Search

Cannabidibutol (CBDB), a novel butyl analog of cannabidiol, was identified as impurity of commercial cannabidiol (CBD) extracted from hemp (for full data and results interpretation see “Analysis of impurities of cannabidiol from hemp. Isolation, characterization and synthesis of cannabidibutol, the novel cannabidiol butyl analog” Citti et al, 2019). The compound was isolated from a CBD sample and subject to a full characterization. First, a complete spectroscopic characterization was performed by Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR): in particular, 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, COSY, HSQC and HMBC, which were followed by UV absorption and circular dichroism (CD) spectra. In order to confirm the structural identity and stereochemistry of the compound, a stereoselective synthesis of the trans isomer (1R,6R) was carried out and all the chemical and spectroscopic properties were analyzed. The synthesized compound was characterized by NMR (1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, COSY, HSQC and HMBC), Infra-Red spectroscopy (IR), UV and CD absorption, matching the results obtained for the natural isolated compound. With the analytical standard in hand, a simple high-performance liquid chromatography method coupled to UV detection (HPLC-UV) was developed and validated in house in terms of linearity, accuracy, precision, dilution integrity and stability. The present data might be useful to any researcher or industry that may run into a very common impurity of CBD extracted from hemp, so it can be easily compared with their own experimental data. Keywords: Cannabidiol-C4, Chemical and spectroscopic characterization of cannabidibutol, HPLC-UV method validation, NMR spectra, Circular dichroism, UV absorption

In this work, a noninvasive microwave-based system for monitoring water content in stone materials used in Cultural Heritage structures is presented. By placing a planar resonator in contact with the considered stone sample, through reflection scattering parameter measurements, it is possible to associate the resonant frequency of the resonator to the moisture content of the stone sample. In this way, an experimental relationship between resonant frequency and moisture content can be obtained. Experimental tests are carried out on two types of materials, namely gentile and carparo stones: which are typically found in Cultural Heritage structures in outhern Italy and they are particularly affected by deterioration and decay phenomena. Measurements were performed for five levels of water content of the stone samples, and the mpirical relationship between each considered level of water content and the corresponding measured quantity were derived. The obtained results demonstrate that this solution appears robust.

The present chapter describes some of the most promising applications of microwave reflectometry (MR) for monitoring and sensing purposes in the agrofood industry. The interest toward MR originates from the fact that this technique can satisfy several contrasting requirements, such as low implementation cost, real-time response, possibility of remote control, reliability, and adequate measurement accuracy. Typically, in MR measurements, an electromagnetic (EM) signal is propagated into the system under test (SUT): the analysis of the reflected signal along with a specific data processing is used to retrieve the desired information on the SUT [1]. Applications of MR are numerous and cover a wide range of fields; in fact, thanks to the versatility of the approach, this technique has proven useful for several applications, such as • Localization of faults along cables [2-4] • Geotechnical engineering for assessing distributed pressure profiles [5-10] • Measurement of liquid levels (also in stratified liquids) [11-13] • Monitoring applications in civil engineering for sensing crack/strain in reinforced concrete structures [14], for fault location on concrete anchors [15], for monitoring cement hydration [16], etc. • Water-leak detection in underground metal pipes [17] A comprehensive overview of the most important and promising applications of MR can be found in [18]. On the other hand, the present chapter focuses on three specific applications in which MR is employed for monitoring purposes in the agrofood industry. In the following paragraphs, first the basic theoretical principles behind MR are recalled and the adopted measurement strategies are discussed. Finally, some interesting test-cases related to MR-based monitoring of agrofoods are presented; in particular, the following applications are considered: 1. Moisture measurement of granular agrofood materials [19] 2. Quality control of vegetable oils [20,21] 3. Monitoring of dehydration process of fruit and vegetables [22].

In this paper, an overview of the use of ground penetrating radar (GPR) and time domain reflectometry (TDR) to be used for noninvasive inspections of Cultural Heritage monuments is presented. In particular, after a brief description of the theoretical aspects behind each measurement technique, some experimental results analysis related to three columns at the Regio VIII in Pompeii are presented.

In this work, a noninvasive low-cost TDR-based system for monitoring moisture content in Cultural Heritage structures is presented. The proposed system relies on an adhesive (removable) tape, constituted by two copper strips which run parallel to each other and act as sensing element. Experimental tests were carried out by intentionally moistening a portion of a wall, and monitoring the TDR response as the moistened area naturally dried up. Preliminary results showed that, thanks to the non-invasiveness features, the proposed system is a good candidate for noninvasive monitoring of moisture in monumental buildings.

In this paper, the practical implementation of an innovative time domain reflectometry (TDR)-based system for leak detection in underground water pipes is presented. This system, which had been previously developed and experimented on pilot plants, has now been installed (for the first time) on a large scale, in 10 km of pipes. The present work describes all the practical aspects and technical details (from the design to the functional tests), related to the implementation of the system.

This paper describes the operating and technical details of the practical implementation of an innovative time domain reflectometry (TDR)-system for monitoring rising damp in building structures. The proposed system employs wire-like, passive, diffused sensing elements (SE's) that are embedded, at the time of construction or renovation, inside the walls of the building to be monitored. The SE's remain permanently inside the wall, ready to be interrogated when necessary.

This chapter introduces to broadband microwave reflectometry (BMR), which is the expression used in this book to indicate an electromagnetic technique used for monitoring and diagnostics purposes. The adjective broadband emphasizes the fact that the analysis can be carried out over a wide frequency range. A brief survey of the typical applications of BMR is also provided. © 2011 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg.

In this work, the feasibility of the adoption of microwave reflectometry (MWR) for diagnosing the status of structures made of composite materials is investigated. In particular, two different "sensing structures", based on microstrip and coplanar configurations, are considered. The analysis focused on carbon fibre-reinforced composite structures, which are extensively used in aircraft industry. It goes without saying that, despite the widespread diffusion of this class of materials in the aircraft industry, there are two crucial requirements for which effective diagnostic methods are far from being adequately implemented. First, it is necessary to detect the possible presence of gaps between structural components after they are assembled. Secondly, there is the need to periodically control (during the service life of the aircraft) the amount of moisture that may have been absorbed by the composite structure. To this purpose, the present work intends to pave the way for future practical implementation of MWR based systems for these diagnostic requirements.