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Addressing archaeology’s most compelling substantive challenges requires synthetic research that exploits the large and rapidly expanding corpus of systematically collected archaeological data. That, in turn, demands an integration procedure that preserves the semantics of the data when combining datasets collected by multiple investigators who employ different systematics in their recording. To that end, we have developed a general procedure that we call query-directed, on-the-fly data integration that is deployed within the tDAR (the Digital Archaeological Record) digital repository. The integration procedure employs ontologies that are mapped to the original data sets. Integration of the ontology-based dataset representations is done at the time the query is executed, based on the specific content of the query. In this way, the original data recording is preserved and data are aggregated only to the extent necessary to obtain semantic comparability. Our presentation draws examples from the largest application to date: an effort by a research community of Southwest US faunal analysts. Using 24 ontologies developed to cover a broad range of observed faunal variables, we can now integrate faunal data from 37 projects investigating the late prehistoric northern Southwest, including more than 378,000 individually recorded specimens.

The results of phased data recovery efforts for the City of Phoenix Aviation Department in advance of construction of the PHX Sky Train are presented in this report. Investigations were conducted within the Sky Train's 44th Street Station area, located immediately west of 44th Street and south of the Grand Canal in Phoenix, Arizona. Twelve medium to large prehistoric canals were encountered during the project, which was an anticipated discovery given the project's location northwest of the Park of Four Waters at Pueblo Grande Museum and Cultural Park and in the trajectory of main canals that fed prehistoric Canal System 2. Unexpected was the discovery of prehistoric irrigated field systems comprised of ditches and field areas. This project provided the first plan exposure of such systems in the Salt River Valley. Also encountered during the project were several canal-side water catchment features and Hohokam habitation structures. The structures included pithouses, probably used a seasonal farm-houses, and a surface adobe structure, with associated pits, which was occupied more permanently as a farmstead. The ages of the archaeological remains ranged from the later Colonial period through the early Classic period, roughly AD 850-1350. The numbers and types of features documented by the project illustrate that people were using the canals and local terrain in a variety of ways, despite the intrusion of several large System 2 trunk canals through the area. Within the project area, land use, subsistence practices, and irrigation were inextricably intertwined. The results of the project reveal the Hohokam's intimate knowledge of their landscape and how to manipulate it to best advantage. The findings highlight why the study of the irrigated spaces between prehistoric settlements is crucial to fully understand how the Hohokam managed to thrive for so many centuries in their desert environment.

Arizona Department of Transportation (ADOT) proposed widening Interstate 10 (I-10) in northern Pima County, Arizona. Desert Archaeology, Inc., was contracted to mitigate the potential effects construction would have on significant cultural resources. A phased data recovery program was completed that addressed construction impacts at five archaeological sites along the l-10 corridor. Phase 1, exploratory trenching, tested for subsurface deposits at AZ AA:12:51 (ASM), AA:12:252 (ASM), AZ AA:12:486 (ASM), and AZ AA:12:256 (ASM). Cultural deposits were not identified in the project area at AA:12:486 or AA:12:256, and these two sites were excluded from further work. Phase 2 investigations, consisting of horizontal mechanical stripping and hand-excavation, mitigated the remaining two sites and revealed a canal complex recorded as AZ AA:12:961 (ASM). Results as a whole for the project area indicate a sequence of small, dispersed activity locales, which were occupied intermittently over an exceedingly long duration of time. AA:12:252 included a small, limited-activity area consisting of clustered pits that date from the Agua Caliente phase to the Tortolita phase. Components at AA:12:51 are not dissimilar, and indicate occupations perhaps as early as the unnamed phase, with reoccupations during the San Pedro, Tortolita and Early Rincon phases. Environmental and subsistence data, artifacts, and features were generally infrequent at the investigated sites, making interpretations tenuous. The most significant finding was a San Pedro phase irrigated field system and associated canals, AA:12:961, at AA:12:51. Multiple crops were grown during a limited interval, and the structure of the field demonstrates a high degree of irrigation competency.

Salt River Project Agricultural Improvement and Power District (SRP) has planned and partially constructed an 88-mile-long 500-kV extra-high-voltage transmission line linking the Pinal West, Duke, Pinal Central, Abel, and Dinosaur substations (Arizona Corporate Commission Certificate of Environmental Compatibility, Case No. 126) in south-central Arizona. The transmission line between the Dinosaur and proposed Pinal Central substations has already been constructed; the portion connecting the proposed Pinal Central and Pinal West substations has not been constructed yet. This report presents the results of Phase I data recovery (extent testing) and Phase II data recovery within a 40-m-wide (130 ft) corridor at three sites located on privately owned lands between the Pinal Central and Pinal West substations and at two sites located within the boundary of the proposed Pinal Central Substation. The sites are situated in central Pinal County south and east of the town of Casa Grande. Logan Simpson Design Inc. (LSD) completed the fieldwork between November 2011 and January 2012.

The Arizona Department of Transportation (ADOT), through its contractor, HDR Engineering, Inc., requested that Desert Archaeology, Inc., conduct Phase 1 and Phase 2 archaeological data recovery investigations at seven prehistoric sites along U.S. 191, approximately 1 mile west of the Navajo community of Wide Ruins, Apache County, Arizona (Elson and Herr 2005; Herr 2006b). The investigations were conducted in the Area of Potential Effects (APE) for construction of a northbound passing lane and turn lanes at the future intersection of Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA) Road N9345. Between 19 June and 6 July 2006, Phase 1 exploratory investigations were conducted at six sites; a seventh site was examined because human bone had been reported eroding from the road-cut (Benallie 1993). After these intial investigations, Phase 2 data recovery investigations were recommended for four sites: Red Ant, AZ-P-36-81 (NN)/ AZ K:10:28 (ASM); Black Ant, AZ-P-36-70 (NN)/AZ K:10:8 (ASM); Kanine, AZ-P-36-122 (NN)/ AZ K:10:9 (ASM); and Kin Ten Ten, AZ-P-36-125 (NN)/AZ K:10:10 (ASM). The research potential of AZ-P-36-115 (NN)/AZ K:10:12 (ASM) and AZ-P-36-116 (NN)/AZ K:10:13 (ASM) within the APE was exhausted by the exploratory investigations and no further work was conducted at those sites. No human bone was identified in the road-cut at AZ-P- 36-66 (NN)/K:10:11 (ASM), so no work was conducted there. After an on-site review of the Phase 1 work held on 5 July 2006, with Mark Brodbeck (HDR Engineering), William Doelle (Desert Archaeology), Sarah Herr (Desert Archaeology), Ron Maldonado (NNHPD), and David Zimmerman (ADOT), Desert Archaeology's recommendations for Phase 2 data recovery were reviewed and approved. The second phase of work was conducted between 10 July and 24 August 2006. A final tour for agency personnel was held on 14 August 2006. A total of 295 crew and 143 supervisor field person-days were spent on data recovery excavations. In this final report, the results of fieldwork and the analyses of artifacts and samples from the six sites investigated during the U.S. 191 Wide Ruins Archaeological project are presented. The current project provides a starting point from which to examine how this place has been used for centuries. Many layers of history are evoked by the landscape, from the shifting sand dunes and waterways measured in geologic time, the life history of houses and settlements explored in archaeological time, and the timeless history of the Navajo, Hopi, and Zuni groups who value and steward the land.

