350 results on '"Birnbaum, Gerit"'
Search Results
2. Surface albedo measurements and surface type classification from helicopter-based observations during MOSAiC
- Author
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Sperzel, Tim R., Jäkel, Evelyn, Pätzold, Falk, Lampert, Astrid, Niehaus, Hannah, Spreen, Gunnar, Rosenburg, Sophie, Birnbaum, Gerit, Neckel, Niklas, and Wendisch, Manfred
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
3. Helicopter-borne RGB orthomosaics and photogrammetric digital elevation models from the MOSAiC Expedition
- Author
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Neckel, Niklas, Fuchs, Niels, Birnbaum, Gerit, Hutter, Nils, Jutila, Arttu, Buth, Lena, von Albedyll, Luisa, Ricker, Robert, and Haas, Christian
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
4. Sea ice melt pond bathymetry reconstructed from aerial photographs using photogrammetry: a new method applied to MOSAiC data.
- Author
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Fuchs, Niels, von Albedyll, Luisa, Birnbaum, Gerit, Linhardt, Felix, Oppelt, Natascha, and Haas, Christian
- Subjects
ARCTIC climate ,AERIAL photographs ,SURFACE topography ,WATER levels ,SOLAR energy ,SEA ice - Abstract
Melt ponds are a core component of the summer sea ice system in the Arctic, increasing the uptake of solar energy and impacting the ice-associated ecosystem. They were thus one of the key topics during the 1-year drift campaign Multidisciplinary drifting Observatory for the Study of Arctic Climate (MOSAiC) in the Transpolar Drift 2019/2020. Pond depth is a dominating factor in describing the surface meltwater volume; it is necessary to estimate budgets and used in model parameterization to simulate pond coverage evolution. However, observational data on pond depth are spatially and temporally strongly limited to a few in situ measurements. Pond bathymetry, which is pond depth spatially fully resolved, remains unexplored. Here, we present a newly developed method to derive pond bathymetry from aerial images. We determine it from a photogrammetric multi-view reconstruction of the summer ice surface topography. Based on images recorded on dedicated grid flights and facilitated assumptions, we were able to obtain pond depth with a mean deviation of 3.5 cm compared to manual in situ observations. The method is independent of pond color and sky conditions, which is an advantage over recently developed radiometric airborne retrieval methods. It can furthermore be implemented in any typical photogrammetry workflow. We present the retrieval algorithm, including requirements for the data recording and survey planning, and a correction method for refraction at the air–pond interface. In addition, we show how the retrieved surface topography model synergizes with the initial image data to retrieve the water level of individual ponds from the visually determined pond margins. We use the method to give a profound overview of the pond coverage on the MOSAiC floe, on which we found unexpected steady pond coverage and volume. We were able to derive individual pond properties of more than 1600 ponds on the floe, including their size, bathymetry, volume, surface elevation above sea level, and temporal evolution. We present a scaling factor for single in situ depth measurements, discuss the representativeness of in situ pond measurements and the importance of such high-resolution data for new satellite retrievals, and show indications for non-rigid pond bottoms. The study points out the great potential to derive geometric properties of the summer sea ice surface emerging from the increasingly available visual image data recorded from uncrewed aerial vehicles (UAVs) or aircraft, allowing for an integrated understanding and improved formulation of the thermodynamic and hydrological pond system in models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
5. Sea ice melt pond bathymetry reconstructed from aerial photographs using photogrammetry: A new method applied to MOSAiC data
- Author
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Fuchs, Niels, primary, von Albedyll, Luisa, additional, Birnbaum, Gerit, additional, Linhardt, Felix, additional, Oppelt, Natascha, additional, and Haas, Christian, additional
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
6. Sea ice melt pond bathymetry reconstructed from aerial photographs using photogrammetry: A new method applied to MOSAiC data.
- Author
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Fuchs, Niels, von Albedyll, Luisa, Birnbaum, Gerit, Linhardt, Felix, Oppelt, Natascha, and Haas, Christian
- Subjects
AERIAL photographs ,SEA ice ,PONDS ,SURFACE topography ,BATHYMETRY ,PHOTOGRAMMETRY - Abstract
Melt ponds are a core component of the summer sea ice system in the Arctic, increasing the uptake of solar energy and impacting the ice-associated ecosystem. They were thus one of the key topics during the one-year drift campaign MOSAiC in the Transpolar Drift 2019/2020. Pond depth is a dominating factor in the description of the surface meltwater volume, necessary to estimate budgets, and used in model parametrization to simulate pond coverage evolution. However, observational data on pond depth is spatially and temporally strongly limited to a few in situ measurements. Pond bathymetry, which is pond depth spatially fully resolved, remains entirely unexplored. Here, we present a newly developed method to derive pond bathymetry from aerial images. We determine it from a photogrammetric multi-view reconstruction of the summer ice surface topography. Based on images recorded on dedicated grid flights and facilitated assumptions, we were able to obtain pond depth with a mean deviation of 3.5 cm compared to manual in situ observations. The method is independent of pond color and sky conditions, which is an advantage over recently developed radiometric airborne retrieval methods. It can furthermore be implemented in any typical photogrammetry workflow. We present the retrieval algorithm, including requirements for the data recording and survey planning, and a correction method for refraction at the air—pond interface. In addition, we show how the retrieved surface topography model synergizes with the initial image data to retrieve the water level of individual ponds from the visually determined pond margins. We use the method to give a profound overview of the pond coverage on the MOSAiC floe, on which we found unexpected steady pond coverage and volume. We were able to derive individual pond properties of more than 1600 ponds on the floe, including their size, bathymetry, volume, surface elevation above sea level, and temporal evolution. We present a scaling factor for single in situ depth measurements, discuss the representativeness of in situ pond measurements, and show indications for non-rigid pond bottoms. The study points out the great potential to derive geometric properties of the summer sea-ice surface emerging from the increasingly available visual image data recorded from UAVs or aircraft, allowing for an integrated understanding and improved formulation of the thermodynamic and hydrological pond system in models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
7. Two+ decades (2000-2023) of pan Arctic meltpond fraction data
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Neckel, Niklas, Rösel, Anja, Kaleschke, Lars, and Birnbaum, Gerit
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Arctic ,Melt Pond ,Neural Network ,remote Sensing ,Sentinel-2 ,Modis ,sea ice - Published
- 2023
8. Sea Ice Melt Pond Fraction Derived From Sentinel‐2 Data: Along the MOSAiC Drift and Arctic‐Wide
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Niehaus, Hannah, primary, Spreen, Gunnar, additional, Birnbaum, Gerit, additional, Istomina, Larysa, additional, Jäkel, Evelyn, additional, Linhardt, Felix, additional, Neckel, Niklas, additional, Fuchs, Niels, additional, Nicolaus, Marcel, additional, Sperzel, Tim, additional, Tao, Ran, additional, Webster, Melinda, additional, and Wright, Nicholas, additional
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
9. Preconditioning of Summer Melt Ponds From Winter Sea Ice Surface Temperature
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Thielke, Linda, primary, Fuchs, Niels, additional, Spreen, Gunnar, additional, Tremblay, Bruno, additional, Birnbaum, Gerit, additional, Huntemann, Marcus, additional, Hutter, Nils, additional, Itkin, Polona, additional, Jutila, Arttu, additional, and Webster, Melinda A., additional
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
10. Preconditioning of Summer Melt Ponds From Winter Sea Ice Surface Temperature
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Thielke, Linda, Fuchs, Niels, Spreen, Gunnar, Tremblay, Bruno, Birnbaum, Gerit, Huntemann, Marcus, Hutter, Nils, Itkin, Polona, Jutila, Arttu, Webster, Melinda A, Thielke, Linda, Fuchs, Niels, Spreen, Gunnar, Tremblay, Bruno, Birnbaum, Gerit, Huntemann, Marcus, Hutter, Nils, Itkin, Polona, Jutila, Arttu, and Webster, Melinda A
- Abstract
Comparing helicopter-borne surface temperature maps in winter and optical orthomosaics in summer from the year-long Multidisciplinary drifting Observatory for the Study of Arctic Climate expedition, we find a strong geometric correlation between warm anomalies in winter and melt pond location the following summer. Warm anomalies are associated with thinner snow and ice, that is, surface depression and refrozen leads, that allow for water accumulation during melt. Warm surface temperature anomalies in January were 0.3–2.5 K warmer on sea ice that later formed melt ponds. A one-dimensional steady-state thermodynamic model shows that the observed surface temperature differences are in line with the observed ice thickness and snow depth. We demonstrate the potential of seasonal prediction of summer melt pond location and coverage from winter surface temperature observations. A threshold-based classification achieves a correct classification for 41% of the melt ponds.
