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This research presents a new species in the genus Conocybe collected from the tropical semi-arid District Karak, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. Morphological features, and DNA barcoding marker (ITS-region) were used for the systematic placement of Conocybe karakensis. The present species is characterized by having a medium-sized fruiting body, semi-ovate, orange-colored pileus, free, spaced, and regular lamellae with a central, light brown stipe, thick-walled, oblong basidiospores and clavate shaped, tetra-sterigamtic basidia. Molecularly, initial Blast analysis and the phylogenetic analyses showed that Pakistani collection is closely related to Conocybe velutipes. In the phylogenetic tree, ITS sequences of Pakistani collection clustered in a separate clade sister to Conocybe velutipes. This study provides full description, illustrations, and phylogenetic analyses to distinguish this novel taxon from its closest relatives.

Conocybe karakensis T. Ullah & M. Saba sp. nov., (Fig. 2A–E, 3. a–b and 4A–G) MycoBank: MB 843865 Etymology:—‘karakensis’ refers to the locality Karak District where the type specimen was collected. Diagnosis:—The diagnostic features of Conocybe karakensis sp. nov. are; medium size cap, semi-ovate pileus with deep reddish-orange (10R 4/12 #AF3615) to dark reddish-orange (10R 4/10 #A73F27) color; light brown, large sized stipe; thick-walled, light brown, oblong basidiospores; clavate shaped basidia; inhabiting in the tropical area (mixture of sand and loam soil). Type:— PAKISTAN. Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province: Karak District (Mianki banda), N71º7ʹ67ʺ E32º9ʹ41ʺ, elev. 340 m, in sandy and loamy soil, 4 March 2017, Tauseef Ullah (KTK-05). Description:—Small to medium size fruiting bodies having no prominent odor. Pileus 5–6 cm broad and 0.2–0.5 cm thick, smooth, semi-ovate, fleshy at the initial stage but later on become collapsed and auto-degraded at maturity, epigeous, no discoloration on touching, lack of fibrillose scale on surface, striate margin, deep reddish orange in color (10R 4/12 #AF3615) at disk while turning dark reddish orange (10R 4/10 #A73F27) toward the margin. Lamellae 2–3 cm broad, dark reddish-orange in color, free, spaced with intercalated lemellulae of one tire. Stipe ranging from 6–8 cm long and 3–5 mm thick, entirely smooth, cylindrical, woody, solid, central, and deep reddish orange to dark radish orange in color. Basidiospores 11.8–15 × 7.2–9.7 μm, elongated, oblong-shaped, smooth and thick-walled having prominent black colour, non-amyloid, apiculus not observed, oil globule absent, light brown in 5% KOH, dark brown in Congo Red while light greenish in lactophenol. Basidia 14.8–25 × 10–13.5 μm, bisterigmatic or tetrasterigmatic bearing two or four spores, sharped sterigmata (2.3–5.4 μm), nearly ellipsoid-obovoid shaped, rounded base, thin-walled, non-amyloid, oil globules absent. Cheilocystidia 22.3–38.5 × 6.4–11.8 μm, clavate shaped, light brown in color. Pleurocystidia 12.2 –23.6 × 8.2–11.4 µm, smooth and thin-walled, slightly depressed at centre, broadly clavate shaped, light brown in KOH, somewhat greenish in lactophenol while dark brown in Congo Red dye and rare in number. Pileipellis material 5.2–20.4 μm, smooth and thick-walled, oblong, sub-spherical to spherical shaped. Hymenophoral trama irregular, composed of thin-walled hyphae ranging from 10.5–22.6 broad. Stipitipellis 18.3–28.3 μm broad, cylindrical, brown in color, regular, septate, unbranched, clamp connection absent. Habit and habitat:—This species was found solitary in a tropical habitat during the spring season (March) on loam soil mixed with sand soil surrounded by Cynodon dectylon (L.) Pers and Treticum aestivum (L.). Distribution:—Only known from Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. Edibility:—Unknown. Other specimen examined:— PAKISTAN. Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province: District Karak, Takht-e-Nasrati, N71º7ʹ67ʺ E32º9ʹ41ʺ elev. 340 m, in wheat field, 9 March 2018, Tauseef Ullah (KTK-06)., Published as part of Ullah, Tauseef, Ullah, Khetab, Saba, Malka & Shah, Fahim Hussain, 2023, Conocybe karakensis sp. nov. (Bolbitiaceae, Agaricales) from Pakistan, pp. 135-148 in Phytotaxa 584 (3) on pages 142-144, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.584.3.1, http://zenodo.org/record/7645598