Results of large-scale excavations conducted by Desert Archaeology, Inc., personnel in 2000, at the Julian Wash site, AZ BB:13:17 (ASM), are reported in two volumes. Data recovery focused on portions of the site that were to be directly impacted by construction of the new highway interchange, while portions of the site not impacted were set aside as preserves later incorporated into a regional park. Excavations focused on four areas with concentrations of prehistoric cultural features. The investigations resulted in the partial or complete excavation of 244 features: 90 pit structures or possible structures, 35 human burial features from a single cemetery, and 119 extramural features. Over 59,000 artifacts were collected in addition to hundreds of soil, mineral, pollen, radiocarbon, and archaeomagnetic samples. Most of the features were prehistoric, ranging in age from the Late Cienega phase (400 B.C.-A.D. 50) to the Late Rincon phase (A.D. 1100-1150), although a small Historic era ditch and single modern dog and modern cat burials were also uncovered. Long term residential stability of up to several hundred years was documented for some multigenerational households at Julian Wash represented by overbuilt courtyard groups. Some level of larger macrosocial unit was indicated by a cemetery that was clearly linked to a larger-than-household social unit. Data were synthesized for all the various excavations at the site, and the most likely location of the central plaza is identified. The single most significant discovery of the project was demonstrable proof that Sedentary period (A.D. 950-1150) inhabitants were acquiring sand, and presumably clay, from the western side of the Santa Cruz River for the production of pottery on site and that the village-level specialization in pottery production previously documented at the West Branch site, AZ AA:16:3 (ASM), was occurring at a cluster of settlements in the southern Tucson Basin, Julian Wash included, all of which shared the same resources. Other important findings included the documentation of specific ritual behavior involving the use of palettes and evidence of varied craft and food production activities.

This document summarizes the results of a phased archaeological data recovery program along a narrow pipeline corridor between the Pima County Regional Wastewater Reclamation Department’s existing Roger Road and Ina Road facilities. The work was conducted by Northland Research, Inc. prior to the installation of a new gravity-flow sewer line connecting the two wastewater facilities. Northland’s Pima County Plant Interconnect Project (PCPIP) investigated seven archaeological sites that have been determined eligible for the National Register of Historic Places under Criterion D (information potential). The investigations were designed to document, collect, and analyze data from those portions of the sites that fell within the pipeline corridor.

Results of large-scale excavations conducted by Desert Archaeology, Inc., personnel in 2000, at the Julian Wash site, AZ BB:13:17 (ASM), are reported in two volumes. Data recovery focused on portions of the site that were to be directly impacted by construction of the new highway interchange, while portions of the site not impacted were set aside as preserves later incorporated into a regional park. Excavations focused on four areas with concentrations of prehistoric cultural features. The investigations resulted in the partial or complete excavation of 244 features: 90 pit structures or possible structures, 35 human burial features from a single cemetery, and 119 extramural features. Over 59,000 artifacts were collected in addition to hundreds of soil, mineral, pollen, radiocarbon, and archaeomagnetic samples. Most of the features were prehistoric, ranging in age from the Late Cienega phase (400 B.C.-A.D. 50) to the Late Rincon phase (A.D. 1100-1150), although a small Historic era ditch and single modern dog and modern cat burials were also uncovered. Long term residential stability of up to several hundred years was documented for some multigenerational households at Julian Wash represented by overbuilt courtyard groups. Some level of larger macrosocial unit was indicated by a cemetery that was clearly linked to a larger-than-household social unit. Data were synthesized for all the various excavations at the site, and the most likely location of the central plaza is identified. The single most significant discovery of the project was demonstrable proof that Sedentary period (A.D. 950-1150) inhabitants were acquiring sand, and presumably clay, from the western side of the Santa Cruz River for the production of pottery on site and that the village-level specialization in pottery production previously documented at the West Branch site, AZ AA:16:3 (ASM), was occurring at a cluster of settlements in the southern Tucson Basin, Julian Wash included, all of which shared the same resources. Other important findings included the documentation of specific ritual behavior involving the use of palettes and evidence of varied craft and food production activities.

This volume explores human adaptation to catastrophic events, particularly to volcanic eruptions. Sunset Crater Volcano is located in the pine forests of northern Arizona, approximately 20 km north of the city of Flagstaff. The volcano was long thought to have erupted in A.D. 1064, with the eruption extending for several hundred years. Research presented here, however, suggests that Sunset Crater erupted for only a few years sometime between A.D. 1085 and 1090, when nearby areas were densely populated by small, prehistoric farming groups. Lava and volcanic tephra were deposited over an area of 2,300 km2, dramatically changing the physical landscape and, almost certainly, the ideological world view of the prehistoric inhabitants. The eruption caused large-scale abandonment, creating a conservative estimate of 1,000-2,000 volcano refugees. Conversely, the deposition of a thin, moisture-retaining cinder mulch, 3-10 cm thick, allowed low elevation areas previously too dry to farm to now be settled. In this volume, the results of archaeological investigations of 41 prehistoric sites along a 26.7-km long section of U.S. 89, situated 5-20 km from Sunset Crater, are presented. Despite the stress of the eruption, the prehistoric populations who inhabited this area not only thrived, they prospered, eventually building some of the largest village sites in the northern Southwest. The goal here is to understand the nature of this highly successful adaptation. Further, the project area crosses what has long been considered a cultural boundary between two groups, the Sinagua to the south and the Cohonina to the north. The distinction between these groups is based largely on the predominance of different ceramic wares, with the Sinagua using Alameda Brown Ware and the Cohonina using San Francisco Mountain Gray Ware. Project research questions involved reconstructing the prehistoric settlement, including examining the question of cultural affiliation, with the goal of refining current understanding of human response to the Sunset Crater Volcano eruption.