- Published
- 2023
11. MOSAiC airborne laser scanning of the sea-ice surface: data product overview and insights to seasonal roughness evolution
- Author
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Jutila, Arttu Juhani, Hutter, Nils, Hendricks, Stefan, Ricker, Robert, Albedyll, Luisa, Birnbaum, Gerit, Haas, Christian, Jutila, Arttu Juhani, Hutter, Nils, Hendricks, Stefan, Ricker, Robert, Albedyll, Luisa, Birnbaum, Gerit, and Haas, Christian
- Abstract
Oral presentation at the 2nd MOSAiC science conference showing the MOSAiC airborne laser scanner product overview and first results of seasonal surface roughness
- Published
- 2023
12. Melt Pond Fraction Derived from Sentinel-2 Data: Along the MOSAiC Drift and Arctic-wide
- Author
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Niehaus, Hannah, primary, Spreen, Gunnar, additional, Birnbaum, Gerit, additional, Istomina, Larysa, additional, Jäkel, Evelyn, additional, Linhardt, Felix, additional, Neckel, Niklas, additional, Nicolaus, Marcel, additional, Sperzel, Tim, additional, Webster, Melinda Anne, additional, Wright, Nicholas C, additional, Fuchs, Niels, additional, and Tao, Ran, additional
- Published
- 2022
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13. Mesoscale Modelling of the Arctic Atmospheric Boundary Layer and Its Interaction with Sea Ice
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Lüpkes, Christof, Vihma, Timo, Birnbaum, Gerit, Dierer, Silke, Garbrecht, Thomas, Gryanik, Vladimir M., Gryschka, Micha, Hartmann, Jörg, Heinemann, Günther, Kaleschke, Lars, Raasch, Siegfried, Savijärvi, Hannu, Schlünzen, K. Heinke, Wacker, Ulrike, Lemke, Peter, editor, and Jacobi, Hans-Werner, editor
- Published
- 2012
- Full Text
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14. Seasonal predictability of summer melt ponds from winter sea ice surface temperature
- Author
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Thielke, Linda, primary, Fuchs, Niels, additional, Spreen, Gunnar, additional, Tremblay, Bruno, additional, Birnbaum, Gerit, additional, Huntemann, Marcus, additional, Hutter, Nils, additional, Itkin, Polona, additional, Jutila, Arttu, additional, and Webster, Melinda Anne, additional
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
15. Multi-sensor airborne observations of freeboard, snow depth, and sea-ice thickness in the Arctic
- Author
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Jutila, Arttu, Hendricks, Stefan, Ricker, Robert, von Albedyll, Luisa, Krumpen, Thomas, Hutter, Nils, Birnbaum, Gerit, and Haas, Christian
- Abstract
Sea-ice thickness is a key factor and indicator in understanding the impact of the global climate change. Deriving basin-wide sea-ice thickness estimates from satellite laser and radar altimetry relies on freeboard measurements. The freeboard-to-thickness conversion in turn requires information of snow mass and the density of the sea-ice layer that have unknown spatio-temporal variabilities and trends directly translating into the uncertainty of decadal sea-ice thickness data records. In addition, inter-mission biases arise from, e.g., different sensor types and frequencies as well as varying footprint sizes affected by surface roughness across regions and seasons. Therefore, carrying out validation and inter-calibration studies is crucial for reliable and continuous observation of the Earth’s cryosphere. To achieve this, it is beneficial to have simultaneous measurements of freeboard, snow depth, and sea-ice thickness, which provide reference data for both direct satellite observations and geophysical target parameters. Here, we present Alfred Wegener Institute’s (AWI) IceBird program, which is a series of fixed-wing aircraft campaigns to measure Arctic sea ice and to monitor its change. During two late-winter campaigns in the western Arctic Ocean in 2017 and 2019, we have carried out surveys with the unique scientific instrument configuration including an airborne laser scanner (ALS) for surface topography and freeboard measurements, a tethered electromagnetic induction sounding instrument (EM-Bird) for total (snow+ice) thickness measurements, and an ultrawideband frequency-modulated continuous-wave microwave radar to measure snow thickness. Therefore, we are able to observe all three bounding interfaces in the sea-ice–snow system in high resolution along survey tracks on regional scales. During the ship-based drift expedition Multidisciplinary drifting Observatory for the Study of Arctic Climate (MOSAiC) between October 2019 and September 2020, helicopter surveys were carried out in high spatio-temporal resolution throughout the year, including the polar night, to measure freeboard and roughness with the ALS both in local grid pattern and in larger scale. Coincident EM-Bird ice thickness data and information from snow measurements on the ground will help linking these parameters and monitor them and their effect on satellite retrievals for a full seasonal cycle. The individual parameters are important for describing and monitoring the state of the Arctic sea ice and validating retrievals from satellite data, but combined they offer further possibilities to characterise sea ice. By assuming isostatic equilibrium, we are able to estimate up-to-date bulk density values for different sea-ice types from the IceBird data and to derive a parametrisation of sea-ice bulk density based on sea-ice freeboard. These data allow us to explore spatio-temporal variations in sea-ice parameters observable from space and to evaluate the validity of the freeboard-to-thickness conversion in satellite altimetry through comparison against dedicated satellite overpasses and orbit collections.
- Published
- 2022
16. Sea Ice Type Retrieval Algorithms from Fused TerraSAR-X and ALS Data
- Author
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Kortum, Karl, Singha, Suman, Spreen, Gunnar, Hendricks, Stefan, Hutter, Nils, Birnbaum, Gerit, Jutila, Arttu, Ricker, Robert, and von Albedyll, Luisa
- Subjects
Data Fusion TerraSAR-X ,Sea Ice Type ,Sea Ice ,ALS ,Oceanography ,SAR - Published
- 2022
17. Overview of the MOSAiC expedition: Snow and sea ice
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Nicolaus, Marcel, Perovich, Donald K., Spreen, Gunnar, Granskog, Mats A., von Albedyll, Luisa, Angelopoulos, Michael, Anhaus, Philipp, Arndt, Stefanie, Belter, H. Jakob, Bessonov, Vladimir, Birnbaum, Gerit, Brauchle, Jörg, Calmer, Radiance, Cardellach, Estel, Cheng, Bin, Clemens-Sewall, David, Dadic, Ruzica, Damm, Ellen, de Boer, Gijs, Demir, Oguz, Dethloff, Klaus, Divine, Dmitry V., Fong, Allison A., Fons, Steven, Frey, Markus M., Fuchs, Niels, Gabarró, Carolina, Gerland, Sebastian, Goessling, Helge F., Gradinger, Rolf, Haapala, Jari, Haas, Christian, Hamilton, Jonathan, Hannula, Henna-Reetta, Hendricks, Stefan, Herber, Andreas, Heuzé, Céline, Hoppmann, Mario, Høyland, Knut Vilhelm, Huntemann, Marcus, Hutchings, Jennifer K., Hwang, Byongjun, Itkin, Polona, Jacobi, Hans-Werner, Jaggi, Matthias, Jutila, Arttu, Kaleschke, Lars, Katlein, Christian, Kolabutin, Nikolai, Krampe, Daniela, Kristensen, Steen Savstrup, Krumpen, Thomas, Kurtz, Nathan, Lampert, Astrid, Lange, Benjamin Allen, Lei, Ruibo, Light, Bonnie, Linhardt, Felix, Liston, Glen E., Loose, Brice, Macfarlane, Amy R., Mahmud, Mallik, Matero, Ilkka O., Maus, Sönke, Morgenstern, Anne, Naderpour, Reza, Nandan, Vishnu, Niubom, Alexey, Oggier, Marc, Oppelt, Natascha, Pätzold, Falk, Perron, Christophe, Petrovsky, Tomasz, Pirazzini, Roberta, Polashenski, Chris, Rabe, Benjamin, Raphael, Ian A., Regnery, Julia, Rex, Markus, Ricker, Robert, Riemann-Campe, Kathrin, Rinke, Annette, Rohde, Jan, Salganik, Evgenii, Scharien, Randall K., Schiller, Martin, Schneebeli, Martin, Semmling, Maximilian, Shimanchuk, Egor, Shupe, Matthew D., Smith, Madison M., Smolyanitsky, Vasily, Sokolov, Vladimir, Stanton, Tim, Stroeve, Julienne, Thielke, Linda, Timofeeva, Anna, Tonboe, Rasmus Tage, Tavri, Aikaterini, Tsamados, Michel, Wagner, David N., Watkins, Daniel, Webster, Melinda, Wendisch, Manfred, Nicolaus, Marcel, Perovich, Donald K., Spreen, Gunnar, Granskog, Mats A., von Albedyll, Luisa, Angelopoulos, Michael, Anhaus, Philipp, Arndt, Stefanie, Belter, H. Jakob, Bessonov, Vladimir, Birnbaum, Gerit, Brauchle, Jörg, Calmer, Radiance, Cardellach, Estel, Cheng, Bin, Clemens-Sewall, David, Dadic, Ruzica, Damm, Ellen, de