by five experts. Data were analyzed using the seven-step Colaizzi method. Results After transcribing the interviews and coding the data, the following axial codes were identified. Emotional rights included the two categories of camaraderie and dissatisfaction. Economic rights included the four categories of economic management, economic well-being, respect for women's economic property, and economic problems. Finally, sexual rights consisted of the two categories of satisfaction and dissatisfaction with sexual relationships. The results showed that some participants were satisfied with the implementation of their rights during their spouse's retirement, while others were dissatisfied. Most current marital problems related to emotional, economic, and sexual rights result from past and unresolved marital life conflicts that lead to the escalation of family tensions. Conclusions According to the dissatisfied participants, the best strategy for resolving these problems was to "sweep them under the rug,", i.e., to rehire the men and protest the lack of support for the retirees by the state organization. In contrast, satisfied participants played an important role in solving the problems and actively dealt with their spouse's retirement rather than taking a passive and protesting role to realize their marital rights.

Background: Conduct disorder is a prevalent difficulty among children and adolescents, encompassing a range of mental and behavioral problems. The present study aimed to determine the association of developmental family functioning and conduct disorder signs with the mediating effect of cognitive emotion regulation in adolescents.Methods: The present descriptive-correlational study was conducted on 362 students aged 15-18 (16.70±0.92) in Tabriz, Iran in 2023. The study participants were chosen through multi-stage cluster sampling technique. Data collection was done using Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (CERQ), Youth Self Report Questionnaire (YSRQ) and Developmental Family Functioning Assessment Scale Questionnaire (DFFAQ) and interviews. Data analysis was done through descriptive statistical methods and path analysis with SPSS version 23 and LISREL version 8.80.Results: Mean±SD of the studied variables were as follows: Attention and regulation (2.35±0.54), Logical thinking (1.96±0.49), Discipline (1.95±0.45), Catastrophizing (2.63±1.16), and Acceptance (2.75±1.24). The data analysis showed that the developmental family functioning had a significant association with negative (r=-0.21, P=0.0001) and positive strategies (r=0.32, P=0.0001) of cognitive emotion regulation. Also, negative (r=0.31, P=0.0001) and positive strategies (r=-0.44, P=0.0001) of cognitive emotion regulation had a statistically significant correlation with conduct disorder symptoms.Conclusion: Based on the results of the present study, developmental family functioning has a significant association with the symptoms of conduct disorder in adolescents due to the association between negative and positive strategies of cognitive emotion regulation.

Background: Understanding the factors associated with the propensity for drug dependence might be helpful in providing the best strategies for substance use prevention among youth. The present study was conducted to examine the association between childhood maltreatment (CM) and susceptibility to substance use disorders (SUDs), taking into account the mediating role of psychological safety. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, multistage cluster sampling was employed to recruit 400 male students from the three universities of Tabriz in 2019. Research instruments included the valid and reliable scales of substance abuse, childhood trauma, and mental safety. Data were analyzed using Pearson correlation, and structural equation modeling. Results: The results showed positive significant relationships between vulnerability to SUDs, CM, and low levels of psychological safety. The evaluation of our hypothetical research model using fit indices showed that the model fits well the measurement model (CFI=0.97, GFI=0.95, RMSEA=0.058). Conclusion: Our proposed theoretical model suggested psychological security as a mediator between CM and SUDs. CM explained addiction in college students through reducing psychological security. Investigating these interactive processes seems to be detrimental, considering that they may enhance our understanding of the ways to reduce the risk.

Background. Given the fact that there is contradictory evidence regarding the effectiveness of computerized cognitive rehabilitation interventions, the present study intended to compare the potential effects of non-computer and computer-based cognitive rehabilitation interventions on the memory of stroke patients in Tabriz. Methods. To this end, we conducted a quasi-experimental study with a pretest-posttest control group design. The population of the study included individuals who were admitted to a hospital in Tabriz, Iran, for the treatment of stroke. After identifying patients who met the inclusion criteria on the base of purposive sampling, 45 stroke patients were randomly selected and assigned to two experimental groups (15 in the computer-based group and 15 in the non-computer group) and one control group (15 in the waiting list). To measure the dependent variables of the research, Wechsler’s Digit Span subscale and Folstein’s MMSE were used. The cognitive rehabilitation therapy was performed three times a week for 7 weeks for the non-computer experimental group. The computer-based rehabilitation intervention using Captain’s Log software was delivered during the same period. Results. The results show that both computer-based and non-computer cognitive rehabilitation interventions are equally effective in improving working memory (visual and auditory) of stroke patients. Conclusion. It can be concluded that the unsubstantiated orientation towards the quality and quantity of using new computer-based interventions is not desirable and that the potential of both computer and non-computer interventions should be used to improve the memory of stroke patients. Practical Implications. Based on the findings, specialists can use the potential of both non-computer and computer-based cognitive rehabilitation interventions in improving auditory/visual working memory function of patients with stroke.