The mountainous zone below the Mogollon Rim in central Arizona was home to Apache in the pre-Reservation period (pre-A.D. 1875). Four Western Apache site components, dating between the late seventeenth and late nineteenth centuries A.D., were identified during excavations conducted in advance of the realignment of the Preacher Canyon and Little Green Valley segments of State Route 260 between Payson and Heber: Plymouth Landing, AZ O:12:89/ AR-03-12-04-1411 (ASM/TNF), McGoonie, AZ O:12:25/AR-03-12-04-743 (ASM/TNF), Ponderosa Campground, AZ O:12:19/AR-03-12-04-1159 (ASM/TNF), and Bonobos Vista, AZ O:12:88/AR-03-12-04-1438 (ASM/TNF). All four sites were situated on the margins of the permanently watered Little Green Valley, and were used as temporary encampments for harvesting juniper berries, black walnuts, and other forest resources. The Apache settlement of this pre-Reservation homeland is introduced here, and is discussed in the context of a larger Apache research program for the project and the region. Due to the nature of Apache material remains, which often go unrecognized, particularly when overlying prehistoric material, little archaeological research has been conducted. The pre-A.D. 1700 Plymouth Landing site is significant as one of the earliest well-documented Apache occupations in the southwestern United States. Additionally, the extraordinary preservation of this site, in conjunction with the results of fieldwork, artifact analyses, and discussions with Apache advisors, provides a basis for not only reconstructing the Apache occupation, but also for assessing the archaeological methods and middle-range theory that can be used in interpretation. Asking why Apache archaeology is of such limited visibility to the archaeologist provides important insights into Apache settlement strategies. Analyses of ceramics, flaked stone, ground stone, macrobotanical, pollen, faunal, and shell artifacts, combined with ethnographic research, show that the Apache components of sites in this region are the remnants of a mobile population, living in an economy dominated by hunting and the collection of arboreal resources, with only limited reliance on cultivated plants. The seventeenth to mid-nineteenth century A.D. Apache families made preferential use of the settlements of their predecessors, and supplemented their own tool assemblages with the extant products of local prehistoric peoples. This, combined with the results of previous research, strongly suggests Apache occupations should no longer be inadvertent discoveries, but rather, expected in this region that was their home for more than 200 years.

Digital Antiquity was established in 2009 as an organization with two primary goals. One goal is to expand dramatically access to digital files related to a wide range of archaeological investigations and topics, e.g., archives and collections; field studies of various scales and intensities; and historical, methodological, synthetic, or theoretical studies (Digital Antiquity 2010). In order to accomplish this goal, Digital Antiquity maintains a repository for digital archaeological data. The repository, known as the Digital Archaeological Record (tDAR) is accessible broadly. Through a web interface users worldwide are able to discover data and documents relevant to their interests. Individuals and organizations may contribute archaeological digital data to the repository by uploading their own data and documents and creating appropriate metadata for the digital objects they contribute. Users who register and agree to adhere to a set of conditions regarding appropriate use of data and recognition of the data depositors may download documents and data sets. The wider access provided to a richer array of documents and databases permits scholars to develop interpretations and communicate knowledge of the historic and long-term human past more effectively. This broader access also enhances the management and preservation of archaeological resources. Browsing or searching the tDAR repository enables users to identify digital documents, data sets, images, and other kinds of archaeological data for research, learning, teaching, and simply to satisfy their own curiosity about the past as revealed by archaeological research and interpretations. The tDAR repository permits registered users to download data files, while maintaining the confidentiality of legally protected information and the privacy of digital resources on which contributing researchers still are working. The tDAR repository provides researchers with new avenues to discover and integrate information relevant to topics they are studying. Currently users can search tDAR for digital documents, spreadsheets, and data sets. In the near future, images also will be available and, ultimately, other digital file types, for example GIS, GPS, CAD, 3D images and other data resources from archaeological projects spanning the globe. For data sets, users also can use data integration tools in tDAR to simplify and illuminate comparative research. The second major goal of Digital Antiquity is the long-term preservation of the data contributed to tDAR. Digital Antiquity is dedicated to ensuring the long-term preservation of digital archaeological data through procedures that check file integrity and correct any deterioration over time. Our procedures also provide for migration of data file formats from current standard types to new file standards as software and hardware computer technology develops. We aspire to meet the criteria for trusted digital repositories (OCLC and CRL 2007), which are required in order to ensure the long-term preservation and continued access to archived data. In the case of archaeological data, which document the archaeological record, the digital files encapsulate the combined efforts of the archaeological and scientific community, the public and private funds used to carry out research, as well as descriptions and analyses of the material from the ancient and historical cultures studied. As part of our commitment to long-term preservation, our strategy for the tDAR repository includes growth and improvement. We conduct regular maintenance and develop enhancements of different aspects of our procedures, repository functions, and user interface. These improvements are being planned in cooperation with an advisory team including archaeologists, supporting agencies, preservation experts, and staff to incorporate advances in research methods, digital preservation, and technology.

Salt River Project Agricultural Improvement and Power District (SRP) plans to construct an 88-mile-long 500-kV extra-high voltage transmission line linking the Pinal West, Santa Rosa, Pinal Central, Abel, and Dinosaur substations (ACC CEC Case No. 126). This report presents the results of Phase I data recovery (extent testing) and Phase II data recovery within a 40-m- (130-ft-) wide corridor at seven sites located on State Trust Land administered by the Arizona State Land Department (ASLD) (ASLD ROW No. 16-112288) and at seven sites and nine loci on the Gila River floodplain that are on privately owned lands between Pinal Central and Dinosaur. The sites are situated in north-central Pinal County east of the town of Queen Creek, east of Coolidge; and southeast and south-south of Coolidge. Phase I data recovery investigations were undertaken at 14 sites: AZ AA:2:304 (ASM); AZ AA:2:305 (ASM), AZ AA:3:281, AZ U:10:20 (ASM), AZ U:14:417 (ASM), AZ U:15:1 (ASM)/Adamsville, AZ U:15:61 (ASM)/Frogtown, AZ U:15:97 (ASM), AZ U:15:264 (ASM), AZ U:15:276 (ASM), AZ U:15:296 (ASM), AZ U:15:432 (ASM), AZ U:15:559 (ASM), and AZ U:15:560 (ASM). The sites were previously recommended eligible for inclusion in the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) (Henderson et al. 2009) and the investigations were undertaken to comply with the Arizona Antiquities Act, the State Historic Preservation Act, and as required by the Arizona Corporation Commission Certificate of Environmental Compatibility. Fieldwork methods followed those outlined in the treatment plans (Phase I and Phase II data recovery) developed to mitigate impacts to the sites (Lindeman 2009; Lindeman et al. 2009). Michael Foster, Ph.D. served as Principal Investigator, and field work was directed by J. Scott Courtright. This is Submittal 3 of the report.