Boer, Gijs, Demir, Oguz, Dethloff, Klaus, Divine, Dmitry V., Fong, Allison A., Fons, Steven, Frey, Markus M., Fuchs, Niels, Gabarró, Carolina, Gerland, Sebastian, Goessling, Helge F., Gradinger, Rolf, Haapala, Jari, Haas, Christian, Hamilton, Jonathan, Hannula, Henna-Reetta, Hendricks, Stefan, Herber, Andreas, Heuzé, Céline, Hoppmann, Mario, Høyland, Knut Vilhelm, Huntemann, Marcus, Hutchings, Jennifer K., Hwang, Byongjun, Itkin, Polona, Jacobi, Hans-Werner, Jaggi, Matthias, Jutila, Arttu, Kaleschke, Lars, Katlein, Christian, Kolabutin, Nikolai, Krampe, Daniela, Kristensen, Steen Savstrup, Krumpen, Thomas, Kurtz, Nathan, Lampert, Astrid, Lange, Benjamin Allen, Lei, Ruibo, Light, Bonnie, Linhardt, Felix, Liston, Glen E., Loose, Brice, Macfarlane, Amy R., Mahmud, Mallik, Matero, Ilkka O., Maus, Sönke, Morgenstern, Anne, Naderpour, Reza, Nandan, Vishnu, Niubom, Alexey, Oggier, Marc, Oppelt, Natascha, Pätzold, Falk, Perron, Christophe, Petrovsky, Tomasz, Pirazzini, Roberta, Polashenski, Chris, Rabe, Benjamin, Raphael, Ian A., Regnery, Julia, Rex, Markus, Ricker, Robert, Riemann-Campe, Kathrin, Rinke, Annette, Rohde, Jan, Salganik, Evgenii, Scharien, Randall K., Schiller, Martin, Schneebeli, Martin, Semmling, Maximilian, Shimanchuk, Egor, Shupe, Matthew D., Smith, Madison M., Smolyanitsky, Vasily, Sokolov, Vladimir, Stanton, Tim, Stroeve, Julienne, Thielke, Linda, Timofeeva, Anna, Tonboe, Rasmus Tage, Tavri, Aikaterini, Tsamados, Michel, Wagner, David N., Watkins, Daniel, Webster, Melinda, and Wendisch, Manfred
- Abstract
Year-round observations of the physical snow and ice properties and processes that govern the ice pack evolution and its interaction with the atmosphere and the ocean were conducted during the Multidisciplinary drifting Observatory for the Study of Arctic Climate (MOSAiC) expedition of the research vessel Polarstern in the Arctic Ocean from October 2019 to September 2020. This work was embedded into the interdisciplinary design of the 5 MOSAiC teams, studying the atmosphere, the sea ice, the ocean, the ecosystem, and biogeochemical processes. The overall aim of the snow and sea ice observations during MOSAiC was to characterize the physical properties of the snow and ice cover comprehensively in the central Arctic over an entire annual cycle. This objective was achieved by detailed observations of physical properties and of energy and mass balance of snow and ice. By studying snow and sea ice dynamics over nested spatial scales from centimeters to tens of kilometers, the variability across scales can be considered. On-ice observations of in situ and remote sensing properties of the different surface types over all seasons will help to improve numerical process and climate models and to establish and validate novel satellite remote sensing methods; the linkages to accompanying airborne measurements, satellite observations, and results of numerical models are discussed. We found large spatial variabilities of snow metamorphism and thermal regimes impacting sea ice growth. We conclude that the highly variable snow cover needs to be considered in more detail (in observations, remote sensing, and models) to better understand snow-related feedback processes. The ice pack revealed rapid transformations and motions along the drift in all seasons. The number of coupled ice–ocean interface processes observed in detail are expected to guide upcoming research with respect to the changing Arctic sea ice.
- Published
- 2022
18. Thermodynamic and dynamic contributions to seasonal Arctic sea ice thickness distributions from airborne observations
- Author
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von Albedyll, Luisa, Hendricks, Stefan, Grodofzig, Raphael, Krumpen, Thomas, Arndt, Stefanie, Belter, H. Jakob, Birnbaum, Gerit, Cheng, Bin, Hoppmann, Mario, Hutchings, Jennifer, Itkin, Polona, Lei, Ruibo, Nicolaus, Marcel, Ricker, Robert, Rohde, Jan, Suhrhoff, Mira, Timofeeva, Anna, Watkins, Daniel, Webster, Melinda, Haas, Christian, von Albedyll, Luisa, Hendricks, Stefan, Grodofzig, Raphael, Krumpen, Thomas, Arndt, Stefanie, Belter, H. Jakob, Birnbaum, Gerit, Cheng, Bin, Hoppmann, Mario, Hutchings, Jennifer, Itkin, Polona, Lei, Ruibo, Nicolaus, Marcel, Ricker, Robert, Rohde, Jan, Suhrhoff, Mira, Timofeeva, Anna, Watkins, Daniel, Webster, Melinda, and Haas, Christian
- Abstract
Sea ice thickness is a key parameter in the polar climate and ecosystem. Thermodynamic and dynamic processes alter the sea ice thickness. The Multidisciplinary drifting Observatory for the Study of Arctic Climate (MOSAiC) expedition provided a unique opportunity to study seasonal sea ice thickness changes of the same sea ice. We analyzed 11 large-scale (∼50 km) airborne electromagnetic sea thickness and surface roughness surveys from October 2019 to September 2020. Data from ice mass balance and position buoys provided additional information. We found that thermodynamic growth and decay dominated the seasonal cycle with a total mean sea ice thickness increase of 1.4 m (October 2019 to June 2020) and decay of 1.2 m (June 2020 to September 2020). Ice dynamics and deformation-related processes, such as thin ice formation in leads and subsequent ridging, broadened the ice thickness distribution and contributed 30% to the increase in mean thickness. These processes caused a 1-month delay between maximum thermodynamic sea ice thickness and maximum mean ice thickness. The airborne EM measurements bridged the scales from local floe-scale measurements to Arctic-wide satellite observations and model grid cells. The spatial differences in mean sea ice thickness between the Central Observatory (<10 km) of MOSAiC and the Distributed Network (<50 km) were negligible in fall and only 0.2 m in late winter, but the relative abundance of thin and thick ice varied. One unexpected outcome was the large dynamic thickening in a regime where divergence prevailed on average in the western Nansen Basin in spring. We suggest that the large dynamic thickening was due to the mobile, unconsolidated sea ice pack and periodic, sub-daily motion. We demonstrate that this Lagrangian sea ice thickness data set is well suited for validating the existing redistribution theory in sea ice models. Our comprehensive description of seasonal changes of the sea ice thickness distribution is valuable for inter
- Published
- 2022
19. Observations of marine cold-air outbreaks: a comprehensive data set of airborne and dropsonde measurements from the Springtime Atmospheric Boundary Layer Experiment (STABLE)
- Author
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Michaelis, Janosch, Schmitt, Amelie U., Lüpkes, Christof, Hartmann, Jörg, Birnbaum, Gerit, Vihma, Timo, Michaelis, Janosch, Schmitt, Amelie U., Lüpkes, Christof, Hartmann, Jörg, Birnbaum, Gerit, and Vihma, Timo
- Abstract
In March 2013, the Springtime Atmospheric Boundary Layer Experiment (STABLE) was carried out in the Fram Strait region and over Svalbard to investigate atmospheric convection and boundary layer modifications due to interactions between sea ice, the atmosphere, and open water. A major goal was the observation of marine cold-air outbreaks (MCAOs), which are typically characterised by the transport of very cold air masses from the ice-covered ocean over a relatively warm water surface and which often affect local and regional weather conditions. During STABLE, MCAOs were observed on 4 d within a period displaying a strongly northward-shifted sea ice edge north of Svalbard and, thus, with an unusually large Whaler's Bay polynya. The observations mainly consisted of in situ measurements from airborne instruments and of measurements by dropsondes. Here, we present the corresponding data set from a total of 15 aircraft vertical profiles and 22 dropsonde releases. Besides an overview of the flight patterns and instrumentation, we provide a detailed presentation of the individual quality-processing mechanisms, which ensure that the data can be used, for example, for model validation. Moreover, we discuss the effects of the individual quality-processing mechanisms, and we briefly present the main characteristics of the MCAOs based on the quality-controlled data. All 37 data series are published on the World Data Center PANGAEA (Lüpkes et al., 2021a, https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.936635).