Background: Adolescence is a period marked by biological, psychological and behavioral changes, which evoke intense emotional responses in teenagers. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between internalizing syndromes and morbid curiosity, and cyber aggression among adolescents. Methods: The study population included all male and female middle and high school students in District 3 of Tehran during the academic year 2021-2022. A statistical sample of 375 individuals was randomly selected through cluster sampling. The research utilized the cyber aggression scale for adolescents by Alvarez-Garcia cyber aggression scale for adolescents, the Achenbach and Edelbrock internalizing syndromes scale and the scrivener morbid curiosity scale. Data analysis was conducted using SPSS software, version 26 and AMOS software, version 24. Results: The results showed a significant structural relationship between internalizing syndromes and cyber aggression, as well as between morbid curiosity and cyber aggression. However, internalizing syndromes and morbid curiosity accounted for only 4.8% of cyber aggression. Conclusion: These findings have implications for adolescent counseling, psychotherapy, education, training and correctional and rehabilitation centers.

Background. The success of horror films, the attention to violent crimes and the prevalence of violence in the news show that morbid curiosity is a common psychological trait. However, research on morbid curiosity is largely absent in the psychological research literature. one of the reasons being the lack of a suitable Scale for Iranian society. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the reliability and validity of the Persian version of the Morbid Curiosity Scale. Methods. The research design was descriptive factor analysis and the statistical population of the study was all students of Zanjan University in the academic year 1400-1401, from which 500 people were selected by cluster sampling. For the study, Morbid Curiosity Scale was used. Results. The results showed that Cronbach's alpha for the subscales of the Minds of Dangerous People is 0.79, Body Violation is 0.81, Supernatural Danger is 0.79, and Interpersonal Violence is 0.80 and the total scale is 0.85. The results of Confirmatory Factor Analysis also confirmed the significant relationship between explicit variables and latent structures and showed that the four-factor structure has a good fit in the samples. Conclusion. The morbid curiosity scale among students has good reliability and validity and the use of this scale in future research is reliable. Practical Implications. The findings of this research can be used in psychotherapy, psychological research, media psychology, and advertising psychology.

Introduction: Serious educational games are digital games designed to support teaching or learning objectives that have become popular among children. However, a set of principles is needed to develop a successful educational game. Therefore, this study aimed to provide a comprehensive and valid framework for designing children's serious educational games. Methods: The conceptual framework is developed in two phases. First, a scoping review was conducted in PubMed, Ovid (APA PsycInfo), EMBASE, Scopus, Web of Science, ProQuest, and gray literature on August 1, 2022. Papers in English that reported the serious educational games’ principles for children were included. Second, the extracted data from the previous step was reviewed and discussed by the research team to develop the initial framework. Then, it was distributed to 20 experts with relevant knowledge and experience in two rounds to validate and apply their comments within the framework. Results: Of the 12916 papers identified, 15 were included in this study. In the proposed framework named CoDHP, the results were classified into four topics, including (a) content aspects, (b) design requirements, (c) highlighted attributes, and (d) children's preferences. Content aspects comprise four classes (goals and limits, child learning content, learning context, and a long-term program) with 16 principles. Design requirements contain 11 classes (stories and storylines, player characters, game mechanics, interactivity, game challenge, game rules, game help, entertaining games, user interface, accessibility, and setting) with 47 principles, of which 15 are highlighted. Regarding children's preferences for the game elements, various similarities and differences were extracted. For instance, both girls and boys prefer fun and popular games. Based on experts' comments, 21 supplementary principles were recommended to complete the content and design requirements. Conclusion: Game designers or researchers can use the proposed framework as a formative guide to design successful serious games or evaluate children's digital games.

