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Among vector-borne diseases, tick-borne diseases (including Lyme borreliosis) are those whose incidence is constantly on the rise. Europe and North America are particularly affected in temperate regions. As there is a seasonal pattern to tick bites, with more reports in summer and fewer in winter, we wondered whether there were any climatic markers that could be used to identify the start of the tick-borne risk season, so that the public could be informed. Thanks to INRAe's participatory science program, CiTIQUE, 22,000 geolocated cases in France of tick bites on humans were collected, between July 2017 and April 2020. These reports were matched with the weather conditions (from the Météo-France and Dark Sky databases) prevailing at the location and date of each reported bite. Of all the variables analyzed, average daily temperature was the best indicator. Measured at the time of the reports, it is significantly higher by almost 6°C than that of the control dataset (measured at randomly distributed points across mainland France). This temperature difference allows us to go beyond the mere activity of ticks in search of a host (the hazard) and to integrate the human factor - when present and sufficiently "accessible" (dress, behavior) – so that the interaction transforms the hazard into a risk. This indicator is the most easily manipulated of those studied in this article, in the context of public authorities "informing" citizens who frequent nature areas.

Abstract Background The time between the appearance of successive leaves, or phyllochron, characterizes the vegetative development of annual plants. Hypothesis testing models, which allow the comparison of phyllochrons between genetic groups and/or environmental conditions, are usually based on regression of thermal time on the number of leaves; most of the time a constant leaf appearance rate is assumed. However regression models ignore auto-correlation of the leaf number process and may lead to biased testing procedures. Moreover, the hypothesis of constant leaf appearance rate may be too restrictive. Methods We propose a stochastic process model in which emergence of new leaves is considered to result from successive time-to-events. This model provides a flexible and more accurate modeling as well as unbiased testing procedures. It was applied to an original maize dataset collected in the field over three years on plants originating from two divergent selection experiments for flowering time in two maize inbred lines. Results and conclusion We showed that the main differences in phyllochron were not observed between selection populations but rather between ancestral lines, years of experimentation and leaf ranks. Our results highlight a strong departure from the assumption of a constant leaf appearance rate over a season which could be related to climate variations, even if the impact of individual climate variables could not be clearly determined.

At the turn of the millennium, scientific publications began to wonder about the greenhouse gases emitted by research activities, through the category of “carbon footprint”. Since the end of the 2010s, this quantification has intensified and diversified. However, several distinct layers of temporalities must be identified in order to unfold the singularity of the term carbon footprint. The first refers to the terminological filiation between the “ecological footprint” and the carbon footprint. The second situates the process of carbon quantification between the late 1990s and the early 2000s, which is itself part of the long history of quantification. The third layer is the use of this category in many scientific publications: the carbon footprint of research is part of a larger body of work. A space of scientific commensurability then emerges in the form of the carbon dioxide equivalent: activities, or segments of activities, are made comparable by this common metric. The fieldwork conducted as part of a political science dissertation allows us to hear the diverse motivations of research staff in France who are undertaking this carbon footprint estimation. If this process of quantification questions scientific practices or perceptions, what is quantified is not only a "cost" of research but also the different forms of time on scientific activity.