Between April 1998 and April 2005, Archaeological Consulting Services, Ltd. (ACS) conducted investigations of prehistoric and historic sites along State Route 188 (SR 188; formerly SR 88) from the junction of US 60 to Wheatfields, and from Hicks Wash to Tonto National Monument (TNM) in Gila County. These excavations were carried out under contract to the Arizona Department of Transportation (ADOT) as part of the agency’s reconstruction and realignment of SR 88/188 between the US 60 junction near Globe-Miami and TNM near Roosevelt Lake. Fieldwork was conducted on the Tonto National Forest (Forest) under Forest special-use permits (Authorization Nos. 2034-22, -25, and -26; GLO23, 25, 89, and 90; and TON212) issued by the Forest under authority of the Archaeological Resources Protection Act of 1979 and the Antiquities Act of 1906. Additional fieldwork was conducted on TNM property under a permit (No. IMR-SW-00-1) issued by the National Park Service, under the authority of the Archaeological Resources Protection Act. Fieldwork within the existing ADOT right-of- way was conducted under permits (Nos. 77295, 77524M, 77697M, and 77937M) issued by the ADOT-Globe District Office. In addition, a Forest fire-closure permit was issued to ACS during the summer of 2002. Fieldwork on private land in the US 60 to Wheatfields section was undertaken with permission from BHP Copper (letter dated March 24, 2005) and Phelps Dodge Miami. All fieldwork was performed in accordance with the project’s research design and the site-specific work plans. This final project report is divided into two parts. Part One contains introductory and background materials, the project research design, field and analytic methods, chronometry and the site descriptions (primarily prehistoric) for the US 60 to Wheatfields, Hicks Wash, Resort Road to Devore Wash, and TNM to Resort Road sections. Part Two presents the historic linear and mining-related site descriptions, as well as analytical summaries and a synthesis and conclusions for the historic and prehistoric resources. The latter highlights the contributions of the project results from local and regional perspectives. The 3rd and last document contains Appendices 1-9.

Northland Research, Inc., (Northland) has completed Phase II archaeological data recovery within a portion of the Cactus Forest site (AZ AA:3:214[ASM]), located near Cactus Forest, Pinal County, Arizona (Figures 1.1 and 1.2). The work was undertaken in advance of planned improvements to the intersection of State Route 79 (SR 79) and Cactus Forest Road by the Arizona Department of Transportation (ADOT). Northland performed the work under contract to Jones & Stokes and ADOT. The primary purpose of the investigations was to mitigate adverse effects to portions of AZ AA:3:214(ASM) located along SR 79 north of Cactus Forest Road and slated to be disturbed by construction activities. The work was undertaken because Federal Highway Administration funding for the project required compliance with 36 CFR Part 800, Section 106.

The results of archaeological investigations at three prehistoric Hohokam sites within the right-of-way corridor for the Salt River Project Browning to Dinosaur Transmission Line, east of Mesa and Queen Creek, Arizona, are presented in this report. The sites include the Siphon Draw site, AZ U:10:6 (ASM), a pre-Classic period (circa A.D. 800-1000) village; AZ U:10:8 (ASM), a classic period (circa A.D. 1150-1450) wild resource-processing and habitation site; and AZ U:10:172 (ASM), a Colonial period (circa A.D. 800-900) farmstead. Although the Siphon Draw site and U:10:8 had been previously studied in the early 1980s during the Arizona State Museum Salt-Gila Aqueduct project, with a particularly intensive effort at Siphon Draw, the current project provided new details about these sites, as well as an initial characterization of U:10:172. Important and unexpected findings by the Browning to Dinosaur project include the discovery of a new, undocumented pit-houses and an unusual burial at the Siphon Draw site, as well as a prehistoric reservoir at U:10:8. Also unexpected was the occurrence of three pithouses at U:10:172 within the small access road area investigated during the project. Studies of these features and their associated assemblages have provided new insights about residential organization and population size at Siphon Draw and U:10:172, as well as enhanced perspectives concerning settlement, subsistence, interaction, and ritual practices in the Queen Creek locale.

The archaeological excavation of a prehistoric village, site AZ T:12:220 (ASM) (Las Cremaciones), at the proposed K. Hovnanian Homes Project Phoenix, Arizona, used trench sampling, block exposures and screened excavation to recover archaeological features of site AZ T:12:220 (ASM), particularly human burials. The investigation was conducted to ensure compliance with State of Arizona statute A.R.S. 41-865 pertaining to the repatriation of human remains, the City of Phoenix Ordinance on Historic Preservation (Chapter 8, Section 802), and the City of Phoenix Guidelines for Archaeology (Bostwick 2006). Also included are the appendices A-L which cover the topics of feature inventory and descriptions, decorated vessels chronology, special artifacts, inhumation and cremation burial details, demographic data, and flotation and radiocarbon dating.

The Arizona Department of Transportation plans to widen State Route 85 to a four-lane freeway in the area between Buckeye and Gila Bend. This report presents the results of archaeological data recovery investigations conducted along State Route (SR) 85 for the Arizona Department of Transportation (Contract No. 02-59) by a research team assembled by the Office of Cultural Resource Management, Department of Anthropology at Arizona State University. The Area of Potential Effect (APE) was located between mileposts 121 and 147 on State Route 85 between the towns of Gila Bend to the south and Buckeye to the north. The Gila River Indian Community (CRMP) provided technical assistance on Traditional Cultural Property (TCP) and treatment, particularly trails, funded in part by the Pima-Maricopa Irrigation Project (P-MIP) and a National Park Service grant to support TCP inventory. The project consisted of the investigation of six sites, five of which were prehistoric and one that was historic. The project area is southwest of the Phoenix metropolitan area. The historic site (T: 14:96) was a Depression era African-American homestead occupied during the 1930s. For the five prehistoric sites, the results of the investigations were that three of the sites (T: 14:113, T:14:94, T:14:92) contained rock cairns and rock circles associated with trails, one site (Z:2:46) was a roasting pit very likely associated with ak chin agricultural fields dating to the Pioneer Period, and the remaining prehistoric site (T: 10:86) was an area of irrigated agricultural fields on the terrace of the Gila River. The trails in the project area were generally oriented east-west, and could have been used by occupants from settlements west of the project area along the Gila River for procurement trips to the bajada and the Maricopa Mountains for lithic and food resources. Some of the trails also provided direct routes to other settlements on the upper portions of the Gila River. Among the five investigated prehistoric sites, exclusively Hohokam wares were found at one site (T:10:86 [ASM]), exclusively Patayan wares were found at one site (T: 14:113 [ASM]), and a mixture of both wares was found at two sites (T:14:92 [ASM], T:14:94 [ASM]). No ceramics were recovered from Z:2:46 (ASM). Prehistoric occupation at the location of the historic site was not investigated. It appears that members of both Hohokam and Patayan cultural systems were present in the project area. An alternate explanation for the artifact distribution is movement of Patayan wares into the Hohokam area as a result of exchange. This is a revised report of the original dated September 15, 2003.