Introduction: Data concerning the relationship between Mental Health Literacy (MHL) and COVID-19 stress are limited. The study explored the relationship between COVID-19-related stress, MHL, and healthy lifestyle and their components. The current study aimed to investigate the moderating role of a healthy lifestyle in the relationship between MHL and COVID-19-related stress among people referring to health complexes in Tabriz. Methods: In this descriptive-correlational study, 1011 people who referred to health complexes in Tabriz were selected using cluster sampling and responded to the COVID-19 Stress Scale (CSS), Mental Health Knowledge Questionnaire (MHKQ), and Lifestyle Questionnaire (LSQ). Data analysis was performed using structural equation modeling. SPSS ver.19 and LISREL ver. 8.5 statistical software is used to classify, process, and analyze data and test research hypotheses. Results: The results indicated that stress caused by COVID-19 has a negative relationship with lifestyle and MHL. The relationship between lifestyle and MHL was positive, and it has the positive effect on a healthy lifestyle (with a standardized coefficient of 0.23). In addition, MHL had a negative effect on the stress related to the coronavirus (with a standard coefficient of −0.22), and the relationship between a healthy lifestyle was also negative on the stress related to the coronavirus (with a standard coefficient of −0.20). The evaluation of the hypothetical research model using fit indices showed that the hypothetical model fits the measurement model (Comparative Fit Index (CFI) = 0.97, Goodness of Fit Index (GFI) = 0.95, Root Mean Square Error of Approximation (RMSEA) = 0.055). All the comparative indices as well as the comparative fit index were found to be close to one and greater than 0.90. Conclusion: This study highlights that healthcare providers must develop effective preventive and therapeutic interventions to deal with COVID-19-related stress and pay attention to the issue of increasing the level of MHL during international crises taking into consideration the moderating role of a healthy lifestyle, and develop educational and treatment programs.

Background: Schizophrenia is a psychiatric illness characterized by negative symptoms (apathy, social withdrawal, lack of motivation) and cognitive deficits, while impairment in self-care, grooming, and oral health is also noted. This study aimed to evaluate oral health status and xerostomia among hospitalized patients in Razi Hospital in Tabriz, Iran during 2019. Methods: In this descriptive-analytic study, a total of 80 people (equal genders) including 40 hospitalized patients with schizophrenia and 40 healthy matched controls were recruited conveniently from among non-psychiatric outpatient poly-clinic referrals. Oral health status was measured by decayed, missing, and filled permanent teeth (DMFT) index and xerostomia index. Data were analyzed through SPSS version 25 by student's t-test, chi-square, Pearson, and Spearman correlation tests. P-values under 0.05 were considered statistically significant. Results: In both groups, 75% out of males were smokers. The mean DMFT in the cases was significantly greater than the controls (P=0.02). There was no difference between genders in both groups. The means of xerostomia indices were significantly higher in the case group. (t=3.47, P=0.001). Conclusion: Based on cognitive deficits and negative symptoms in patients with schizophrenia, oral hygiene is considerably lower than normal populations. This is a great hint for policy-makers, clinicians, healthcare professionals, and family members to emphasize on prevention of oral and dental lesions among afflicted patients.

Background and Objectives: Irritable Bowel Syndrome is one of the most common gastrointestinal diseases that involve a considerable part of society. In this regard, the present study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of self-compassion training on symptoms of Irritable Bowel Syndrome. Methods: This quasi-experimental study was conducted using a pre- and post-test design with control and experiment groups. The study population included high school female students in Khosrowshahr, East Azerbaijan, Iran. The sample consisted of 30 students who achieved the highest score in the screening test for Irritable Bowel Syndrome. They were selected by purposive sampling method and randomly assigned into experimental (n=15) and control groups (n=15). Data were collected using the Irritable Bowel Syndrome Questionnaire and analyzed through univariate analysis of covariance. Results: The results showed that self-compassion training significantly reduced the symptoms of Irritable Bowel Syndrome (P