This article provides the first comprehensive overview of the different manifestations of tools used to bake previously ground cereals, in the form of “bread”, in Gallic and Germanic provinces, from the 5th c. AD to the 5th c. AD. The corpus of study includes 717 ovens, to which a history of techniques approach is applied. Without attempting to propose a typo-chronology of the ovens, and after having analysed the three main baking processes used during Antiquity, the evolution of the different forms taken by these processes is explored. In this article, bread is only mentioned in a generic manner, as it is not a distinctive feature of the ovens. Three techniques for baking flatbreads and breads were used in Antiquity. They can be distinguished according to the relationship between the dough to be baked and the fuel used for baking, as well as by the division or absence thereof between the hearth and the sole. As it is not specific to bread and cannot be identified by archaeology, cooking beneath embers is not mentioned here. In order to better understand the two forms of oven baking, a glossary of the different parts of the ovens is provided. The most important point in this technical and semantic analysis is to distinguish between the hearth, upon which a fire is lit, and the sole, which receives the products to be baked. The first ovens described are dome ovens and their study makes it possible to lay the foundations of bread baking in general. This study is based on ongoing experimentation following the reconstruction of a Pompeian bread oven at Saint-Romain-en-Gal. One of the 26 baking trials carried out between April 2016 and May 2019 is described in detail in order to track the different phases occurring as dough transforms into bread. The principle is to bake by heat accumulation, wherein the fuel is removed from the oven once a temperature of about 550°C is reached, as indicated by the whitening of the oven walls: the soot no longer deposits but is immediately incinerated. This is the first indication of the temperature increase, which can therefore be reproduced with certainty from one firing to the next. Once the fuel is removed, a short cooling phase of the oven is respected, and then portions of dough are introduced for baking thanks to the heat accumulated in the walls and sole. While the shape of the dome makes the oven energy-intensive, other features help to improve its energy capacity, such as a basalt ring at the base of the dome and a sole built of baked clay on a thick layer of sand. Subsequently, the different variations observed in the construction techniques of dome ovens are presented. Firstly, two major groups are highlighted and defined according to whether the construction requires the addition of exogenous materials to erect the dome. A distinction is thus drawn between ovens excavated directly in the substratum and built ovens. The different parts of the ovens are described: the hearth –which also serves as sole–, the –rarely hemispherical– dome, the mouth, the different materials used for construction, the possible base supporting the dome and finally the ancillary fittings (altar, vent, chimney and ashpit). Vertical hearth ovens represent the second major group of ovens. In this case, the hearth and sole are strictly separate. These ovens, which are depicted from at least the 7th c. AD onward, and which are still in use in some parts of the world, possess a firing process that is a combination of heat-accumulating and continuous combustion firing. After preheating, the fuel is not removed from the oven and the relatively thin dough pieces are pressed against the oven wall where they then bake. These ovens are therefore made up of two main components: a generally circular hearth on the one hand, and the body on the other. The body, which is ovoid or a truncated cone-shape in cross-section, is systematically open at the top, in order to introduce the portions of dough and to collect the resulting flat-breads. These ovens can be fixed, constructed with raw earth, or mobile, prefabricated earthenware, in which case they can be hard to identify. The traces left by these ovens can be tricky to interpret, especially as other ceramic culinary ovens, not suitable for baking bread, are now recognised. In general, the interpretation of a heating structure as a bread oven necessitates an absence of nearly any other type of evidence of use, i.e. traces linked to the working of metals or glass or of hearth vitrification. In the same way, basing one’s interpretation of an oven as a bread oven based on the discovery of plant remains is a technical contradiction. Before outlining the evolution of bread ovens in Gaul, it should be underscored that the various ovens included in the corpus do not all benefit from the same quality of data. Furthermore, the dates proposed in the maps representing the evolution of the distribution of the different oven types from the 5th c. AD to the 5th c. BC are sometimes very broad and thus require statistical weightings. The first dome ovens for baking “bread” are only attested to from the 4th c. BC. From then on, this type of oven was progressively introduced throughout the territory considered by this study, though it remains impossible to determine an exact zone of emergence, or to trace the geographical progression or rhythm of its adoption. Beyond certain fluctuations, the number of known ovens increases from the 2nd c. BC onwards, reaching two peaks in the third quarter of the 1st c. BC and in the last quarter of the 4th c. AD. At the same time, from the 4th to the 2nd c. BC, the size of the ovens gradually increased, subsequently stabilising and remaining constant until the 5th c. AD. However, in the 1st and 2nd c. AD, furnaces larger than 2 m in diameter appeared, which would correspond to a diversification of production needs. The study of the contexts in which the ovens were discovered allows us to better understand part of the chronology, as well as to highlight the existence of an increase in their number, paradoxically linked to transitory situations of disorganisation in the countryside. Finally, the small number of urban ovens associated with commercial bakeries is another remarkable detail.