In 1998, Desert Archaeology, Inc., personnel conducted archaeological data recovery fieldwork at the request of the Arizona Department of Transportation (ADOT) for a redesigned on-ramp to the Interstate 10 (I-10) highway in the western Tucson Basin, southern Arizona. The investigated areas were within the boundaries of Las Capas, AZ AA:12:111 (ASM), a 50-hectare (123-acre) stratified site buried in the former floodplain of the Santa Cruz River. Radiocarbon dates from 46 samples of maize and other plant remains indicate these areas of the site were occupied by early agriculturalists almost continuously between 1250 B.C. and 750 B.C. According to radiocarbon dates obtained by other researchers during previous and subsequent investigations, other areas of this site were occupied by foraging groups by 2800 B.C., and by agriculturalists as early as 2100 B.C. The cultural remains documented during the work by Desert Archaeology are representative of the San Pedro phase (1200-800 B.C.) archaeological complex in the U.S.-Mexico borderlands. A total of 468 cultural features in three major strata were excavated, and 107,129 artifacts were recovered. This project also documented 12 prehistoric and historic canals, assigned the separate site number, AZ AA:12:753 (ASM), 10 of which range in age from approximately 1250 B.C. to 500 B.C. The geomorphology and stratigraphy of the site, site formation processes, chronology of occupation, excavated features, types of archaeological deposits, artifact distributions, and canals in the areas investigated by Desert Archaeology are described in this volume. Also included are: a review of 70 years of research on the San Pedro phase; a redefinition of the San Pedro complex; studies of canal geomorphologies, hydraulic characteristics, environments, estimated labor requirements, irrigated areas, and trends over time; an analysis of Early Agricultural period site patterns and landscape use in the Tucson Basin; and discussions of implications for the significant discoveries at this site. The results of comparative studies of material culture samples, subsistence remains, and environmental evidence from Las Capas; Los Pozos, AZ AA:12:91 (ASM); and several other Early Agricultural period sites in southern Arizona are summarized in other volumes.

This report presents the results of a Class III cultural resources survey of 64 acres of privately owned land southeast of the Town of Queen Creek, Pinal County, Arizona. The work was requested by Salt River Project (SRP) to determine if significant cultural resources were present within the surveyed property. SRP is currently acquiring the parcel and is planning to construct an electrical substation (Southeast Valley) on the property. The Southeast Valley (SEV) Substation will be part of the larger Pinal West to Southeast Valley/Browning extra-high voltage transmission line project. This line has recently received a Certificate of Environmental Compatibility from the Arizona Corporation Commission (Case No. 126). The larger line project is sponsored by a consortium of electrical utilities; however, the SEV Substation is sponsored and financed solely by SRP. The cultural resources survey was conducted on 2 February 2007, by Dr. Tiffany Clark and Connie Darby of Desert Archaeology, Inc. Dr. Henderson served as Principal Investigator for the project. Although the surveyed land is private and no archaeological permit is required, Desert Archaeology does hold a current Arizona Antiquities blanket permit (Permit No. 2007-002bl) for conducting non-collection surveys within the state. One isolated occurrence of a prehistoric artifact was recorded by the survey, but no archaeological sites or other significant cultural resources were found within the project area.

The Arizona Department of Transportation (ADOT), the Bureau of Land Management (BLM), and HDR Engineering, Inc., proposed a highway- widening project along State Route 82 (SR82) in Cochise County, Arizona. The proposed project included the addition of a turn lane and relocation of the entrance into the historic Fairbank Townsite, AZ EE:8:3 (ASM), an archaeological site and historic property administered by the BLM. The project was initiated for safety issues related to visibility concerns. The road-widening project was within the ADOT right-of-way on both the northern and southern sides of SR 82, an easement on land administered by the BLM. Results of the data recovery excavations conducted by Desert Archaeology, Inc., prior to the highway project are presented in this report. The proposed project was expected to affect both the prehistoric and historic components at the site, as well as two historic era linear railroad sites located within the boundaries of the Fairbank Townsite: AZ EE:4:43 (ASM) and AZ EE:3:73 (ASM).The data recovery plan specified test trenching followed by excavation units and area exposures of selected features, such as pithouses, historic structures, pits, and privies (Cook 2002). The Arizona State Museum (ASM) site number EE:8:3 was assigned in 1937. The site was initially defined by its prehistoric component, but over the years, this designation has come to include the historic Fairbank Townsite as well. To avoid confusion, the Historic era site and features are referred to herein as the Fairbank Townsite, while the prehistoric component at the site, which underlies the historic occupation, is called Walnut Gulch. The historic Fairbank Townsite includes two loci —the cluster of standing architecture north of SR 82 adjacent to the project area, and a depot and associated structures located south of the highway along the tracks of AZ EE:3:74 (ASM), the El Paso and Southwestern Railroad. The prehistoric component, Walnut Gulch, was initially identified by Haury, based on a pithouse eroding from the bank of Walnut Gulch, located south of the historic Fairbank Townsite. However, surface artifacts on both sides of SR82 indicated that subsurface deposits and features were present in the immediate vicinity of the townsite. This also minimizes confusion with the Late Archaic Fairbank site, AZ EE:8:1(ASM), which is located northwest of the confluence of the San Pedro and Babocomari rivers.

During the U.S. 89 project, 41 prehistoric sites located approximately 30 km (48 miles) north of Flagstaff, Arizona, were investigated. All sites were on Coconino National Forest (CNF) land, specifically the Peaks Ranger District. The project was conducted by Desert Archaeology, Inc., personnel for the Arizona Department of Transportation (ADOT) prior to widening and improvement of 26.7 km (16.6 miles) of U.S. 89, between the southern boundary of Wupatki National Monument in the north, and the town of Fernwood in the south. Archaeological fieldwork occurred over two primary field seasons in 1997 and 1998, with a very brief field season in 1999. A total of almost 12 person-years of labor was expended during fieldwork. The analyses of environmental data recovered during the U.S. 89 project are presented in this volume.

The U.S. 89 Archaeological Project investigated 41 prehistoric sites located approximately 30 km north of Flagstaff, Arizona. All sites were on Coconino National Forest (CNF) land. The project was conducted by Desert Archaeology, Inc., for the Arizona Department of Transportation (ADOT) prior to the widening and improvement of 26.7 km (16.6 miles) of U.S. 89, between the southern boundary of Wupatki National Monument in the north, and the town of Fernwood in the south. Archaeological fieldwork occurred over two primary field seasons in 1997 and 1998, with a very brief field season in 1999. A total of almost 12 person-years of labor was expended on the fieldwork. The U.S. 89 project area crosses diverse environmental zones, ranging from juniper-sage grasslands in the north at approximately 5,700 ft (1,737 m) asl, to ponderosa pine forests at over 7,200 ft (2,195 m) asl in the south. Mixed pinyon pine and juniper woodlands comprise the middle elevations. Five elevation zones were defined, using increments of 500 ft as a proxy for changes in precipitation, temperature, and vegetation. All project area sites are also within 25 km of Sunset Crater Volcano, with the closest sites only 5-6 km away. Sunset Crater erupted for a few years sometime between A.D. 1050 and 1125. Basalt lava from the eruption covered an area of approximately 8 km2, while another 2,300 km2 was covered by cinder and ash deposits. Sunset Crater cinders were found on all project area sites. An isopach map of cinder depth constructed for this project indicates that, minimally, the U.S. 89 sites were covered with from 5-50 cm of volcanic material, which had a significant impact on prehistoric settlement, subsistence, and economic systems. Prehistoric adaptation to environmental variability and to the Sunset Crater eruption were primary research themes. The results of the U.S. 89 investigations are presented in a series of anthropological papers: Anthropological Papers No. 30, Part I and Part 2, contain background information on the project and descriptions of the 41 investigated sites.Part 1 includes the two sites in Elevation Zone 1 (5,700-6,199 ft [1,737-1,889 m] asl) and 11 sites in Elevation Zone 2 (6,200-6,699 ft [1,890-2,042 m] asl), the lower elevation zones in the northern half of the project area.

