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Copyright of Revista Chilena de Derecho Privado is the property of Fundacion Fernando Fueyo Laneri and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Large banks in the United States waive their monthly account fee if depositors maintain above a certain minimum balance in their account. This article analyzes the conditions under which banks benefit from applying this pricing strategy. I find that the minimum balance strategy is profitable when banks possess only moderate market power. In contrast, under strong market power, this strategy is less profitable than charging monthly fees to all depositors regardless of their deposit amount. Common ownership of banks reduces the gains from the minimum balance pricing strategy. Interest rate competition together with fee competition eliminate these gains. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Gluten quality is one of the most important traits of the common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). In Chinese wheat production, Yannong series cultivars/derivative lines possess unique characteristics and play an important role in both yield and quality contribution. Methods: To dissect their genetic basis of the gluten quality, in this study, allelic variations of high-molecular-weight glutenin subunit (HMW-GS) and lowmolecular- weight glutenin subunit (LMW-GS) in 30 Yannong series wheat cultivars/derivative lines and three check cultivars were evaluated using the allele-specific molecular markers, and six crucial quality indexes were also further measured and analyzed. Results: The results demonstrated that the frequencies of HMW-GSs By8, Dx5 + Dy10 and Dx5 + Dy10 + Dy12 in these 30 genotypes and three check cultivars accounted for 87.9%, 24.2% and 9.1%, respectively. For the allelic variations of LMW-GSs, Glu-A3a, Glu-A3b, Glu-A3c, Glu-A3f, and Glu-A3g were identified in 18, 9, 13, 11, and 2 genotypes, respectively; Glu-B3d, Glu-B3g and Glu-B3f were identified in 13, 23 and 4 genotypes, respectively. Notably, Yannong 999, containing By8 + Dx5 + Dy10, and Jinan 17 containing By8 + Dy12 both meet the national standard for high-quality wheat and belong to the category of first-class high-quality strong gluten wheat. Discussion: These findings can provide reference for wheat quality improvement and popularization in the production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Financial and digital inclusion are key consumer policy agendas for governments globally. Yet, despite the importance of online interfaces to manage finances and make payments, the link between financial and digital inclusion remains under-researched. This study analyses the link between digital and financial inclusion drawing on data from a survey conducted of 922 adults in UK in 2018. The results suggest that the active use of banking services depends on digital skills. The level of self-rated internet proficiency predicts a variety of ways in which consumers use financial services in the management of their finances, including contactless payments, bank transfers, and the use of multiple banking services. This holds even when controlling for socioeconomic and demographic characteristics. Conversely, household income is more important as a determinant than digital skills in checking account balance online. This possibly reflects that liquidity constrained consumers generally prefer to monitor their spending using cash as this provides more precise information on their spending and remaining balance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tax Audit is a process of checking the correctness of accounting records from Income Tax Law view point for business and profession. The objective of the tax audit is to ensure the accuracy of the accounting records of tax payer and due tax payable. In India legally, only practicing Chartered Accountants can conduct the tax audit. Chartered Accountant conducting the tax audit are called as Tax Auditors. The proposed research paper is about the technological developments taken place in tax audit in the recent period in India. The objective of the study is to give an overview of developments in tax audit in the period of digitalisation and technological developments. The paper will give useful guidelines to tax payer and tax auditor for facing the present challenges of tax audit. The proposed study is based on secondary data. This paper will provide valuable information to tax auditors, businessman and professional tax payers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 2019, the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) reported that 7.1 million households in the United States (5.4%) were unbanked and lacked a checking or savings account). Using three leading household surveys, this paper documents how the interaction between bank access and poverty has evolved over time. We present a historical time series of unbanked rates, showing high‐unbanked rates for those in poverty even with increases in financial access over time. In the 1980s, 49.6% of households in poverty were unbanked while 22.8% were unbanked in 2019. Unbanked rates were even higher for Black and Hispanic households that were in poverty. In the 1980s, these groups had unbanked rates of 73.6% and 66.5% which declined to 38.4% and 31.8% in 2019, respectively. To explain differences in banking rates by race, we use binary Kitagawa‐Oaxaca‐Blinder decompositions. Socio‐demographic characteristics explain less than half the difference in unbanked rates for Blacks and around half for Hispanics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lack of access to financial services is a problem for many; worldwide, one in four adults does not have a checking or savings account. Financial institutions with active, low-balance accounts often face considerable challenges compared to larger financial institutions (Black, 1979). Adding a fixed regulatory cost of servicing accounts can affect relative costs and thus generate an Alchian-Allen effect (the third law of demand) that leads financial institutions to quit servicing these low-balance accounts. Regulators may prefer this outcome as it is easier to regulate and