INTRODUCTION ... [1-4]. Before a person starts using drugs, the ground and preparation are created, which is considered as a vulnerability to addiction [5]. Previous studies have identified several factors for substance abuse, including: adverse childhood experiences, insecure attachment patterns [6], personality traits, impulsiveness [2], age and gender [7], quality of life [8], and failure tolerance [9]. ... [10]. One of the structures that is closely related to addiction is self-efficacy. A person with high self-efficacy evaluates obstacles as less imposing, while a person with a low level of self-efficacy may consider even minor obstacles as insurmountable [11]. ... [12, 13]. One of the strongest factors in the tendency to avoid substance use and less need to use in high-risk situations is self-efficacy [2, 10, 14-19]. Another variable whose role in preventing addiction was examined in this study was moral intelligence which means to distinguish between right and wrong and the moral affairs of the world [20]. ... [21]. Studies have shown that there is a significant negative relationship between forgiveness and addiction as well as alcohol consumption [22]. Ethical beliefs also help to internalize the negative aspects of drugs and avoid alcohol and drugs [23]. AIM(S) This study aimed to investigate the relation between the variables of moral intelligence and self-efficacy with students' addiction through structural equation modeling and several factors in interaction with each other were analyzed. RESEARCH TYPE The present study is descriptive-correlational. RESEARCH SOCIETY, PLACE &TIME All students of the Shahid Madani University of Azerbaijan were the statistical population of this study who were studying in the academic year of 2014-2015. 364 samples were selected by stratified random sampling method based on the Morgan table. USED DEVICES & MATERIALS For data collection, questionnaire to identify people at risk of addiction [24], general self-efficacy questionnaire [25, 26], and moral intelligence questionnaire [27, 28] were used. The internal consistency of the items for the whole questionnaire to identify people at risk of addiction through Cronbach's alpha was 0.80 and for the four areas of depression and feelings of helplessness, positive attitude towards drugs, anxiety, and fear of others, and high excitement, were obtained respectively 0.69, 0.78, 0.76 and 0.82. The total Cronbach's alpha of the general self-efficacy questionnaire was 0.71 and for the three areas of desire to initiate behavior, attempt to complete the task, and resistance to obstacles were 0.68, 0.77, and 0.86, respectively. The total Cronbach's alpha of moral intelligence questionnaire was 0.85 and for the four areas of honesty, responsibility, forgiveness, and compassion were 0.71, 0.76, 0.79, and 0.83, respectively. The total Cronbach's alpha of the general self-efficacy questionnaire was 0.71 and for the three areas of desire to initiate behavior, attempt to complete the task, and resistance to obstacles were 0.68, 0.77, and 0.86, respectively. Cronbach's total moral intelligence questionnaire was 0.85 and the four areas of honesty, responsibility, forgiveness, and compassion were respectively, 0.71, 0.76, 0.79, and 0.83. ETHICAL PERMISSION Participation in this study was completely optional and the researcher was committed to protecting the personal information of the participants. This study has been approved by Azerbaijan Shahid Madani University with the code 19361 / D / 214. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS To analyze the data, a path analysis test was used using SPSS 25 software and Lisrel 8.8. FINDING BY TEXT Descriptive findings showed that out of 364 participants in this study, 170 (46.70%) were girls and 194 (53.29%) were boys. The average age of participants was 23 to 33 years; 150 people (41.20%) were studying in the field of psychology, 120 people (32.96%) were studying in the field of educational sciences and 94 people (25.82%) were studying in other fields of humanities. Among the components of addiction, depression with an average of 59.23±17.92 had the highest value and also the component of the correctness of the moral intelligence variable with an average of 56.63±11.78, and the component of desire to initiate behavior from the variable of self-efficacy with an average of 24.66±5.61 ± had the highest value (Table 1). Also, there was a negative relation between the components of self-efficacy as well as moral intelligence and the components of interest and a positive relation between the components of self-efficacy and moral intelligence (Table 2). The results of the fit indices of the output model indicated the average fit of the model (Table 3). Path models briefly