Over the past several decades, both the philosophy of cultural, social and historical anthropology have focused on the many avenues of study relating to food, or rather modes of consumption, by focusing on the construction of individual and collective identities. As a counterpoint to these theoretical considerations, archaeological experience brings its share of concrete, though uncertain observations, discoveries, and interpretations that arise from both the artefacts and their related contexts. While raw foodstuffs –ecofacts– are regularly found and identified in archaeological contexts in the form of seeds and fruits, observations on food preparations are rarer, with less attention paid to their analysis and interpretation. These findings pose particular challenges to researchers, as they require an adequate analytical strategy for their study. Many fragments of so-called amorphous charred objects (ACO) can indeed be identified as being processed plant products. On the other hand, items that appear more complete, and whose outer form appears to be the result of intentional shaping, are often “blindly” described as breads or flatbreads. Still, these also require sophisticated technical equipment and extra care in interpretation, as even the mere hypothesis that such an object is cereal-based must be systematically verified. For this reason, it is preferable to refer to these elements as “bread-like objects” (BLO), rather than identifying them straight away as breads or dough. Examination of the surfaces, with the naked eye or by optical microscopy, in most cases does not reveal any identifiable macroscopic component; it is therefore necessary to use appropriate and non-destructive analytical methods. But why focus on the study of these seemingly rare finds anyway? In historical archaeology, the research into consumption practices is more often than not based solely on textual and epigraphic sources, which often do not reveal the phases of food preparation, or do not necessarily apply to a particular region. In contrast, archaeological remains of food preparations reflect the actual outcomes of the physical transformation of natural ingredients into elaborate dishes. Reconstructing these transformation processes by analysing the micro-structure of food remains therefore opens a new field of research leading to the possibility of reconstituting recipes. In the same vein as the previous considerations, we follow the idea that a dish or a drink represent artefacts, in the current definition as objects “predominantly shaped by human action”. We therefore consider it legitimate to evaluate processed foods, and their archaeological remains, as material witnesses to an ancient culinary heritage and we interpret them as such. This article describes the results of the analysis of six food preparations derived from cereals, discovered in Gaul and dated between the 2nd and the 6th c. CE. It also aims to elaborate on the conceptual environment in which these studies are placed, and the methodological aspects related to them. Considered as processed and shaped artefacts, the BLO can therefore be studied by referring to the concept of the chaîne opératoire (operational sequence). The ingredients, instruments and equipment used, products and by-products generated at each stage of this occasionally complex sequence are used to illustrate and reconstruct the manufacturing process, possibly supported by the experimental reproduction of the actions involved. Based on this concept of the chaîne opératoire, an objective classification of products and by-products can be attempted. Since the primary components of the preparations are no longer identifiable under a binocular magnifying glass, non-invasive imaging techniques are used to facilitate their analysis. Current approaches consist of the search for diagnostic elements to determine the plant foods used. A preliminary scanning electron microscope analysis confirms the presence of dough made from semolina or flour, derived from cereals, but also sometimes from legumes or dried fruits, such as acorns and hazelnuts. Identification of cereals is based, in particular, on tissue fragments from the outer layers of the cereal grain (commonly called “bran” as a whole), or even fragments of glumes or awns, whose micro-anatomy (histology) offer diagnostic characteristics for their identification. Starch granules and yeast spores are also sought after. Chemical approaches using mass spectrometry occasionally supplement these methods, in order to identify certain aspects of their molecular composition. In addition to the attention paid to the basic ingredients, we also endeavour to understand the succession of actions applied to the dough and the way in which they were created and prepared, as well as the cooking methods that they subsequently experienced. Protocols of study are still being refined, in particular for the recognition of fermented doughs, and the criteria that would make it possible to differentiate a bread from a flatbread, for example. Without damaging the archaeological specimen, X-ray microtomography allows for an observation of the internal structure of the dough and the gas bubbles (pores) produced by fermentation, as well as inclusions and additions of ingredients other than flour. Results from initial analysis reveal that the products studied were prepared from extremely pure flours and were very carefully ground and sieved. We note that wheat(s), but also barley are the main components, sometimes mixed, though it is not yet possible to assess the proportions of such mixtures. Examination of the doughs reveals signifcant differences in texture and structure: presence or absence of a crust, pores of varying sizes and frequency, doughs whose air has been kneaded out, etc. The first observations also highlight the high quality of the flour used for making (flat) breads from the Roman period, which appear to have been very fine and rather free of impurities (such as husk fragments). This suggests the use of ingredients that are well cleaned before milling, as well as the use of free-threshing cereals, initially lowering the proportion of inedible elements likely to be found in the flours. These findings differ from the Metal Age specimens previously studied in Europe, which appear to contain a higher frequency of bran and glume remains. The major shift from hulled towards free-threshing cereals was motivated more by technical constraints weighing on the product intended for sale, than by new dietary habits: free-threshing wheat species could be directly processed. The demand for “ready-to-use” grains has sometimes been coupled with a demand for semi-processed ingredients: in Northern Gaul, we know of certain sites from the late La Tène period documenting milling activities largely exceeding the needs of their occupants, probably partly oriented towards the supply of ground or crushed products. It is likely crucial to include the development of the bakery in this new organization of food trade networks, wherein establishments respond to urban consumers’ needs for basic food products by ensuring the entire chaîne opératoire from grinding grain to selling bread.