As part of the State Route 88-Wheatfields (SR 88-Wheatfields) project, Archaeological Consulting Services, Inc., (ACS) was provided the opportunity to investigate portions of 20 prehistoric and historic archaeological sites in the Globe Highlands of central Arizona (Figure 1, Table 1). These resources represented a broad spectrum of the cultural trajectory that distinguished this region, extending from the Late Archaic-Historic periods. Most sites were occupied between the Late Formative and early Classic periods (ca. A.D. 750-1350). The SR 88-Wheatfields project was the first component of a multiphase cultural resources study being undertaken to widen and realign 45 km of SR 88 between its junction with US 60 near Globe-Miami and Tonto National Monument. Funded by Arizona Department of Transportation (ADOT), the project took place on Tonto National Forest (Forest) and Phelps Dodge-Miami land. The SR 88-Wheatfields corridor was approximately 6 km long, ranged from 60-140 m wide, and was situated west of the existing SR 88 on terraces and lower bajada west of Pinal Creek (Figure 2). In order of planning and construction, the remaining sections of the project include (1) Wheatfields-Phase 2, Hicks Wash; (2) Resort Road to Devore Wash; (3) Tonto National Monument to Resort Road; and (4) the junction of US 60 to Wheatfields. The first three are situated north of the SR 88-Wheatfields section, and the fourth is situated south of the SR 88-Wheatfields section. Volume 4 is the last in the series for the State Route 88-Wheatfields (SR 88-Wheatfields) project, and provides a synthetic treatment of the significant project results and their bearing on the general research focus of settlement history along Pinal Creek in the Globe Highlands. Perspectives on subsistence-settlement systems and demography; social-political-ideological systems; technology and industry; production, exchange, and commerce; and cultural ecology are offered.

Between October 2002 and April 2003, Logan Simpson Design Inc. (LSD) conducted archaeological excavations at six prehistoric Prescott Culture sites around Willow and Watson Lakes, situated in the Granite Dells, a picturesque area of exposed granite bedrock located approximately 6.5 to 8 km (4 to 5 miles) north of the city of Prescott. The results of these excavations and the specialized studies of recovered artifacts and cultural samples are presented herein and, it is hoped, contribute to an increased understanding of the development of the Prescott Culture as a distinctive prehistoric cultural tradition in Arizona.

The U.S. 89 Archaeological Project investigated 41 prehistoric sites located approximately 30 km north of Flagstaff, Arizona. All sites were on Coconino National Forest (CNF) land, specifically the Peaks Ranger District. The project was conducted hy Desert Archaeology, Inc., personnel for the Arizona Department of Transportation (ADOT) prior to widening and improvement of 26.7 km (16.6 miles) of U.S. 89, between the southern boundary of Wupatki National Monument in the north, and the town of Fernwood in the south. Archaeological fieldwork occurred over two primary field seasons in 1997 and 1998, with a very brief field season in 1999. A total of almost 12 person-years of labor was expended on the fieldwork. The U.S. 89 project area crosses diverse environmental zones, ranging from juniper-sage grasslands in the north at approximately 5,700 ft (1,737 m) asl, to ponderosa pine forests at over 7,200 ft (2,195 m) asl in the south. Mixed pinyon pine and juniper woodlands comprise the middle elevations. Five elevation zones were defined, using increments of 500 ft as a proxy for changes in precipitation, temperature, and vegetation. Additionally, all project area sites are within 25 km of Sunset Crater, with the closest sites only 5-6 km west of the volcano. Sunset Crater erupted for a very short period (months to a few years) sometime between A.D. 1050 and 1125. Basalt lava from the eruption covered an area of approximately 8 km2, while another 2,300 km2 was covered by cinder and ash deposits. Sunset Crater cinders were found on all project area sites. An isopach map of cinder depth constructed for this project indicates that, minimally, the U.S. 89 sites were covered with from 5-50 cm of volcanic material, which had a significant impact on prehistoric settlement, subsistence, and economic systems. Prehistoric adaptation to environmental variability, as well as to the Sunset Crater eruption, were primary research themes. This volume presents the analyses of the non-ceramic artifacts from the 41 investigated sites. These artifacts comprise approximately 16.5 percent of the 98,329 total recovered artifacts: 15,610 pieces of flaked stone, 1,163 pieces of ground stone, 96 bone tools, 70 pieces of shell, and 237 miscellaneous artifacts, which include stone beads, jewelry, and pieces of pigment. Additionally, 3,493 pieces of unworked animal bone were also recovered.

This book is one in a set of four anthropological research volumes and two technical reports that describe the excavations and information gleaned from two archaeological sites located on the floodplain of the Santa Cruz River in Tucson, Arizona. These sites, Las Capas ("The Layers"), AZ AA:12:111(ASM), and Los Pozos ("The Wells" ), AZ AA:12:91(ASM), were occupied during the San Pedro phase (1200-800 B.C) and the Late Cienega phase (400 B.C.- 50 A.D.) of the Early Agricultural period. They provide information about Tucson's - indeed possibly the Southwest's - first farmers. This volume includes chapters that examine basic questions of human-environment interaction. Subjects that are explored in this volume are the prehistoric climate and ecology of the Tucson Basin, the subsistence practices of the occupants of the sites, habits of plant selection and use, habits of animal selection and use, the range of models available for cultivating crops in arid landscapes, the use of mineralogical resources in tools and early efforts at pottery, and osteological evidence of human health, growth, and nutrition. Most importantly, the chapters in this volume explore, in detail, the behavioral implications that can be made from the wealth of new information gathered from these sites. The excavations at Las Capas and Los Pozos followed a decade of new and productive exploration of Early Agricultural period (B.C. 2100-A.D. 50) sites in the area. In the interest of productive comparison and contrast, the authors who contributed to this volume drew on all available information from comparable archaeological sites in the region. Therefore, the research presented in this volume represents the state-of-the-art and most comprehensive current explanation of resource use during the Early Agricultural period that is presently available.