showed that self-efficacy (t=-6.44 and g=-0.44) and moral intelligence (t=-7.14 and g=-0.42) were inversely related to addiction (Figure 1). MAIN COMPARISION TO THE SIMILAR STUDIES In this study, as expected, self-efficacy was inversely and significantly related to addiction. Among the dimensions of self-efficacy, the desire to initiate behavior showed the highest correlation with the dimensions of addiction. This result is consistent with the results of Blonigen and Macia [2], Gullo et al. [4], Clyde et al. [14], Ehert, Ghaidarov, and Labrie [17], Rabbani Bavejdan et al. [29] and Chomsri [30]. According to the findings, high self-efficacy in stressful situations is more associated with adaptive coping strategies, such as problem-oriented coping. On the other hand, low self-efficacy is associated with low self-esteem, pessimistic thoughts about oneself, and the ability to function [31, 32]. The relationship between self-efficacy and addiction can also be explained based on Bandura's social learning theory. Bandura argues that those with low social coping skills or low self-efficacy tend to use substances as a coping mechanism [33]. Therefore, it can be said that people with low self-efficacy first use substances as a leeway to avoid problems and gradually become addicted to them. The results of the relation between moral intelligence and addiction also showed that moral intelligence can predict addiction. Among the dimensions of moral intelligence, honesty showed the highest correlation with addiction; therefore, honesty is one of the most important correlations of addiction. These results mean that people with high moral intelligence are less likely to be addicted to drugs. Due to the novelty of the concept of moral intelligence and the lack of research on this phenomenon, it was not possible to compare this finding with the results of other research. But the results of this finding are somewhat in line with the research of Sherer and Maddux [25], that the degree of self-forgiveness and the power of a person to say no can predict the consumption of alcohol, and also with the research of Thompson et al. [33] that forgiveness, predicts four components of psychological well-being (anger, anxiety, depression, and life satisfaction). Wongtongkam et al. [23] consider moral beliefs as protective factors in substance abuse, meaning that moral beliefs help internalize the negative aspects of drugs and avoid alcohol and drugs. LIMITATIONS This study naturally faced some limitations; the participants were students of the Shahid Madani State University of Azerbaijan and did not include other students, so the results of this study cannot be generalized to the entire student community of Azerbaijan province and other non-students. On the other hand, this study was conducted in the youth group and is limited in its generalizability to other age groups such as adolescents and middle-aged people. Another limitation of the research is related to data collection tools, which is a kind of self-report, and considering this issue, the validity of the subjects' answers can be questionable. SUGGESTION Mental health screening tests, especially to measure substance dependence and readiness for substance use tendency at the beginning of student entry to university and during the study are recommended. Planning for addiction prevention at university is also necessary, so it is recommended that planning be done to diagnose and treat students who are addicted or prone to addiction. Doing more research on substance use behavior and identifying protective factors can not only facilitate a better understanding of addiction but also provide a basis for predicting and preventing addiction. CONCLUSIONS The results of the present study showed that there is a negative and inverse relationship between self-efficacy as well as moral intelligence components and addiction and there is a positive and direct relationship between self-efficacy and moral intelligence. CLINICAL & PRACTICAL TIPS IN POLICE MEDICINE The results of this study can be used to prevent students' addiction and reduce the desire of addicted students in police medical centers and other medical departments of the police headquarters. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS All the students of the Shahid Madani University of Azerbaijan and also the management and staff of this university are appreciated and thanked for their sincere cooperation. This article is extracted from the master's thesis entitled the preventive role of moral intelligence, self-efficacy, and resilience in students' addiction. CONFLICT OF INTEREST The authors state that there is no conflict of interest in the present study. FUNDING SOURCES The present study had no financial support.