The data about finds of some new and rare for Ukraine taxa of the genera Conocybe and Pholiotina are reported. Four species (Conocybe intrusa, C. subalpina, Pholiotina intermedia, P. vexans) and two varieties (Conocybe albipes var. rugata and C. juniana var. juniana) are reported for Ukraine for the first time in, while for four species (Conocybe pilosella, C. pulchella, C. rostellata and C. subovalis) new localities are recorded. Data on distribution in Ukraine and in the world are presented for all reported representatives of both genera. For the taxa newly reported for Ukraine, descriptions and original drawings of the collected specimens are provided. Since all new for Ukraine species and varieties (excluding C. subalpina) were earlier reported by the author (Prydiuk, 2015) as potentially present in our country, their descriptions given in the article have been corrected according to new data. Particular attention is paid to C. albipes var. rugata and C. intrusa. The fruit bodies of the first taxon probably contain phallotoxins which were found in the fruit bodies of C. albipes var. albipes; therefore, it is a potentially dangerous poisonous fungus. The second fungus is an alien thermophilic species in Europe and Ukraine.

Three species of Panaeolus were collected in the western region of Paraná State, South Brazil. Panaeolus sylvaticus is proposed as a new species, based on macro- and micromorphological features and substrate (rotten wood and litter). Panaeolus antillarum and P. papilionaceus var. parvisporus, two coprophilous and widely distributed species, are also reported. All species are illustrated and discussed in detail, regarding their taxonomy, ecology and distribution. A key to the known species of Panaeolus from Paraná State is presented.

In this 8th contribution to the Fungal Systematics and Evolution series published by Sydowia, the authors formally describe 11 species: Cortinarius caryae, C. flavolilacinus, C. lilaceolamellatus, C. malodorus, C. olivaceolamellatus, C. quercophilus, C. violaceoflavescens, C. viridicarneus, Entoloma meridionale (Agaricales), Hortiboletus rupicapreus (Boletales), and Paraglomus peruvianum (Paraglomerales). The following new country records are reported: Bolbitius callistus (Agaricales) from Russia and Hymenoscyphus equiseti (Helotiales) from Sweden. Hymenoscyphus equiseti is proposed as a new combination for Lanzia equiseti, based on ITS and LSU sequence data in combination with morphological study.

A critical revision of the genera Conocybe and Pholiotina from the Sverdlovsk Region based on materials from Museum of the Institute of Plant and Animal Ecology (SVER), Mycological Herbarium of the Komarov Botanical Institute (LE) and recent collections made in 2013–2016 is presented. A checklist of these taxa is provided. The previously published information on the species of Conocybe and Pholiotina from the Sverdlovsk Region is corrected. In all, 34 species and intraspecific taxa of Conocybe and Pholiotina (24 and 10, respectively) were found, 33 of them are confirmed by samples. Twenty five taxa are new to the Sverdlovsk Region.

Eight new species presented are Calostoma areolatum collected in Wuyishan National Park (China), Crinipellis bidens from Hubei Province (China), Lactifluus sainii from Himalayan India, Inocybe elata from Yunnan (China), Inocybe himalayensis from Pakistan. Specimens previously identified as Massalongia carnosa represent a new species, namely M. patagonica restricted to southern South America. Saprolegnia maragheica is a new oomycete species of fresh water in Maraghe (Iran). Uncispora wuzhishanensis is a new aquatic hyphomycete species. A type specimen of Raddetes turkestanicus was studied and based on this the new combination Conocybe turkestanica, is proposed. Argyranthemum frutescens is a new host for Alternaria alternata and Syzygium cumini for Phyllosticta capitalensis in India. Crepidotus ehrendorferi is confirmed for Hungary and Pluteus leucoborealis for Central Europe, and for the phytogeographical region of Carpaticum. Pseudopithomyces palmicola is shown to occur on grapevine and it is validated by adding a unique identifier. Terfezia fanfani is reported first from Algeria.

A new species, Descolea quercina, is described and illustrated from Northern parts of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. It is characterized by medium to large basidiomata, squamose to squamose-granulose hygrophanous pileus, and limoniform, verrucose basidiospores with partly concrescent verrucae. Phylogenetic analyses of nuc rDNA region encompassing the internal transcribed spacers 1 and 2 along with 5.8S rDNA (ITS) and nuc 28S rDNA D1-D2 domains (28S) also confirmed it as a new species. A comparison with similar taxa is provided.