- Published
- 2022
20. Kilometer-scale digital elevation models of the sea ice surface with airborne laser scanning during MOSAiC
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Jutila, Arttu, Hutter, Nils, Hendricks, Stefan, Ricker, Robert, von Albedyll, Luisa, Birnbaum, Gerit, Haas, Christian, Jutila, Arttu, Hutter, Nils, Hendricks, Stefan, Ricker, Robert, von Albedyll, Luisa, Birnbaum, Gerit, and Haas, Christian
- Abstract
An integrated sensor platform including an inertial navigation system (INS) and a commercial airborne laser scanner (ALS) among other sensor was mounted in the cargo compartment in one of the Polarstern helicopters during MOSAiC. ALS data was acquired from more than 60 flights between October 2019 and September 2020 with a range of survey types intended to map changes of the sea ice surface during the full annual cycle at high spatial resolution and coverage. Here, we provide an overview of the collected data, the challenge of achieving centimeter elevation accuracy with a helicopter platform at high polar latitudes as well as the content and specifications of ALS data products. The high spatial resolution and repeated coverage of the larger area around Polarstern allow studying various surface features (e.g. pressure ridges, floes, melt ponds, snow drifts, etc.), their seasonal evolution, and their impact on atmosphere and ocean. Finally, we outline methods for planned applications, such as identifying individual floes and surface types using both measured freeboard and surface reflectance. Collocated helicopter-based optical and infrared imagery allow analyzing sea ice properties in further applications and to upscale comparable in-situ observations.
- Published
- 2022
21. IceBird Summer 2022 Campaign - Sea ice surveys with Polar 6 from Station Nord
- Author
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Krumpen, Thomas, Birnbaum, Gerit, Ludwig, Valentin, Petersen, Christoph, Krumpen, Thomas, Birnbaum, Gerit, Ludwig, Valentin, and Petersen, Christoph
- Abstract
Changes in Arctic sea ice thickness are the result of complex interactions of the dynamic and variable ice cover with atmosphere and ocean. The availability of satellite-based estimates of Arctic-wide sea ice thickness changes is limited to the winter months. However, in light of recent model predictions of a nearly ice-free Arctic in summer and to understand the role of sea ice for the causes and consequences of a warming climate, long-term and large-scale sea ice thickness and surface observations during the melt season are more important than ever. The AWI airborne sea ice survey program ‘IceBird Summer’ aims to close this gap by conducting regular measurements over sea ice in summer in key regions of the Arctic Ocean. The survey program comprises and continues all airborne ice thickness measurements obtained since 2001 in the central Arctic, Fram Strait and the last ice area. The objective is to ensure the long-term availability of a unique data record of direct sea ice thickness and surface state observations (deliverable of AWI research program POFIV, Topic 2.1: Warming Climates). Sea ice thickness measurements are obtained with a tethered electromagnetic sensor, the AEM-Bird. Jointly with the ice thickness measurements, optical and laser systems are operated to derive sea ice surface models and melt pond distribution.
- Published
- 2022
22. Overview of the MOSAiC expedition: Snow and sea ice
- Author
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German Research Foundation, National Science Foundation (US), European Commission, Agencia Estatal de Investigación (España), Department of Energy (US), National Aeronautics and Space Administration (US), European Space Agency, Canadian Space Agency, Research Council of Norway, Natural Environment Research Council (UK), Swedish Research Council, Swedish Polar Research Secretariat, Swiss Polar Institute, Dr. Werner-Petersen Foundation, European Organisation for the Exploitation of Meteorological Satellites, Nicolaus, Marcel, Perovich, Donald K., Spreen, Gunnar, Granskog, Mats A., von Albedyll, Luisa, Angelopoulos, Michael, Anhaus, Philipp, Arndt, Stefanie, Belter, H. Jakob, Bessonov, Vladimir, Birnbaum, Gerit, Wagner, David N., Watkins, Daniel, Webster, Melinda, Wendisch, Manfred, Brauchle, Jörg, Calmer, Radiance, Cardellach, Estel, Cheng, Bin, Clemens-Sewall, David, Dadic, Ruzica, Damm, Ellen, Boer, Gijs de, Demir, Oguz, Dethloff, Klaus, Divine, Dmitry V., Fong, Allison A., Fons, Steven, Frey, Markus M., Fuchs, Niel, Gabarró, Carolina, Gerland, Sebastian, Goessling, Helge F., Gradinger, Rolf, Haapala, Jari, Haas, Christian, Hamilton, Jonathan, Hannula, Henna-Reetta, Hendricks, Stefan, Herber, Adreas, Heuzé, Céline, Hoppmann, Mario, Høyland, Knut Vilhelm, Huntemann, Marcus, Hutchings, Jennifer K., Hwang, Byongjun, Itkin, Polona, Jacobi, Hans-Werner, Jaggi, Matthias, Jutila, Arttu, Kaleschke, Lars, Katlein, Christian, Kolabutin, Nikolai, Krampe, Daniela, Kristensen, Steen Savstrup, Krumpen, Thomas, Kurtz, Nathan, Lampert, Astrid, Lange, Benjamin Allen, Lei, Ruibo, Light, Bonnie, Linhardt, Felix, Liston, Glen E., Loose, Brice, Macfarlane, Amy R., Mahmud, Mallik S., Matero, Ilkka O., Maus, Sönke, Morgenstern, Anne, Naderpour, Reza, Nandan, Vishnu, Niubom, Alexey, Oggier, Marc, Oppelt, Natascha, Pätzold, Falk, Perron, Christophe, Petrovsky, Tomasz, Pirazzini, Roberta, Polashenski, Chris, Rabe, Benjamin, Raphael, Ian A., Regnery, Julia, Rex, Markus, Ricker, Robert, Riemann-Campe, K., Rinke, Annette, Rohde, Jan, Salganik, Evgenii, Scharien, Randy, Schiller, Martin, Schneebeli, Martin, Semmling, Maximilian, Shimanchuk, Egor, Shupe, Matthew D., Smith, Madison, Smolyanitsky, Vasily, Sokolov, Vladimir, Stanton, Tim, Stroeve, Julienne, Thielke, Linda, Timofeeva, Anna, Tonboe, Rasmus, Tavrii, Aikaterini, Tsamados, Michel, German Research Foundation, National Science Foundation (US), European Commission, Agencia Estatal de Investigación (España), Department of Energy (US), National Aeronautics and Space Administration (US), European Space Agency, Canadian Space Agency, Research Council of Norway, Natural Environment Research Council (UK), Swedish Research Council, Swedish Polar Research Secretariat, Swiss Polar Institute, Dr. Werner-Petersen Foundation, European Organisation for the Exploitation of Meteorological Satellites, Nicolaus, Marcel, Perovich, Donald K., Spreen, Gunnar, Granskog, Mats A., von Albedyll, Luisa, Angelopoulos, Michael, Anhaus, Philipp, Arndt, Stefanie, Belter, H. Jakob, Bessonov, Vladimir, Birnbaum, Gerit, Wagner, David N., Watkins, Daniel, Webster, Melinda, Wendisch, Manfred, Brauchle, Jörg, Calmer, Radiance, Cardellach, Estel, Cheng, Bin, Clemens-Sewall, David, Dadic, Ruzica, Damm, Ellen, Boer, Gijs de, Demir, Oguz, Dethloff, Klaus, Divine, Dmitry V., Fong, Allison A., Fons, Steven, Frey, Markus M., Fuchs, Niel, Gabarró, Carolina, Gerland, Sebastian, Goessling, Helge F., Gradinger, Rolf, Haapala, Jari, Haas, Christian, Hamilton, Jonathan, Hannula, Henna-Reetta, Hendricks, Stefan, Herber, Adreas, Heuzé, Céline, Hoppmann, Mario, Høyland, Knut Vilhelm, Huntemann, Marcus, Hutchings, Jennifer K., Hwang, Byongjun, Itkin, Polona, Jacobi, Hans-Werner, Jaggi, Matthias, Jutila, Arttu, Kaleschke, Lars, Katlein, Christian, Kolabutin, Nikolai, Krampe, Daniela, Kristensen, Steen Savstrup, Krumpen, Thomas, Kurtz, Nathan, Lampert, Astrid, Lange, Benjamin Allen, Lei, Ruibo, Light, Bonnie, Linhardt, Felix, Liston, Glen E., Loose, Brice, Macfarlane, Amy R., Mahmud, Mallik S., Matero, Ilkka O., Maus, Sönke, Morgenstern, Anne, Naderpour, Reza, Nandan, Vishnu, Niubom, Alexey, Oggier, Marc, Oppelt, Natascha, Pätzold, Falk, Perron, Christophe, Petrovsky, Tomasz, Pirazzini, Roberta, Polashenski, Chris, Rabe, Benjamin, Raphael, Ian A., Regnery, Julia, Rex, Markus, Ricker, Robert, Riemann-Campe, K., Rinke, Annette, Rohde, Jan, Salganik, Evgenii, Scharien, Randy, Schiller, Martin, Schneebeli, Martin, Semmling, Maximilian, Shimanchuk, Egor, Shupe, Matthew D., Smith, Madison, Smolyanitsky, Vasily, Sokolov, Vladimir, Stanton, Tim, Stroeve, Julienne, Thielke, Linda, Timofeeva, Anna, Tonboe, Rasmus, Tavrii, Aikaterini, and Tsamados, Michel