Background: The psychological dysregulation inventory is a powerful and multidimensional tool in identifying and diagnosing behavioral and mental health problems in adolescents. Therefore, study of its validity and reliability in adolescents is necessary. Aims: The purpose of the present research was to examine the validity and reliability of the Persian version of psychological dysregulation inventory among adolescents. Method: The research design was descriptive and it was a type of factor analysis, and the statistical population of this study was all students of Tabriz secondary school, a sample of 440 people was selected by cluster sampling. The data were collected by the psychological dysregulation inventory (Mezzich and colleague, 2001). Results: The reliability coefficients obtained for behavioral dysregulation, cognitive dysregulation, emotional dysregulation components and total scale, were respectively, 0/90, 0/88, 0/85 and 0/95, which indicate a good reliability. Results of Confirmatory Factor Analysis indicated that significant relationship between observed variables and the Latent structures confirmed, and the three-factor in this sample was appropriate fitness. Conclusions: The psychological dysregulation inventory among the adolescents has good reliability and validity, and use of this tool in future research is reliable.

Introduction: Postpartum depression is one of the main problems in women's general health, which has a significant effect on the health of mother and child. Aim: The general purpose of this study was to compare the executive functions of problem solving and working memory in women with postpartum depression and women without postpartum depression. Method: The mothers that referred to Tabriz health centers in 1396, were those who came there 30-40 days after their delivery time. 35 people, who were selected by available sampling method and screened by responding to the postpartum depression questionnaire, were placed in two sample groups; 16 mothers with postpartum depression and 19 healthy mothers matching in terms of age and education. The measuring tools included: Computerized test of the Hanoi Tower for problem-solving and N-Back note test for measuring working memory. Data were analyzed using multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA). Results: The results showed that in executive functions of problem solving and working memory both groups did weaker. It can be said that postpartum depression can create different conditions in terms of cognitive-neurological functions in individuals. Conclusion: Identifying and understanding these factors can lead to a variety of therapies, in addition to helping them better understanding the disorder.

Introduction: Internet addiction is a behavioral dependency that person to deal with problems than it uses. Aim: The aim of this study was to investigate the role of mediator Self-esteem in the relationship among emotional dysregulation and compassion with Internet addiction. Method: In a descriptive-correlation study, a sample of 240 students from Iran University of medical sciences was selected using cluster sampling method. Participants responded to Self-Compassion scale, Self-Esteem Scale, Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS), Internet addiction Scale. Data were analyzed using Structural Equation Modeling (SEM). For statistical analysis, Spss V. 22 and Lisrel 8.85 were used to classify, process and analyze the data and to investigate the hypotheses of the research. Results: The evaluation of hypothetical model with fit indexes demonstrated that the hypothetical model fits the measurement model (CFI=0.98, NFI=0.98, and RMSEA=0.055). Structural relations analysis also showed emotional dysregulation and compassion indirectly through Self-Esteem over Internet addiction respectively (0.73, -0.126) and also the results also showed that the emotional dysregulation has a direct relation to Internet addiction (0.44). Conclusion: Research findings showed that Self-Esteem have a mediating role in relationship between emotional dysregulation and compassion and Internet addiction. Considering these dimensions and the effectiveness of the employed mechanisms can be useful in developing efficacious preventive and therapeutic interventions for Internet addiction.

Background: Gender identity is an important part of human identity. It is a personal conception of oneself as male or female. One of the major goals of treatment for individuals with Gender Dysphoria (GD) is to treat comorbid psychological and psychiatric disorders such as personality disorders. The present study aims to investigate demographic characteristics and personality disorders in people with GD seeking gender reassignment therapy in East Azerbaijan Province, Iran. Methods: In this descriptive cross-sectional study, study population consists of all patients with GD referred to the forensic medicine centers in East Azerbaijan province during 2016-2020, of whom 61 (21 males and 40 females) were selected using a convenience sampling method. Their age, gender, educational level, and marital status were recorded and their personality profile was assessed by the Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory–III. Results: The frequency (percentage) of Cluster A, B and C personality disorders in males were 0(0%), 9(50%) and 2(11.10%), while in females they were 1(5.56%), 4(22.40%), and 2(11.10%), respectively. The frequency (percentage) of antisocial, obsessive, borderline, avoidant, narcissistic, histrionic, and paranoid personality disorders in males were 4(22.2%), 2(11.10%), 3(16.67%), 0(0%), 0(0%), 2(11.10%), and 0(0%), while in females they were 4(22.20%), 1(5.56%), 3(16.67%), 1(5.56%), 1(5.56%), 2(11.10%), and 1(5.56%), respectively. The prevalence of different clusters (P=0.34) and types (P=0.18) of personality disorders was not significantly different between males and females. Conclusion: Personality disorders are comorbid with GD. They exist in one-third of patients with GD in East Azerbaijan Province. Personality disorders are significantly more prevalent in male patients with GD than in females.