A study of diversity of coprophilous species of Conocybe was carried out in Punjab state of India during the years 2007 to 2011. This research paper represents 22 collections belonging to 16 Conocybe species growing on five diverse dung types. The species include Conocybe albipes, C. apala, C. brachypodii, C. crispa, C. fuscimarginata, C. lenticulospora, C. leucopus, C. magnicapitata, C. microrrhiza var. coprophila var. nov., C. moseri, C. rickenii, C. subpubescens, C. subxerophytica var. subxerophytica, C. subxerophytica var. brunnea, C. uralensis and C. velutipes. For all these taxa, dung types on which they were found growing are mentioned and their distinctive characters are described and compared with similar taxa along with a key for their identification. The taxonomy of ten taxa is discussed along with the drawings of morphological and anatomical features. Conocybe microrrhiza var. coprophila is proposed as a new variety. As many as six taxa, namely C. albipes, C. fuscimarginata, C. lenticulospora, C. leucopus, C. moseri and C. subpubescens are the first time records from India. Conocybe velutipes is the first time record from North India.

Six species recorded from Russia in the genus Bolbitius were studied. Among them, B. bisporus and B. pallidus are described as new in this paper. Comprehensive descriptions of all species, illustrations, photographs and comparisons with similar taxa are provided. Phylogenetic analyses were conducted to aid in taxa delimitation as well as identification of species boundaries in the genus Bolbitius. Molecular phylogenetic reconstructions inferred from maximum likelihood and Bayesian analyses were based on combined datasets: nrITS-nrLSU for the whole set of studied species and nrITS-tef1-mtSSU for B. titubans specimens. The molecular data of three genetic markers indicate the existence of at least three divergent lineages in B. titubans, and each may represent an independent taxonomic unit, which suggests that B. titubans is likely a species complex rather than one widely distributed taxon.

We describe and illustrate thallic conidiogenesis in 14 species of the Bolbitiaceae sensu Singer studied in culture. Conidiogenesis of 12 species is shown for the first time. Bolbitius vitellinus and the investigated species of Conocybe (C. albipes, C. appendiculata, C. magnicapitata, C. semiglobata, C. subovalis, C. subpubescens, C. sulcatipes and C. teneroides) possessed a similar mode of conidiogenesis. Species of both genera formed mostly coiled conidiogenous hyphae arising sympodially from differentiated conidiophores. The anamorphs of the Agrocybe species were not uniform and predominantly differed from those of Conocybe and Bolbitius. The conidia of Agrocybe dura, A. firma and A. praecox developed by the simple fragmentation of normally branched hyphae. Sympodially proliferating conidiophores occurred in Agrocybe arvalis and A. aegerita. Secretory cells of different size and shape were found in Agrocybe and in Conocybe. Our results corroborate a close phylogenetic relationship between Bolbitius and Conocybe as well as the polyphyly of the Bolbitiaceae as currently treated, which is consistent with recent molecular phylogenetic studies. Consequently we emend the family concept based on anamorphic characters.

Die ersten europaischen Funde von Conocybe tuxlaensisSinger und C. zeylanica (Petch) Boedijn werden makro- und mikroskopisch beschrieben und mit ausereuropaischem Material verglichen. Mikrozeichnungen der beiden Arten werden gegeben. Conocybe tuxlaensis and C. zeylanica (Bolbitiaceae) – new species for Europe First European finds of Conocybe tuxlaensisSinger and C. zeylanica(Petch) Boedijn are described macro- and microscopically and compared with extra-European material. Microscopical drawings of the two species are given.

In this study, the cultural characteristics of Hebeloma eburneum Malencon ( Basidiomycota, Bolbitiaceae ) that included morphological and anatomical features and their natural spread in Turkey were investigated. Basidiomata of Hebeloma eburneum usually grows single or in groups, with fleshy caps of 4 to 8 cm in diameter. The cuticle of pileus is white and pinkish from the center toward the edges. Tissue fragments of H. eburneum basidiomata mycelium that formed white-pinkish pigmentation were investigated with light microscope and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). In SEM examinations, the surface of spores was not flat, but has a rough structure. Key words : Hebeloma eburneum , Bolbitiaceae, Basidiomycota, radial growth speed.

Setchelliogaster rheophyllus, comb. nova, is described and illustrated. The species originally described from North Africa as Naucoria was confused in Spain with S. tenuipes. It is interesting for its systematic position between agaricoid and secotioid Basidiomycetes. It fruits in winter in humus of Eucalyptus globulus in allochthonous affore stations in Asturias and Vizcaya in northern Spain. The genus Setchelliogaster is interpreted as a secotioid member of the Bolbitiaceae.