- Abstract
Year-round observations of the physical snow and ice properties and processes that govern the ice pack evolution and its interaction with the atmosphere and the ocean were conducted during the Multidisciplinary drifting Observatory for the Study of Arctic Climate (MOSAiC) expedition of the research vessel Polarstern in the Arctic Ocean from October 2019 to September 2020. This work was embedded into the interdisciplinary design of the 5 MOSAiC teams, studying the atmosphere, the sea ice, the ocean, the ecosystem, and biogeochemical processes. The overall aim of the snow and sea ice observations during MOSAiC was to characterize the physical properties of the snow and ice cover comprehensively in the central Arctic over an entire annual cycle. This objective was achieved by detailed observations of physical properties and of energy and mass balance of snow and ice. By studying snow and sea ice dynamics over nested spatial scales from centimeters to tens of kilometers, the variability across scales can be considered. On-ice observations of in situ and remote sensing properties of the different surface types over all seasons will help to improve numerical process and climate models and to establish and validate novel satellite remote sensing methods; the linkages to accompanying airborne measurements, satellite observations, and results of numerical models are discussed. We found large spatial variabilities of snow metamorphism and thermal regimes impacting sea ice growth. We conclude that the highly variable snow cover needs to be considered in more detail (in observations, remote sensing, and models) to better understand snow-related feedback processes. The ice pack revealed rapid transformations and motions along the drift in all seasons. The number of coupled ice–ocean interface processes observed in detail are expected to guide upcoming research with respect to the changing Arctic sea ice
- Published
- 2022
23. Overview of the MOSAiC expedition
- Author
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Nicolaus, Marcel, Perovich, Donald K., Spreen, Gunnar, Granskog, Mats A., von Albedyll, Luisa, Angelopoulos, Michael, Anhaus, Philipp, Arndt, Stefanie, Belter, H. Jakob, Bessonov, Vladimir, Birnbaum, Gerit, Brauchle, Jörg, Calmer, Radiance, Cardellach, Estel, Cheng, Bin, Clemens-Sewall, David, Dadic, Ruzica, Damm, Ellen, de Boer, Gijs, Demir, Oguz, Dethloff, Klaus, Divine, Dmitry V., Fong, Allison A., Fons, Steven, Frey, Markus M., Fuchs, Niels, Gabarró, Carolina, Gerland, Sebastian, Goessling, Helge F., Gradinger, Rolf, Haapala, Jari, Haas, Christian, Hamilton, Jonathan, Hannula, Henna-Reetta, Hendricks, Stefan, Herber, Andreas, Heuzé, Céline, Hoppmann, Mario, Høyland, Knut Vilhelm, Huntemann, Marcus, Hutchings, Jennifer K., Hwang, Byongjun, Itkin, Polona, Jacobi, Hans-Werner, Jaggi, Matthias, Jutila, Arttu, Kaleschke, Lars, Katlein, Christian, Kolabutin, Nikolai, Krampe, Daniela, Kristensen, Steen Savstrup, Krumpen, Thomas, Kurtz, Nathan, Lampert, Astrid, Lange, Benjamin Allen, Lei, Ruibo, Light, Bonnie, Linhardt, Felix, Liston, Glen E., Loose, Brice, Macfarlane, Amy R., Mahmud, Mallik, Matero, Ilkka O., Maus, Sönke, Morgenstern, Anne, Naderpour, Reza, Nandan, Vishnu, Niubom, Alexey, Oggier, Marc, Oppelt, Natascha, Pätzold, Falk, Perron, Christophe, Petrovsky, Tomasz, Pirazzini, Roberta, Polashenski, Chris, Rabe, Benjamin, Raphael, Ian A., Regnery, Julia, Rex, Markus, Ricker, Robert, Riemann-Campe, Kathrin, Rinke, Annette, Rohde, Jan, Salganik, Evgenii, Scharien, Randall K., Schiller, Martin, Schneebeli, Martin, Semmling, Maximilian, Shimanchuk, Egor, Shupe, Matthew D., Smith, Madison M., Smolyanitsky, Vasily, Sokolov, Vladimir, Stanton, Tim, Stroeve, Julienne, Thielke, Linda, Timofeeva, Anna, Tonboe, Rasmus Tage, Tavri, Aikaterini, Tsamados, Michel, Wagner, David N., Watkins, Daniel, Webster, Melinda, Wendisch, Manfred, Nicolaus, Marcel, Perovich, Donald K., Spreen, Gunnar, Granskog, Mats A., von Albedyll, Luisa, Angelopoulos, Michael, Anhaus, Philipp, Arndt, Stefanie, Belter, H. Jakob, Bessonov, Vladimir, Birnbaum, Gerit, Brauchle, Jörg, Calmer, Radiance, Cardellach, Estel, Cheng, Bin, Clemens-Sewall, David, Dadic, Ruzica, Damm, Ellen, de Boer, Gijs, Demir, Oguz, Dethloff, Klaus, Divine, Dmitry V., Fong, Allison A., Fons, Steven, Frey, Markus M., Fuchs, Niels, Gabarró, Carolina, Gerland, Sebastian, Goessling, Helge F., Gradinger, Rolf, Haapala, Jari, Haas, Christian, Hamilton, Jonathan, Hannula, Henna-Reetta, Hendricks, Stefan, Herber, Andreas, Heuzé, Céline, Hoppmann, Mario, Høyland, Knut Vilhelm, Huntemann, Marcus, Hutchings, Jennifer K., Hwang, Byongjun, Itkin, Polona, Jacobi, Hans-Werner, Jaggi, Matthias, Jutila, Arttu, Kaleschke, Lars, Katlein, Christian, Kolabutin, Nikolai, Krampe, Daniela, Kristensen, Steen Savstrup, Krumpen, Thomas, Kurtz, Nathan, Lampert, Astrid, Lange, Benjamin Allen, Lei, Ruibo, Light, Bonnie, Linhardt, Felix, Liston, Glen E., Loose, Brice, Macfarlane, Amy R., Mahmud, Mallik, Matero, Ilkka O., Maus, Sönke, Morgenstern, Anne, Naderpour, Reza, Nandan, Vishnu, Niubom, Alexey, Oggier, Marc, Oppelt, Natascha, Pätzold, Falk, Perron, Christophe, Petrovsky, Tomasz, Pirazzini, Roberta, Polashenski, Chris, Rabe, Benjamin, Raphael, Ian A., Regnery, Julia, Rex, Markus, Ricker, Robert, Riemann-Campe, Kathrin, Rinke, Annette, Rohde, Jan, Salganik, Evgenii, Scharien, Randall K., Schiller, Martin, Schneebeli, Martin, Semmling, Maximilian, Shimanchuk, Egor, Shupe, Matthew D., Smith, Madison M., Smolyanitsky, Vasily, Sokolov, Vladimir, Stanton, Tim, Stroeve, Julienne, Thielke, Linda, Timofeeva, Anna, Tonboe, Rasmus Tage, Tavri, Aikaterini, Tsamados, Michel, Wagner, David N., Watkins, Daniel, Webster, Melinda, and Wendisch, Manfred
- Abstract
Year-round observations of the physical snow and ice properties and processes that govern the ice pack evolution and its interaction with the atmosphere and the ocean were conducted during the Multidisciplinary drifting Observatory for the Study of Arctic Climate (MOSAiC) expedition of the research vessel Polarstern in the Arctic Ocean from October 2019 to September 2020. This work was embedded into the interdisciplinary design of the 5 MOSAiC teams, studying the atmosphere, the sea ice, the ocean, the ecosystem, and biogeochemical processes. The overall aim of the snow and sea ice observations during MOSAiC was to characterize the physical properties of the snow and ice cover comprehensively in the central Arctic over an entire annual cycle. This objective was achieved by detailed observations of physical properties and of energy and mass balance of snow and ice. By studying snow and sea ice dynamics over nested spatial scales from centimeters to tens of kilometers, the variability across scales can be considered. On-ice observations of in situ and remote sensing properties of the different surface types over all seasons will help to improve numerical process and climate models and to establish and validate novel satellite remote sensing methods; the linkages to accompanying airborne measurements, satellite observations, and results of numerical models are discussed. We found large spatial variabilities of snow metamorphism and thermal regimes impacting sea ice growth. We conclude that the highly variable snow cover needs to be considered in more detail (in observations, remote sensing, and models) to better understand snow-related feedback processes. The ice pack revealed rapid transformations and motions along the drift in all seasons. The number of coupled ice–ocean interface processes observed in detail are expected to guide upcoming research with respect to the changing Arctic sea ice.