extract rents from large financial institutions. Data indicates more underbanking in countries with lower income and more regulation. This article looks at the barriers traditional financial intermediaries often face in less developed nations and then looks at how fintech and cryptocurrencies enable bank alternatives to lower barriers to entry and expand financial inclusion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A question of professional and scholarly interest to public administration is: What should state and local governments do with public funds received to produce public goods and services between the point of revenue collection and the time of their spending? Historically, the ethical answer has varied from (a) keep the money in safes and drawers until they are needed; (b) retain the funds in liquid accounts, such as checking accounts or other instruments, where they are on call; (c) invest in securities that provide investment incomes to governments, thereby adding value to public money. This article focuses on U.S. governments, and it examines what ethical considerations have influenced public managers' investment decision effectiveness over the last six decades. It identifies periods since the 1960s in ethical investment decision-making, and it notes that ethical considerations often influence public managers' decisions. The article concludes with a discussion on how contemporary public organizations can increase the value of taxpayers' money by investing in processes, understanding their policy environment, and developing the human capital of public managers in ethical decision-making. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to investigate the awareness of cybercrime among online banking users in Nigeria and provide quantitative data on various aspects related to cybersecurity awareness. A comprehensive survey was conducted among 283 online banking users in Nigeria to gather data. The data were analyzed to identify trends and patterns in cybersecurity awareness among Nigerian online banking users. The study revealed that 82.0% of the respondents were aware of cybercrime, indicating a high level of awareness among Nigerian online banking users. Social media (37.5%) and friends (16.0%) were identified as the primary sources of knowledge about cybercrime. The majority of respondents employed multi-factor authentication methods, such as login + password + biometric, to secure their online banking accounts. However, there was room for improvement in password preferences, as some respondents still used simple passwords. The most used features of online banking were transferring money between accounts (42.4%), checking account balances (26.5%), and paying bills (11.0%). This study contributes new insights to the existing body of knowledge by providing a comprehensive analysis of cybersecurity awareness among Nigerian online banking users. It emphasizes the evolving landscape of cybercrime awareness, the influence of digital platforms in disseminating information, and the importance of targeted awareness campaigns and improved security measures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the concept of investment entities in Brazil, as regulated by the Brazilian Monetary Council. Investment funds in Brazil are classified as investment entities if they raise funds from investors, are managed by qualified agents or service providers, and have strategies to generate returns. However, certain conditions, such as decision-making power and majority shareholders, can exclude investment funds from being classified as investment entities. The article also defines credit rights and outlines what assets are considered credit rights. [Extracted from the article]

Social cohesion has recently gained increasing attention in academic and policy circles. Apart from being a necessary feature of stable societies per se, social cohesion is also a key factor for sustainable economic development. One potential means through which social cohesion could foster economic development is by enhancing financial development. In this paper, I examine whether social cohesion is significantly associated with firms' access to finance in Africa. To this end, I use a recently constructed dataset on social cohesion in Africa, which contains indices for the three pillars of social cohesion – trust, inclusive identity and cooperation for the common good. Combining this dataset with that of the World Bank Enterprise Surveys, I build a sample which covers more than 12,600 firms and 27 African countries. The results show that all three components of social cohesion are positively associated with at least one measure of firms' access to external finance. In particular, trust – but not inclusive identity and cooperation for the common good – is significantly associated with the likelihood that firms have a checking or savings account, or are financially constrained. When we measure access to finance with respect to having a line of credit or a loan from a financial institution, all the three pillars of social cohesion, including inclusive identity and cooperation for the common good, are related to access to finance. The results are robust to addressing endogeneity concerns using a heteroskedasticity-based identification strategy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The world financial crisis of the late 2000s was for some the dawn of a new era in which state currency monopolies would be replaced by privately-issued digital currencies following strict rules of supply growth. Rather than trust big government and big banks with our money, cryptocurrencies would allow us to "trust the code" and the "mathematical structure" of blockchain technologies. In Brazil, as elsewhere, this neoliberal techno-utopia has not arisen. Though their use as speculative assets has increased, cryptocurrencies have not become a popular means of payment. The use of electronic money, on the other hand, issued by novel corporate entities called payment institutions, is now commonplace. Unlike cryptocurrencies, digital banking and electronic money in Brazil rest on a solid legal and institutional framework designed to incorporate them into the payments system. Digital banks enjoy most of the privileges bestowed upon traditional banks, making it possible for customers to use digital accounts in the same manner as a traditional checking account. In short, digital banks have become privileged members of Brazil's state-led "pay community" and this is why they have flourished. Even in the digital era, money is a creature of the state. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, I describe some of the highlights of Melchior's checking account and then suggest that its explanatory value could be enhanced with a less analyzed concept of checking. This thought inspires a rearguard defense of sensitivity, by no means aiming to rescue it from all its well-known problems, wherein it is suggested that sensitivity fares better as a necessary condition for knowledge when all the bells and whistles with which it has been adorned over the years are stripped away. Finally, I investigate a recognizably Moorean position involving methods that can be construed as sensitive, such that persons using them can claim to have checked that skeptical hypotheses are false. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

I raise some questions about differentiations between methods, checking methods, and appropriate methods in terms of their modal profiles. Melchior argues that there can be sensitive checking methods which are not safe. I try to show that such methods are epistemically deficient. I introduce restricted sensitivity (RS) and investigate its checking profile. RS with respect to a proposition p requires that we consider more non-p worlds (not just the closest ones) but not those which are irrelevant (outside a sphere of seriously possible worlds). Restrictedly sensitive methods (vacuously sensitive and strongly safe) based on the appropriate type of Bayesian reasoning might be sufficient for some kind of "modest" checking. Melchior defends a uniform account of checking based on insensitivity even in the case of necessary true propositions and he introduces the apparatus of impossible worlds. I argue that an unsatisfactory method for checking a necessary true proposition is a way of reaching a belief in the target proposition (different from the original one) which might easily not have delivered a true one. I also indicate some limitations of the idea that checking (and knowing) is essentially modal in character. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Every day, consumers borrow using short‐term credit products. Relatively little is known about "Deposit Advance Products" (DAP), short‐term, small‐dollar loans offered to checking account customers. We examine (1) how DAP borrowing changes with repeat use and (2) how consumers use DAP in conjunction with other credit. By analyzing transaction‐level data on more than 100,000 checking accounts over an 18‐month period, we find that consumers' DAP borrowing evolves. With repeat borrowing, consumers take credit for a longer time, increasingly withdraw new loans within a week of repaying prior ones, and borrow more. Additionally, consumers with repeat DAP use are more likely to simultaneously borrow using overdraft. Together, this evidence suggests that DAP may provide inadequate credit for consumers. We discuss implications for the short‐term credit market. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Chilena de Derecho Privado is the property of Fundacion Fernando Fueyo Laneri and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Sakarya University Journal of Law Faculty (SHD) is the property of Sakarya University Journal of Law Faculty (SHD) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Zeitschrift für Bankrecht und Bankwirtschaft is the property of De Gruyter and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Financial planners advise everyone to first build a minimum balance in an emergency funds account. The funds in the account are to be used for a personal financial emergency, kept in extremely liquid and low risk investments such as money market mutual funds, checking or savings accounts which yield low returns. There are few formal models analyzing the opportunity costs of this low return savings vehicle. Existing research looks to the existence of accounts among households and their relative levels compared to prescribed norms. Extant research does not address the cost side of investing significant sums of money in low return investments. Hatcher (2000) developed a formal model equating the benefits and costs of maintaining a low-yield emergency fund account. Holding emergency funds enables one to avoid high cost borrowing in the event of need. The trade-off is the loss of higher returns possibly received from long-term investments. Hatcher (2000) derived a simple relationship between the liquidity premium forgone with the "safe" emergency fund investments, cost of borrowing emergency funds, and the probability of an emergency occurring. We extend Hatcher's model and using the same broad framework with two simulations with combinations of stocks and bonds and random investment returns. The primary objective is to see if Hatcher's results hold in a random return world. Results suggest that the benefits from holding emergency funds may be overstated for most individuals. Deterministic simulation runs of the model using broad assumptions suggest that one needs to have rather high probability of emergencies to justify the commonly prescribed levels of funds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this article is to discuss and make clear the methodological commitments of co-composing and negotiating narrative accounts in narrative inquiry. The negotiation of interim texts is a widely used practice across a range of methodologies and paradigms (i.e., member checking, member validation, member reflections, and narrative accounting), yet there is little discussion on the varied philosophical underpinnings that shape the meaning and purpose of negotiating interim texts with participants. By drawing on the authors experiences of negotiating narrative accounts across projects this article will clarify the relational commitments that underpin this aspect of narrative inquiry as a move toward mutuality, co-composition, friendship, and ongoing attentiveness ordinary lived experience. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Could introducing a tiny interest rate on positive balances of checking accounts affect investment decisions? We suggest, counterintuitively, that it might decrease allocations to checking accounts and increase riskless investments with higher returns. This violation of monotonicity is a potential outcome of a novel behavioral phenomenon that we formalize and investigate experimentally. It posits that even a small interest rate highlights or turns on the safe gains dimension, bumping up its decision weight while shrouding other considerations, such as liquidity. Consequently, choices may shift from the most liquid option, the checking account, to safe investments with superior returns. Our exploration of this phenomenon covers three different choice environments: investment decisions, social preferences, and choice under uncertainty. This paper was accepted by Yan Chen, behavioral economics and decision analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A smart contract is a program executed on a blockchain, based on which many cryptocurrencies are implemented, and is being used for automating transactions. Due to the large amount of money that smart contracts deal with, there is a surging demand for a method that can statically and formally verify them. This article describes our type-based static verification tool Helmholtz for Michelson, which is a statically typed stack-based language for writing smart contracts that are executed on the blockchain platform Tezos. Helmholtz is designed on top of our extension of Michelson's type system with refinement types. Helmholtz takes a Michelson program annotated with a user-defined specification written in the form of a refinement type as input; it then typechecks the program against the specification based on the refinement type system, discharging the generated verification conditions with the SMT solver Z3. We briefly introduce our refinement type system for the core calculus Mini-Michelson of Michelson, which incorporates the characteristic features such as compound datatypes (e.g., lists and pairs), higher-order functions, and invocation of another contract. Helmholtz successfully verifies several practical Michelson programs, including one that transfers money to an account and that checks a digital signature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we empirically examine the relationship between U.S. immigrants' intentions to emigrate from the U.S. and their financial market participation. Researchers have explored several determinants of immigrants' financial market participation, namely the characteristics of the immigrants and their country of origin. However, one determinant that has not been explored, due to lack of data, is immigrants' intentions to emigrate from the host country. Using data from the New Immigrant Survey, we find that immigrants with intentions to emigrate from the U.S. are more likely to participate in the financial markets relative to their counterparts with no such intentions. The results also indicate that married immigrants with intentions to emigrate from the U.S. are less likely to own a checking or savings account than immigrants who are not married. In addition, immigrants with the intent to emigrate from the U.S. are more likely to purchase stocks, corporate bonds, or both as they get older. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The pier top displacement caused by temperature difference is an important index in the design. In order to fill the vacancy of applicable calculation formula for pier top temperature difference displacement in the current 2017 bridge code, the requirement of 0. 5 times displacement of temperature difference should be taken into account in the code to check pier top displacement. Based on the mechanical balance and geometric relationship, the pier top displacement calculation formulas in both linear and nonlinear temperature fields are deduced respectively through strict theoretical derivation. The equivalent linear temperature could be taken as 5 °C by displacement equivalence, and the equivalent linear temperature difference formula is used to check the general chart. The research results show that: (1) The calculation formula of pier top displacement of solid pier temperature difference derived theoretically can make up for the vacancy of calculation formula of 2017 bridge code; (2) Through the equivalent analysis of linear temperature field and nonlinear temperature field, the equivalent linear temperature difference is 5°C, which is consistent with the German Code; (3) For the pier with known temperature field, the calculation formula of nonlinear temperature field could be used, while for the pier without temperature field, the calculation formula of equivalent linear temperature field could be applied in design; (4) The check results of the solid pier general chart show that the displacement of pier top increases with the increase of pier height, and the horizontal displacement contributed by temperature difference could reach about 12% of the allowable bending angle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Green banking means encouraging environmental-friendly exercises and reducing carbon footprints from the banking undertakings. Green Banking is a new way of conducting the banking business by considering hygienic environmental issues. Green banking is different from traditional banking, as green banking focuses on promoting environment-friendly banking. Environmental-friendly practices include the introduction of green products and services viz. Online Banking, Mobile Banking, Banking through ATMs, Green Deposits, Green Mortgages and Loans, Green Credit Cards, and Green Reward Checking Accounts. This paper attempts to analyse the influence of green banking products on the people of Ahmedabad city. ANOVA and chi-square tests are applied for analysing the significant relation difference between the key demographic factors of respondents and their opinion about switching over to green banking products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]