Reconciling traditional classifications, morphology, and the phylogenetic relationships of brown-spored agaric mushrooms has proven difficult in many groups, due to extensive convergence in morphological features. Here, we address the monophyly of the Bolbitiaceae, a family with over 700 described species and examine the higher-level relationships within the family using a newly constructed multilocus dataset (ITS, nrLSU rDNA and EF1-alpha). We tested whether the fast-evolving Internal Transcribed Spacer (ITS) sequences can be accurately aligned across the family, by comparing the outcome of two iterative alignment refining approaches (an automated and a manual) and various indel-treatment strategies. We used PRANK to align sequences in both cases. Our results suggest that – although PRANK successfully evades overmatching of gapped sites, referred previously to as alignment overmatching – it infers an unrealistically high number of indel events with natively generated guide-trees. This 'alignment undermatching' could be avoided by using more rigorous (e.g. ML) guide trees. The trees inferred in this study support the monophyly of the core Bolbitiaceae, with the exclusion of Panaeolus, Agrocybe, and some of the genera formerly placed in the family. Bolbitius and Conocybe were found monophyletic, however, Pholiotina and Galerella require redefinition. The phylogeny revealed that stipe coverage type is a poor predictor of phylogenetic relationships, indicating the need for a revision of the intrageneric relationships within Conocybe.

A new species, Galerella nigeriensis, from southwestern Nigeria is described. It is characterized by a strongly plicate, dry, yellowish to orange brown pileus, whitish veil on pileus and stipe base, white and pubescent stipe, thick-walled, mostly flattened spores, tibiiform to lageniform cheilocystidia, and presence of hymenophysalides (recorded for the first time in the genus Galerella). Black and white photographs of basidiomata and microscopic elements accompany the description. G. nigeriensis is compared to related species and a worldwide diagnostic key to the genus Galerella is provided.

A field research of Nigerian mycobiota was conducted in the summer of 2008. A new species, Galerella nigeriensis nom. prov., was found in southwestern part of Nigeria, at the edge of heavily disturbed secondary tropical forest, on a rotten stump. It is characterized by strongly plicate, pale yellowish brown to light orange brown pileus with darker centre, whitish veil on pileus and stipe base, white and pubescent stipe, thick-walled, mostly flattened and somewhat angular spores, tibiiform to lageniform cheilocystidia, and the presence of pileo- and caulocystidia. The species is described and illustrated by color photographs of macro- and micromorphological characters. G. nigeriensis is compared with already known species in the genus.

On the basis of studies of about 100 collections of the groupConocybe mesospora and after comparison of extra-European material we conclude that, within the European representatives of this complex, it is necessary to distinguish nine species and two varieties. Three new species are described:Conocybe subxerophyticaSing. & Hauskn.,C. minimaSing. & Hauskn. andC. robertiSing. & Hauskn.C. mesospora var.subalpinaSing. is now recognized as an autonomous species, butC. brunneola (Kuhn. ex)Kuhn. & Watling is understood as variety ofC. microspora (Velen.)Dennis.C. excedens var.pseudomesosporaSing. & Hauskn. is described as a new variety.C. affinisSing. is indicated for Europe.C. microspermaSing. is the new name ofC. microspora (Vel.)Dennis ss.Dennis. A full description of nine taxa of this group is given and a key to 11 taxa occurring in Europe added. Seven taxa are illustrated for the first time with colored photographs. All taxa known to us from other continents and belonging to theC. mesospora group have been compared with the most similar European species or varieties.

Agaricus fragilis Linnaeus, Species Plantarum 2: 1175. 1753, nom. illeg. "Habitat ad ambulacra." RCN: 8431. Type not designated. Original material: [icon] in Vaillant, Bot. Paris.: 60, t. 11, f. 16, 17, 18. 1727. Current name: Bolbitius tibitans (Bull.: Fr.) Fr. (Bolbitiaceae). Note: Index Fungorum observes that this is a homonym of A. fragilis Batsch: Fr. 1789, nec Pers.: Fr. 1801, and therefore illegitimate., Published as part of Jarvis, Charlie, 2007, Chapter 7: Linnaean Plant Names and their Types (part A), pp. 252-342 in Order out of Chaos. Linnaean Plant Types and their Types, London :Linnaean Society of London in association with the Natural History Museum on page 267, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.291971

Agaricus campanulatus Linnaeus, Species Plantarum 2: 1175. 1753. "Habitat in Pratis." RCN: 8432. Lectotype (Gerhardt in Biblioth. Bot. 147: 117. 1996): [icon] "Fungus multiplex, obtuse conicus, colore griseo murino" in Vaillant, Bot. Paris.: 71, t. 12, f. 1, 2. 1727. Current name: Panaeolus campanulatus (L.: Fr.) Quél. (Bolbitiaceae). Note: Gerhardt treated this as a nomen dubium as it evidently differs from the sanctioned A. campanulatus Fr. (1821)., Published as part of Jarvis, Charlie, 2007, Chapter 7: Linnaean Plant Names and their Types (part A), pp. 252-342 in Order out of Chaos. Linnaean Plant Types and their Types, London :Linnaean Society of London in association with the Natural History Museum on page 267, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.291971