- Published
- 2022
24. Observations of marine cold-air outbreaks: a comprehensive data set of airborne and dropsonde measurements from the Springtime Atmospheric Boundary Layer Experiment (STABLE)
- Author
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Michaelis, Janosch, primary, Schmitt, Amelie U., additional, Lüpkes, Christof, additional, Hartmann, Jörg, additional, Birnbaum, Gerit, additional, and Vihma, Timo, additional
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
25. Thermodynamic and dynamic contributions to seasonal Arctic sea ice thickness distributions from airborne observations
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von Albedyll, Luisa, primary, Hendricks, Stefan, additional, Grodofzig, Raphael, additional, Krumpen, Thomas, additional, Arndt, Stefanie, additional, Belter, H. Jakob, additional, Birnbaum, Gerit, additional, Cheng, Bin, additional, Hoppmann, Mario, additional, Hutchings, Jennifer, additional, Itkin, Polona, additional, Lei, Ruibo, additional, Nicolaus, Marcel, additional, Ricker, Robert, additional, Rohde, Jan, additional, Suhrhoff, Mira, additional, Timofeeva, Anna, additional, Watkins, Daniel, additional, Webster, Melinda, additional, and Haas, Christian, additional
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
26. Overview of the MOSAiC expedition: Snow and sea ice
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Nicolaus, Marcel, primary, Perovich, Donald K., additional, Spreen, Gunnar, additional, Granskog, Mats A., additional, von Albedyll, Luisa, additional, Angelopoulos, Michael, additional, Anhaus, Philipp, additional, Arndt, Stefanie, additional, Belter, H. Jakob, additional, Bessonov, Vladimir, additional, Birnbaum, Gerit, additional, Brauchle, Jörg, additional, Calmer, Radiance, additional, Cardellach, Estel, additional, Cheng, Bin, additional, Clemens-Sewall, David, additional, Dadic, Ruzica, additional, Damm, Ellen, additional, de Boer, Gijs, additional, Demir, Oguz, additional, Dethloff, Klaus, additional, Divine, Dmitry V., additional, Fong, Allison A., additional, Fons, Steven, additional, Frey, Markus M., additional, Fuchs, Niels, additional, Gabarró, Carolina, additional, Gerland, Sebastian, additional, Goessling, Helge F., additional, Gradinger, Rolf, additional, Haapala, Jari, additional, Haas, Christian, additional, Hamilton, Jonathan, additional, Hannula, Henna-Reetta, additional, Hendricks, Stefan, additional, Herber, Andreas, additional, Heuzé, Céline, additional, Hoppmann, Mario, additional, Høyland, Knut Vilhelm, additional, Huntemann, Marcus, additional, Hutchings, Jennifer K., additional, Hwang, Byongjun, additional, Itkin, Polona, additional, Jacobi, Hans-Werner, additional, Jaggi, Matthias, additional, Jutila, Arttu, additional, Kaleschke, Lars, additional, Katlein, Christian, additional, Kolabutin, Nikolai, additional, Krampe, Daniela, additional, Kristensen, Steen Savstrup, additional, Krumpen, Thomas, additional, Kurtz, Nathan, additional, Lampert, Astrid, additional, Lange, Benjamin Allen, additional, Lei, Ruibo, additional, Light, Bonnie, additional, Linhardt, Felix, additional, Liston, Glen E., additional, Loose, Brice, additional, Macfarlane, Amy R., additional, Mahmud, Mallik, additional, Matero, Ilkka O., additional, Maus, Sönke, additional, Morgenstern, Anne, additional, Naderpour, Reza, additional, Nandan, Vishnu, additional, Niubom, Alexey, additional, Oggier, Marc, additional, Oppelt, Natascha, additional, Pätzold, Falk, additional, Perron, Christophe, additional, Petrovsky, Tomasz, additional, Pirazzini, Roberta, additional, Polashenski, Chris, additional, Rabe, Benjamin, additional, Raphael, Ian A., additional, Regnery, Julia, additional, Rex, Markus, additional, Ricker, Robert, additional, Riemann-Campe, Kathrin, additional, Rinke, Annette, additional, Rohde, Jan, additional, Salganik, Evgenii, additional, Scharien, Randall K., additional, Schiller, Martin, additional, Schneebeli, Martin, additional, Semmling, Maximilian, additional, Shimanchuk, Egor, additional, Shupe, Matthew D., additional, Smith, Madison M., additional, Smolyanitsky, Vasily, additional, Sokolov, Vladimir, additional, Stanton, Tim, additional, Stroeve, Julienne, additional, Thielke, Linda, additional, Timofeeva, Anna, additional, Tonboe, Rasmus Tage, additional, Tavri, Aikaterini, additional, Tsamados, Michel, additional, Wagner, David N., additional, Watkins, Daniel, additional, Webster, Melinda, additional, and Wendisch, Manfred, additional
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
27. Measurements and Modeling of Optical-Equivalent Snow Grain Sizes under Arctic Low-Sun Conditions
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Jäkel, Evelyn, primary, Carlsen, Tim, additional, Ehrlich, André, additional, Wendisch, Manfred, additional, Schäfer, Michael, additional, Rosenburg, Sophie, additional, Nakoudi, Konstantina, additional, Zanatta, Marco, additional, Birnbaum, Gerit, additional, Helm, Veit, additional, Herber, Andreas, additional, Istomina, Larysa, additional, Mei, Linlu, additional, and Rohde, Anika, additional
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
28. Observations of marine cold-air outbreaks: A comprehensive data set of airborne and dropsonde measurements from the Springtime Atmospheric Boundary Layer Experiment (STABLE)
- Author
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Michaelis, Janosch, primary, Schmitt, Amelie U., additional, Lüpkes, Christof, additional, Hartmann, Jörg, additional, Birnbaum, Gerit, additional, and Vihma, Timo, additional
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
29. Interannual variability in Transpolar Drift summer sea ice thickness and potential impact of Atlantification
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Belter, H. Jakob, primary, Krumpen, Thomas, additional, von Albedyll, Luisa, additional, Alekseeva, Tatiana A., additional, Birnbaum, Gerit, additional, Frolov, Sergei V., additional, Hendricks, Stefan, additional, Herber, Andreas, additional, Polyakov, Igor, additional, Raphael, Ian, additional, Ricker, Robert, additional, Serovetnikov, Sergei S., additional, Webster, Melinda, additional, and Haas, Christian, additional
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
30. Kilometer-scale digital elevation models of the sea ice surface during MOSAiC with Airborne Laserscanning (ALS)
- Author
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Hutter, Nils, Hendricks, Stefan, Jutila, Arttu, Ricker, Robert, Albedyll, Luisa von, Birnbaum, Gerit, Haas, Christian, Hutter, Nils, Hendricks, Stefan, Jutila, Arttu, Ricker, Robert, Albedyll, Luisa von, Birnbaum, Gerit, and Haas, Christian
- Abstract
An integrated sensor platform including an inertial navigation system (INS) and a commercial airborne laser scanner (ALS) among other sensor was mounted in the cargo compartment in one of the Polarstern helicopters during MOSAiC. ALS data was acquired from more than 60 flights between October 2019 and September 2020 with a range of survey types intended to map changes of the sea ice surface during the full annual cycle at high spatial resolution and coverage. Here we provide an overview of the collected data and the challenge of achieving centimeter elevation accuracy with a helicopter platform at high polar latitudes. The high spatial resolution and repeated coverage of the larger area around Polarstern allow to study various surface features (e.g. pressure ridges, floes, melt ponds, snow drifts, etc.), their seasonal evolution, and their impact on atmosphere and ocean. We outline methods to identify individual floes and surface types using both measured freeboard and surface reflectance. The identified surface features can be followed in time using automated feature tracking for consecutive flights to study the dynamic and thermodynamic processes that shape the sea-ice surface. Finally, we introduce a framework to train novel data methods with the transect snow and ice measurements to predict the snow and sea-ice thickness based on the surface structure in the ALS freeboard data.
