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Rayleigh-Bénard's convection is a classic problem of heat transfer. Since the 1900s, studies for Newtonian fluids have been widely developed in this field and phenomena well understood. On the other hand, the complexity of non-Newtonian behavior makes the number of studies much lower. Among the non-Newtonian behavior, the shear-thinning fluid studies are even rarer. This work focuses on a numerical study of natural convection for a non-Newtonian fluid shear thinning, in the Rayleigh-Bénard configuration. The Carreau-Yasuda model describes the shear thinning behavior. The convective flow considered is confined in a cavity, which is subjected to a vertical temperature gradient, heated from below and cooled from above. The transport equations are discretized by the finite volume method and are solved numerically using a CFD code: "Ansys Fluent". The influence of the control parameters on the flow and heat transfer such as the Rayleigh 𝑅𝑎 number, the aspect ratio, 𝐴, the Prandtl numbers, 𝑃𝑟, the power index 𝑛 and the time constant 𝐸, are studied.

A simple model is developed for membrane fouling, taking into account two main fouling phenomena: cake formation, due to attached solids onto the membrane surface and pores clogging, due to retained compounds inside the pores. The model is coupled with a simple anaerobic digestion model for describing the dynamics of an Anaerobic Membrane BioReactor (AnMBR). In simulations, we investigate its qualitative behavior: it is shown that the model exhibits satisfying properties in terms of flux decrease due to membrane fouling. Comparing simulation and experimental data, the model is shown to predict quite well the dynamics of an AnMBR. The simulated flux best fits the experimental flux with a correlation coefficient r^2 = 0.968 for the calibration data set and r^2 = 0.938 for the validation data set. General discussions are given on possible control strategies to limit fouling and optimize the flux production. We show in simulations that these strategies allow one to increase the mean production flux to 33 L/(h.m^2), whereas without control it was 18 L/(h.m^2).

Climate change and a growing population around the Mediterranean Rim are increasing the need for water and, consequently, the pressure on resources in terms of both quantity and quality. High-quality water should be primarily reserved to drinking water while reclaimed water is an alternative for other usages. A review of situations in Tunisia, Jordan, France, and Italy involving the use of reclaimed water highlights the disparity in national regulations governing this alternative water resource and in its management. On the first hand, the use of recycled water for irrigation can have an adverse impact on public health and the environment, depending on treatment and irrigation practices. On the other hand, it may also represent a new source of water: wastewater should no longer be considered as waste but, rather, as a new resource to be handled in a circular economy-type loop. Current scientific knowledge in agronomic and environmental sciences, as well as in the economic and social sciences, can be integrated and used to lower the associated risk through the effective management of irrigation using recycled water and to address the following questions: (i) How can the time-varying nutrient needs of crops be managed to operate safe environmental reuse within an adapted risk assessment framework? (ii) What socio-economic models can render this integrated approach sustainable? (iii) What treatment systems and irrigation technology can be used to support these ideas and with what information? (iv) What changes in the regulations are needed? © 2018, Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature. 28687SF, 33254QH Horizon 2020 Seventh Framework Programme: 311933 Funding information The authors thank for their financial support the SICMED Mediterranean research network (http://www.sicmed.net/), the TREASURE research network (https://project.inria.fr/treasure/), the UTIQUE project 2013 No. 28687SF “Ecologie microbienne et modélisation pour le traitement de l’eau,” the TASSILI project 2015 No. 33254QH “Procédés membranaires pour le traitement anaérobie des eaux usées—Modélisation, commande et optimisation,” the Water4Crops FP7 project, “Integrating bio-TWW with enhanced water use efficiency to support the Green Economy in EU and India,” No. 311933, the Mad4Water EU Horizon 2020 project, “Development And application of integrated technological and management solutions for wastewater treatment and efficient reuse in agriculture tailored to the needs of Mediterranean African Countries,” and the NOWWMA project, “New Process for Optimizing Wastewater Reuse from Mauguio to the Mediterranean Area” in support of the French Reuse Directive.

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We report the case of a patient presenting a subacute, predominantly sensory neuropathy. The work up revealed a Sjögren's syndrome and a breast carcinoma. The presence of anti-Hu antibodies, identified by Western Blot using purified recombinant HuD protein, and the absence of the Hu antigen in the breast carcinoma ruled out the responsibility of the Sjögren's syndrome or breast carcinoma. In this context, the most likely diagnosis was a subacute neuropathy associated with small cell lung cancer, which was indeed discovered 3 years later.

Benyahia B. Femmes algériennes, aujourd'hui l'urgence !. In: Marie Pas Claire, n°8, 1996. Alerte ! Ils débarquent ! Les bi ! pp. 15-17.