Background and Objectives: Cognitive functions are one of the most important effective factors in students with dyscalculia. The present research aims to investigate the effectiveness of neurocognitive rehabilitation program on math performance and working memory of students with dyscalculia. Methods: This study was a quasi-experimental study with pretest-posttest design. Thirty elementary students with dyscalculia were selected using convenience sampling, and then the experimental and control groups (each 15 individuals), were matched in terms of age, gender, intelligence, and school grade. The subjects of the experimental group received twenty 45-minute sessions of neurocognitive rehabilitation. To collect the data, Wechsler Intelligence Scale (WISC-R) test, Iran Key Math Diagnostic test, Digit Span test, Counting Span task, and Corsi Blocks task, were used. Results: In this study, the results of covariance analysis showed that the scores of the experimental group in working memory (digit span, counting span) posttest and in Key-Math posttest, were higher than the control group. Conclusion: The results of this study is indicative of the effectiveness of cognitive rehabilitation in working memory (phonological loop, central executive) and math performance (operation and applications) in students with dyscalculia.

Background & objectives: Epilepsy is a chronic neurological disorder that disrupts normal brain activity due to abnormal electrical discharge of brain cells. Mood swings, depression and anxiety are the common complications in epilepsy. The aim of the present study was to compare alexithymia in patients with Tonic-clonic epilepsy, Juvenile Myoclonic Epilepsy (JME), and healthy individuals. Methods: In this casual-comparative study, sampling was performed by convenience sampling method. The study population consisted of all epileptic patients and the study sample included 134 participants (N= 74 Patients and N= 60 healthy people) individuals aged 18-35 years. Among the patients, 14 were excluded due to lack of selection criteria and 60 samples (N= 29 with myoclonic and N= 31 with Tonic-clonic epilepsy) remained. Data regarding alexithymia was gathered by Toronto Alexithymia Scale, and analyzed by ANOVA, Scheffé post - hoc test and t-test were performed for independent groups. Results: Findings showed that the mean of Alexithymia in those with JME, tonic-clonic epilepsy and normal individuals were 64.44, 61.41, and 54.24, respectively. The difference between the two groups with myoclonic and tonic-clonic epilepsy was not statistically significant. However, there was a significant difference found between those with tonic-clonic epilepsy and normal individuals (T= 6.82; p

Objectives: Cognitive functions are the most important factors that influence the performances of students with dyscalculia. This study investigates the effect of computer-assisted neurocognitive rehabilitation on the inhibitory control of students with dyscalculia. Methods: A quasi-experimental pretest-posttest design was applied in this research. Thirty elementary students with dyscalculia were selected through convenience sampling. Then, a control and an experimental group (each containing 15 individuals) were formed and matched based on age, intelligence, gender, and school grades. The experimental group received neurocognitive rehabilitation in 20 sessions, each one taking 45 minutes. To gather data, the Wechsler Test (WISC-R), Key Math Test, and Go – No Go Test were used. Results: The results of covariance analysis showed that cognitive rehabilitation interventions did not lead to a significant difference between the experimental and control groups in inhibitory, omission, commission and reaction time scores (P>0.05). Discussion: The study findings suggest examining the effectiveness of long-term rehab during different ages and training strategies with follow-ups.

"nObjective: Wars' stress and violence can have tremendous effects on children's and adolescents' health and general well being; it may result in patterns of bio-psychosocial problems. The goal of this study was to compare emotional and behavioral problems in Afghan refugees and war-zone adolescents. "n Method: One hundred and eighty high school students (90 students in the refugee group and 90 in the war-zone group) in Harat were included in this research. All participants completed the Youth Self-Report (YSR). War zone and refugee adolescents were compared based on their scores on different scales of behavioral and emotional problems. "n Results: War-zone adolescents scored significantly higher on Anxious/Depression, Withdrawn, Somatic Complaints, Attention Problems, and Internalizing Problems scales than refugee adolescents. In this study, no significant difference was found between the two groups on Social Problems, Thought Problems, Delinquent Behavior, Aggressive Behavior, and Externalizing scales. "nConclusion: Findings revealed that although asylum is not an ideal condition for children's and adolescents' psychological development and prosperity, it can have a protective role in comparison with war zone's circumstances. Further investigation is needed, however, to elucidate the lack of significant differences in externalizing scales among war zone and refugee adolescents