- Published
- 2021
31. Interannual variability in Transpolar Drift summer sea ice thickness and potential impact of Atlantification
- Author
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Belter, H. Jakob, Krumpen, Thomas, von Albedyll, Luisa, Alekseeva, Tatiana A., Birnbaum, Gerit, Frolov, Sergei V., Hendricks, Stefan, Herber, Andreas, Polyakov, Igor, Raphael, Ian, Ricker, Robert, Serovetnikov, Sergei S., Webster, Melinda, Haas, Christian, Belter, H. Jakob, Krumpen, Thomas, von Albedyll, Luisa, Alekseeva, Tatiana A., Birnbaum, Gerit, Frolov, Sergei V., Hendricks, Stefan, Herber, Andreas, Polyakov, Igor, Raphael, Ian, Ricker, Robert, Serovetnikov, Sergei S., Webster, Melinda, and Haas, Christian
- Abstract
Changes in Arctic sea ice thickness are the result of complex interactions of the dynamic and variable ice cover with atmosphere and ocean. Most of the sea ice exiting the Arctic Ocean does so through Fram Strait, which is why long-term measurements of ice thickness at the end of the Transpolar Drift provide insight into the integrated signals of thermodynamic and dynamic influences along the pathways of Arctic sea ice. We present an updated summer (July–August) time series of extensive ice thickness surveys carried out at the end of the Transpolar Drift between 2001 and 2020. Overall, we see a more than 20 % thinning of modal ice thickness since 2001. A comparison of this time series with first preliminary results from the international Multidisciplinary drifting Observatory for the Study of Arctic Climate (MOSAiC) shows that the modal summer thickness of the MOSAiC floe and its wider vicinity are consistent with measurements from previous years at the end of the Transpolar Drift. By combining this unique time series with the Lagrangian sea ice tracking tool, ICETrack, and a simple thermodynamic sea ice growth model, we link the observed interannual ice thickness variability north of Fram Strait to increased drift speeds along the Transpolar Drift and the consequential variations in sea ice age. We also show that the increased influence of upward-directed ocean heat flux in the eastern marginal ice zones, termed Atlantification, is not only responsible for sea ice thinning in and around the Laptev Sea but also that the induced thickness anomalies persist beyond the Russian shelves and are potentially still measurable at the end of the Transpolar Drift after more than a year. With a tendency towards an even faster Transpolar Drift, winter sea ice growth will have less time to compensate for the impact processes, such as Atlantification, have on sea ice thickness in the eastern marginal ice zone, which will increasingly be felt in other parts of the sea-ice-covered A
- Published
- 2021
32. Estimating melt pond bathymetry from aerial images using photogrammetry
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Fuchs, Niels, König, Marcel, Birnbaum, Gerit, Fuchs, Niels, König, Marcel, and Birnbaum, Gerit
- Abstract
Melt ponds play a key role for the summery energy budget of the Arctic sea-ice surface. Observational data that enable an integrated understanding and improved formulation of the thermodynamic and hydrological pond system in global climate models are spatially and temporally limited. Previous studies of shallow water bathymetry of riverbeds and lakes, experimental studies above sea ice and increasing availability of high-resolution aerial sea ice imagery motivated us to investigate the possibilities to derive pond bathymetry from photogrammetric multi-view reconstruction of the summery ice surface topography. Based on dedicated flight grids and simple assumptions we were able to obtain pond depth with a mean deviation of 3.5 cm compared to manual in situ observations. The method is independent of pond color and sky conditions, which is an advantage over recently developed radiometric retrieval methods. We present the retrieval algorithm, including requirements to the data recording and survey planning, and a correction method for refraction at the air— pond interface. In addition, we show how the retrieved elevation model synergize with the initial image data to retrieve the water level of each individual pond from the visually determined pond exterior. The study points out the great potential to derive geometric and radiometric properties of the sea-ice surface emerging from the increasingly available image data recorded from UAVs or aircraft.
- Published
- 2021
33. Measurements and Modeling of Optical-Equivalent Snow Grain Sizes under Arctic Low-Sun Conditions
- Author
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Jäckel, Evelyn, Carlsen, Tim, Ehrlich, André, Wendisch, Manfred, Schäfer, Michael, Rosenburg, Sophie, Nakoudi, Konstantina, Zanatta, Marco, Birnbaum, Gerit, Helm, Veit, Herber, Andreas, Istomina, Larysa, Mei, Linlu, Rohde, Anika, Jäckel, Evelyn, Carlsen, Tim, Ehrlich, André, Wendisch, Manfred, Schäfer, Michael, Rosenburg, Sophie, Nakoudi, Konstantina, Zanatta, Marco, Birnbaum, Gerit, Helm, Veit, Herber, Andreas, Istomina, Larysa, Mei, Linlu, and Rohde, Anika
- Published
- 2021
34. Estimating melt pond bathymetry from aerial images using photogrammetry
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Fuchs, Niels, primary, König, Marcel, additional, and Birnbaum, Gerit, additional
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
35. Comparison of complementary methods of melt pond depth retrieval on different spatial scales
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Linhardt, Felix, primary, Fuchs, Niels, additional, König, Marcel, additional, Webster, Melinda, additional, von Albedyll, Luisa, additional, Birnbaum, Gerit, additional, and Oppelt, Natascha, additional
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
36. Observations of Arctic melt ponds and supragacial lakes from airborne camera data
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Neckel, Niklas, primary, Fuchs, Niels, additional, Humbert, Angelika, additional, Helm, Veit, additional, Birnbaum, Gerit, additional, Kaleschke, Lars, additional, and Haas, Christian, additional
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
37. IceBird summer sea ice thickness at the end of the Transpolar Drift from 2001 to 2020
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Belter, H. Jakob, Krumpen, Thomas, von Albedyll, Luisa, Birnbaum, Gerit, Hendricks, Stefan, Haas, Christian, Belter, H. Jakob, Krumpen, Thomas, von Albedyll, Luisa, Birnbaum, Gerit, Hendricks, Stefan, and Haas, Christian
- Abstract
Fram Strait is the main exit gate for sea ice in the Arctic Ocean. Observations of changes in sea ice thickness (SIT) in this region are therefore an integration of time-varying changes along the pathways of sea ice that reaches Fram Strait. We present an extended time series of combined ground-based and airborne electromagnetic induction (EM) measurements of summer (July/August) SIT from within a selected area of interest (AOI, 81 to 86°N, 30°W to 20°E) between Svalbard and Northeastern Greenland, capturing the end of the Transpolar Drift. Measurements were taken within the framework of the regular IceBird Summer campaigns and ship-based expeditions conducted by the Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research between 2001 and 2020. While sea ice reaching the AOI was dominated by multi-year ice (ice older than two years) at the beginning of the time series, the fraction of second and first-year ice increased over the last decade. Mean and modal SIT decreased by about 0.5 m from 2001 to 2018. Minimum values were reached between 2016 and 2018, with 2016 showing the absolute minimum in modal SIT (approximately 1 m). Sea ice reaching the selected AOI was backtracked using the Lagrangian ice tracking tool, ICETrack. Resulting sea ice trajectories show that about 65% of the AOI-sampled ice originated from the Laptev Sea. The simple thermodynamic SIT model introduced by Thorndike (1992, T92) was utilized to model thermodynamic sea ice growth along the trajectories. The thermodynamic model generates ice thicknesses that are comparable to the modal thickness from EM measurements. T92 shows a general underestimation of AOI EM SIT for all years except 2016, when the modal AOI EM SIT is overestimated by about 0.4 m. This model overestimation was potentially connected to the increased upward ocean heat flux and more specifically a strong atlantification event in the regions of ice formation along the Russian shelves in 2015 (Polyakov, 2017).