Excavations at sites along the State Route 88-Wheatfields (SR 88-Wheatfields) section documented a 2,500-year cultural sequence (600 B.C.-A.D. 1950) that revealed use of the area in the Late Archaic, Early Formative, Late Formative, Classic, and Historic periods, the last involving Euroamerican and Apache occupations. The SR 88-Wheatfields project documented a range of human adaptations to the complex landscapes along the middle Pinal Creek in the Globe Highlands, near present-day Miami in Gila County, Arizona. The impressive quantities of cultural remains left behind by the prehistoric Hohokam and Salado inhabitants, and the tantalizingly few remains from Apache people, provide a significant data set never before accumulated for the Globe Highlands. This volume is a compendium of the results of the major analyses conducted to place this data within the settlement history research focus for the project, which included the research themes of subsistence-settlement systems and demography; social-political-ideological systems; technology and industry; and production, exchange, and commerce (Doyel et al. 1996, 1997). The ceramics, chipped stone, ground stone and miscellaneous stone artifacts, rare resources, shell, faunal, and archaeobotanical (pollen and flotation) remains recovered permitted these issues to be addressed from various perspectives. As specified in the research design (Doyel et al. 1996, 1997) and detailed in the following chapters, a multistage program was implemented for the analyses of ceramic, chipped stone, and ground stone artifacts. In the first stage, all artifacts were inventoried using standard attribute coding formats. The second stage encompassed detailed analyses of materials from critical contexts (e.g., house floors, burials, middens, pit fill). All temporally diagnostic artifacts, such as decorated sherds and whole ceramic vessels, projectile points, formal tools, etc., received detailed analysis. Data were entered into an electronic database (Microsoft® Access 9.0). Analyses focused on the context in which artifacts occurred so as to address specific research issues.

Archaeological Consulting Services, Ltd. (ACS), conducted investigations at 20 prehistoric and historic sites for the Arizona Department of Transportation (ADOT) as the result of plans to realign State Route 88 (SR 88) between Tonto National Monument and the junction of US Highway 60 (US 60) in Globe-Miami, Gila County, Arizona. Fieldwork occurred on ADOT right-of-way on the Tonto National Forest (Forest) under special-use permits (No. 2034-22 and 2034-23) issued by the Forest under authority of the Archaeological Resources Protection Act, and on private land (later ADOT-owned land) under Arizona State Museum (ASM) permit (No. 1999-143ps). Fieldwork was conducted between October 1996 and November 1997 and in November 1999. This present volume is the second of a series that report on the findings within the SR 88-Wheatfields section. Reported herein are the results of analysis of 101 prehistoric and historic burial features excavated from six sites. Included are descriptions of the burial features and grave goods, osteological and dental analyses, descriptions of some rarely preserved funerary offerings, and an analysis of pollen obtained from pottery vessels in mortuary contexts. These discussions are preceded by a brief summary of the history of mortuary research in the region. The concluding chapters provide summaries and discussions of the formal and temporal trends in mortuary patterns identified between the Late Formative and Classic periods (ca. A.D. 700-1350) and in the Historic period (ca. 1850).

Investigations of 20 prehistoric and historic sites in the Globe-Miami area were undertaken as the result of plans for the realignment of State Route 88 (SR 88) between Tonto National Monument and the junction of US 60 in the Globe-Miami area, Gila County. Archaeological Consulting Services, Ltd. (ACS) carried out this study under contract to the Arizona Department of Transportation (ADOT). Fieldwork was conducted on ADOT right-of-way on the Tonto National Forest (Forest) with special-use permits (Authorization Nos. 2034-19, 22, 23, 25, 26, and 3l, GLO23, GLO25) issued by the Forest under authority of the Archaeological Resources Protection Act of 1979 and the Antiquities Act of 1906. Work was performed in accordance with the project’s data recovery plan (Doyel et al. 1996) and the site-specific work plans (Doyel and Hoffman 1997a; Doyel et al. 1997). Volume 1 provides an overview of the project, a summary of all phases of the data recovery program, and detailed descriptions of the excavated sites and non-mortuary features. While the predominant focus is on the prehistoric sites, which represent the majority of the sites investigated, historic components that occur at these sites are described as well. Rare historic Apache occupations identified as a result of excavations are reviewed.

This report includes Chapter 13 of the Black Mesa Archaeological Project. This chapter discusses compliance activities, disposition of human remains, unanticipated cultural finds, and religious and ceremonial concerns surrounding the Black Mesa Archaeological Project. Sections of this chapter have been revised on the dates of 02/04/2000, 08/28/2001, and 10/10/2002.

This report discusses the results of archaeological testing at four cultural resource sites to assess their eligibility for inclusion in the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP), and the results of data recovery excavations at one of the four sites to mitigate impacts from construction. Entranco completed this project at the request of the Arizona Department of Transportation (ADOT) prior to the proposed construction of the Red Mountain Freeway (RMF) Gilbert Road to Higley Road segment between October 2000 and March 2001. The RMF project is being funded by the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA), and as such is a federal undertaking subject to the Section 106 process, 36 CFR § 800.16 (y), the regulations implementing the National Historic Preservation Act (NHPA). As discussed in this document, the RMF corridor encompasses the entire freeway right-of-way (R/W) and consists of areas that will be disturbed by construction of the freeway, and areas that will not be disturbed. The investigated sites included AZ U:9:226 (ASM), AZ U:10:117 (ASM), AZ U:10:122 (ASM), and AZ U:10:123 (ASM). Testing and data recovery results were previously presented in multiple preliminary reports and submitted to ADOT and consulting parties in order to allow construction to proceed on schedule. This final report is comprehensive and describes the investigations conducted at each site, the results of all fieldwork and analyses, and the interpretation of the accumulated data to address research questions that were posed for each site. Importantly, the results of archival research also Indicate that 1) the features Identified at AZ U:9:226 (ASM) during current investigations do not represent the site that was historically recorded in that location on Turney’s 1929 map of the Salt River valley and 2) there is no historical basis for designating AZ U:9:226 (ASM) as either T-9 or Casas del Oriente as it occurs in the previous literature.