- Published
- 2020
38. Parameterizing anisotropic reflectance of snow surfaces from airborne digital camera observations in Antarctica
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Carlsen, Tim, Birnbaum, Gerit, Ehrlich, André, Helm, Veit, Jäckel, Evelyn, Schäfer, Michael, Wendisch, Manfred, Carlsen, Tim, Birnbaum, Gerit, Ehrlich, André, Helm, Veit, Jäckel, Evelyn, Schäfer, Michael, and Wendisch, Manfred
- Published
- 2020
39. Mapping the Bathymetry of Melt Ponds on Arctic Sea Ice Using Hyperspectral Imagery
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König, Marcel, Birnbaum, Gerit, Oppelt, N., König, Marcel, Birnbaum, Gerit, and Oppelt, N.
- Published
- 2020
40. ‘Surface Drag in the Arctic Marginal Sea-ice Zone: A Comparison of Different Parameterisation Concepts’
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Lüpkes, Christof and Birnbaum, Gerit
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- 2005
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
41. Comparison of optical-equivalent snow grain size estimates under Arctic low Sun conditions during PAMARCMiP 2018
- Author
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Jäkel, Evelyn, primary, Carlsen, Tim, additional, Ehrlich, André, additional, Wendisch, Manfred, additional, Schäfer, Michael, additional, Rosenburg, Sophie, additional, Nakoudi, Konstantina, additional, Zanatta, Marco, additional, Birnbaum, Gerit, additional, Helm, Veit, additional, Herber, Andreas, additional, Istomina, Larysa, additional, Mei, Linlu, additional, and Rohde, Anika, additional
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
42. Parameterizing anisotropic reflectance of snow surfaces from airborne digital camera observations in Antarctica
- Author
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Carlsen, Tim, primary, Birnbaum, Gerit, additional, Ehrlich, André, additional, Helm, Veit, additional, Jäkel, Evelyn, additional, Schäfer, Michael, additional, and Wendisch, Manfred, additional
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
43. Mesoscale Modelling of the Arctic Atmospheric Boundary Layer and Its Interaction with Sea Ice
- Author
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Lüpkes, Christof, primary, Vihma, Timo, additional, Birnbaum, Gerit, additional, Dierer, Silke, additional, Garbrecht, Thomas, additional, Gryanik, Vladimir M., additional, Gryschka, Micha, additional, Hartmann, Jörg, additional, Heinemann, Günther, additional, Kaleschke, Lars, additional, Raasch, Siegfried, additional, Savijärvi, Hannu, additional, Schlünzen, K. Heinke, additional, and Wacker, Ulrike, additional
- Published
- 2011
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
44. Mapping the Bathymetry of Melt Ponds on Arctic Sea Ice Using Hyperspectral Imagery
- Author
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König, Marcel, primary, Birnbaum, Gerit, additional, and Oppelt, Natascha, additional
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
45. Observations of marine cold-air outbreaks: A comprehensive data set of airborne and dropsonde measurements from the Springtime Atmospheric Boundary Layer Experiment (STABLE).
- Author
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Michaelis, Janosch, Schmitt, Amelie U., Lüpkes, Christof, Hartmann, Jörg, Birnbaum, Gerit, and Vihma, Timo
- Subjects
ATMOSPHERIC boundary layer ,PANGAEA (Supercontinent) ,WEATHER ,AIR masses ,SERVER farms (Computer network management) ,MODEL validation - Abstract
In March 2013, the Springtime Atmospheric Boundary Layer Experiment (STABLE) was carried out in the region of Fram Strait and over Svalbard to investigate atmospheric convection and boundary layer modifications due to interactions between sea ice, atmosphere, and open water. A major goal was the observation of marine cold-air outbreaks (MCAOs), which are typically characterised by a transport of very cold air masses from the ice-covered ocean over a relatively warm water surface, and which often affect local and regional weather conditions. During STABLE, such MCAOs were observed on four days within a period of a strongly northward shifted sea ice edge north of Svalbard and thus with an unusually large Whaler's Bay Polynya. The observations mainly consisted of in situ measurements from airborne instruments and of measurements by dropsondes. Here, we present the corresponding data set from, in total, 15 aircraft vertical profiles and 22 dropsonde releases. Besides an overview on flight patterns and instrumentation, we provide a detailed presentation of the individual quality-processing mechanisms, which ensure that the data can be used, for example, for model validation. A few remarks are also given on data quality and on some characteristics of the MCAOs based on the quality-processed data. All 37 data series are published in the World Data Center PANGAEA (Lüpkes et al., 2021a, https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.936635). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
46. Temporal evolution of snow grain size
- Author
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Birnbaum, Gerit, Donth, Tobias, Pohl, Christine, Birnbaum, Gerit, Donth, Tobias, and Pohl, Christine
- Published
- 2019
47. Evaluation of atmospheric models using radio sounding observations on the Antarctic plateau
- Author
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Birnbaum, Gerit, Krueger, Konstantin, Lüpkes, Christof, Schäfer, Michael, van Wessem, Jan Melchior, Loose, Bernd, Birnbaum, Gerit, Krueger, Konstantin, Lüpkes, Christof, Schäfer, Michael, van Wessem, Jan Melchior, and Loose, Bernd
- Published
- 2019
48. Polarexpeditionen - Mit einer Forscherin ins ewige Eis
- Author
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Birnbaum, Gerit and Birnbaum, Gerit
- Published
- 2019
49. IceBird - A Pan-Arctic Airborne Sea Ice Observation System
- Author
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Hendricks, Stefan, Haas, Christian, Krumpen, Thomas, Herber, Andreas, Birnbaum, Gerit, Ricker, Robert, Jutila, Arttu, Hendricks, Stefan, Haas, Christian, Krumpen, Thomas, Herber, Andreas, Birnbaum, Gerit, Ricker, Robert, and Jutila, Arttu
- Published
- 2019
50. Modelling the climate and surface mass balance of polar ice sheets using RACMO2 - Part 2
- Author
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van Wessem, J.M., Jan Van De Berg, Willem, Noël, Brice P.Y., van Meijgaard, Erik, Amory, Charles, Birnbaum, Gerit, Jakobs, Constantijn L., Krüger, Konstantin, Lenaerts, Jan T.M., Lhermitte, Stef, Ligtenberg, Stefan R.M., Medley, Brooke, Reijmer, Carleen H., Van Tricht, Kristof, Trusel, Luke D., van Ulft, Lambertus H., Wouters, Bert, Wuite, Jan, Van Den Broeke, Michiel R., Sub Dynamics Meteorology, Marine and Atmospheric Research, Sub Dynamics Meteorology, and Marine and Atmospheric Research
- Subjects
lcsh:GE1-350 ,geography ,geography.geographical_feature_category ,010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences ,lcsh:QE1-996.5 ,Antarctic ice sheet ,010502 geochemistry & geophysics ,Snow ,Atmospheric sciences ,01 natural sciences ,Ice shelf ,Ice-sheet model ,lcsh:Geology ,Glacier mass balance ,13. Climate action ,Climatology ,Snowmelt ,Environmental science ,Climate model ,Ice sheet ,lcsh:Environmental sciences ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences ,Water Science and Technology ,Earth-Surface Processes - Abstract
We evaluate modelled Antarctic ice sheet (AIS) near-surface climate, surface mass balance (SMB) and surface energy balance (SEB) from the updated polar version of the regional atmospheric climate model, RACMO2 (1979–2016). The updated model, referred to as RACMO2.3p2, incorporates upper-air relaxation, a revised topography, tuned parameters in the cloud scheme to generate more precipitation towards the AIS interior and modified snow properties reducing drifting snow sublimation and increasing surface snowmelt. Comparisons of RACMO2 model output with several independent observational data show that the existing biases in AIS temperature, radiative fluxes and SMB components are further reduced with respect to the previous model version. The model-integrated annual average SMB for the ice sheet including ice shelves (minus the Antarctic Peninsula, AP) now amounts to 2229 Gt y−1, with an interannual variability of 109 Gt y−1. The largest improvement is found in modelled surface snowmelt, which now compares well with satellite and weather station observations. For the high-resolution (∼ 5.5 km) AP simulation, results remain comparable to earlier studies. The updated model provides a new, high-resolution data set of the contemporary near-surface climate and SMB of the AIS; this model version will be used for future climate scenario projections in a forthcoming study.
- Published
- 2018
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