Archaeological research reported in this volume was conducted under an on call contract between Desert Archaeology, Inc. and the Arizona Department of Transportation (ADOT; Contract 9446). This contract provides for documentation and appropriate treatment of cultural resources encountered during long-term implementation of proposed ADOT improvements to the Tucson area segment of the Interstate 10 corridor between the Interstate 19 interchange on the south and Tangerine Road on the north (Mabry 1993a). Several archaeological sites along this corridor have been previously investigated under this contract (Baar 1996; Clark 1993a, 1993b; Jones et al. 1994; Mabry 1993b; Mabry et al. 1997; Mabry, ed. 1998; Swartz 1997a). The present report deals with investigations in that segment of the corridor falling between Prince Road on the south and Ruthrauff Road on the north and along both sides of Interstate 10. Following a records search and pedestrian survey of the project right-of-way, a plan for archaeological testing was prepared and subsequently carried out during January and February of 1995. Subsurface testing revealed an extensive component dating to the Early Agricultural period, as well as a much more spatially restricted and deeply buried Middle Archaic component. Based on results of the testing program, a data recovery plan was prepared (Gregory 1995) and, between 7 August and 24 October 1995, excavations were carried out at the site later named Los Pozos (AZ AA:12:91[ASM]). The current volume reports investigation of the Early Agricultural period component at the site, while a companion volume documents work in the Middle Archaic component (Gregory, ed. 1999). The site name acknowledges several Early Agricultural period wells discovered during work at the site.

This report presents the results of a multiphase archaeological survey along the Casey-Cooley 69 kV Subtransmission Line right-of-way north of Queen Creek in the northeastern portion of the Gila Basin (Figures la, lb, and lc). The first phase of the project consisted of a Class I survey in which a comprehensive cultural resources literature review was compiled for the entire 8.75- mi (14 km) subtransmission line corridor. A Class III survey was then completed on 1.5 mi (2.4 km) of the right-of-way corridor on Arizona State land to assess whether construction activities will have an effect on significant archaeological remains in these areas. Finally, a reconnaissance-level survey of the remaining 7.25 mi- (11.7 km) long project corridor was undertaken to evaluate the feasibility of future pedestrian surveys within the construction right- of-way. All phases of this work were conducted by Desert Archaeology, Inc., at the request of Salt River Project (SRP), as the project sponsor. William H. Doelle, Ph.D., acted as Principal Investigator for the project. Tiffany Clark and Kathryn Leonard completed the fieldwork component of the survey on 12 April 2001, under the authority of Arizona Antiquities Permit No. 2001-7bl. The Arizona State Land Department application number is 14-106406. Three isolated occurrences were identified during the pedestrian survey of Arizona State land. This report provides the project area location and description, a cultural background of the project area, a review of previous research, the survey methods and results, a consideration of the effects of subtransmission line construction on the cultural resources located on state land, and an evaluation of the viability of additional pedestrian surveys within the subtransmission line corridor. Project records are curated at the Arizona State Museum.

The Middle Archaic remains reported here are a component of a larger distribution designated as AZ AA:12:91(ASM) in the Arizona State Museum Site Survey system and named Los Pozos. The site was investigated in anticipation of impacts from proposed Arizona Department of Transportation improvements to the Interstate 10 corridor in the Tucson metropolitan area (Mabry 1993b; Preface to this volume). In addition to the spatially restricted Middle Archaic remains, the site includes an extensive Early Agricultural period component; the site name derives from several prehistoric wells associated with this later component (Gregory, ed. 1999).

Archaeological testing and data recovery were conducted along a segment of the Red Mountain Freeway (Loop 202) corridor between the Price Freeway and McKellips Road, including a realigned segment of Dobson Road in Mesa, Arizona. Conducted under contract to Stanley Consultants, Inc., for the Arizona Department of Transportation (ADOT), the work was done in four phases (testing and data recovery for each of two segments) between October 1994 and April 1996. One site (AZ U:9:6 [ARS]) was found to lie entirely outside of the freeway right-of-way. Although no other sites were visible on the surface of the Holocene floodplain, trenching revealed three sites beneath Salt River flood deposits and within the right-of-way. AZ U:9:135 (ASM) was a repeated-use field house or farmstead site that included four canals, one a probable segment of Canal Muertos. AZ U:9:136 (ASM) was primarily an irrigation site that included three pit features and four canals, including a probable segment of Turney’s (1929) Canal 9. AZ U:9:149 (ASM) was a burned farmstead that included four pit houses, a canal, and three pit features. These sites indicate a change in the use of the Lehi Terrace from irrigation and agriculture during the Pioneer and Colonial periods, to a brief period of limited habitation during the late Sedentary and early Classic periods, followed by an abandonment of habitation sites and a return to irrigation through the Classic period.

A series of archaeological investigations were conducted from 1993 to 1995 at four prehistoric sites in the middle Santa Cruz Valley. This fieldwork was part of the Arizona Department of Transportation's archaeological mitigation program of the Interstate 10 Corridor Improvement Project through Tucson, Arizona. The sites included the remains of three early farming settlements--the Santa Cruz Bend (AZ AA:12:746 [ASM]), Square Hearth (AZ AA:12:745 [ASM]), and Stone Pipe (AZ BB:13:425 [ASM]) sites—occupied during various intervals between about 800 B.C. and A.D. 550, and also having later occupations. At the fourth site, the Canal site (AZ BB:13:468 [ASM]), segments of several prehistoric canals constructed between about A.D. 1000 and 1450 and of a canal built in the late nineteenth century were identified. These sites provide new information about several watershed changes during the prehistory of southwestern North America, including the transitions to agricultural dependence and sedentism; the shifts from houses-in-pits to more substantial pithouses and from round to rectilinear architecture; the first appearances of house groups, storehouses, communal structures, and possibly plazas, formal burial areas, and ditches for water control; the specializations and increased efficiencies of flaked and ground stone tools; the inception of ceramic vessel technology and the first stage of pottery-making as an economic process; the development of shell ornament production and other crafts; the establishment of local and long-distance trade networks; and possibly an indigenous sequence of development of water control technology This volume includes a description of each site; its main periods of occupation or use; the cultural features that were identified and excavated; and the types, numbers, contexts, and densities of artifacts that were recovered. Also included are maps and photographs of the sites; plans and photographs of excavated features, and dating information based on apparent ages of carbonates, radiocarbon dates, and temporally diagnostic artifacts. Data recovery methods, site stratigraphies and spatial structures, architectural variability, mortuary patterns, and inferred site functions are described as well. Various analyses, comparisons, syntheses, and discussions of significance are presented in Anthropological Papers Number 19, Archaeological Investigations of Early Village Sites in the Middle Santa Cruz Valley: Analyses and Synthesis, edited by Jonathan B. Mabry. Document includes errata sheet.

In 1993, the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Pittsburgh District conducted Phase I and II investigations in the State Route 3003 relocation project area, situated along Georges Creek in Nicholson Township, Fayette County, Pennsylvania. These investigations identified five historic period resources, including two house foundations and associated wells, a grist mill foundation, a timber dam foundation, and a Works Progress Administration stone retaining wall. The highway relocation project will adversely affect all but one of these resources, a house foundation and well which will be avoided by adjustments to the work area boundary. Of those resources which cannot be avoided, the mill and dam have been determined to be potentially eligible for the National Register of Historic Places and are recommended for data recovery. The WPA retaining wall and the second house foundation and well have been determined to be not eligible for the National Register, and no further work is recommended.