Based on interviews (N=146) conducted with academic actors from 2013 to 2017, this article investigates to what extend the academic affiliation shapes the conditions of possibility for partnerships between academics in the Humanities and Social Sciences (N=51) and non-academic actors, in a comparative perspective between Syracuse University (USA) and Paris Nanterre (France). The status of academic (tenured) is underlined as the main asset in terms of security and autonomy of work. On the other hand, some professional logics, driven by important transformation of the university organizations (especially in France) and academic norms, are presented as strong constraints, although modulated by disciplinary effects. Taking into account the growing role of the university of affiliation in the differentiation of working conditions and the access to professional resources (funding, partners, recognition), different strategies are implemented by the academics. These strategies are characterized by the adoption - with or without adhesion - of entrepreneurial logics, as a way of creating by oneself the favorable conditions to develop partnerships. Academics then seek to develop their own funds and become more dependent on private resources or competitive calls for projects, in order to finance their partnership projects, or even to use them to finance their other activities.

This article studies how educational regional variations contributed to feed development disparities and conflicts between Northern and Southern Nigeria since the colonial era. It also analyses the stereotypes resulting from this educational gap, from the Biafra secession war to the Boko Haram jihadist insurgency today.

Abstract Cotton (Gossypium sp.), a plant of tropical and sub-tropical origin, appeared at several sites on the Arabian Peninsula at the end of the 1st mill. BCE-beginning of the 1st mill. CE. Its spread into this non-native, arid environment is emblematic of the trade dynamics that took place at this pivotal point in human history. Due to its geographical location, the Arabian Peninsula is connected to both the Indian and African trading spheres, making it complex to reconstruct the trans-continental trajectories of plant diffusion into and across Arabia in Antiquity. Key questions remain pertaining to: (1) provenance, i.e. are plant remains of local or imported origin and (2) the precise timing of cotton arrival and spread. The ancient site of Mleiha, located in modern-day United Arab Emirates, is a rare and significant case where rich archaeobotanical remains dating to the Late Pre-Islamic period (2nd–3rd c. CE), including cotton seeds and fabrics, have been preserved in a burned-down fortified building. To better understand the initial trade and/or production of cotton in this region, strontium isotopes of leached, charred cotton remains are used as a powerful tracer and the results indicate that the earliest cotton finds did not originate from the Oman Peninsula, but were more likely sourced from further afield, with the north-western coast of India being an isotopically compatible provenance. Identifying the presence of such imported cotton textiles and seeds in southeastern Arabia is significant as it is representative of the early diffusion of the crop in the region, later to be grown extensively in local oases.

In recent decades, multiple citizenship has risen in unprecedented ways. In both Argentina and Israel, this rise partly lies in the opportunity offered to offspring of European immigrants by certain legislations to regain their ancestors’ citizenship. Using empirical data collected in two seemingly distant contexts, this paper analyzes the processes that enable Israelis and Argentines to acquire additional citizenships thanks to their family background and not thanks to a long-term residence in an immigration country. It aims to understand the reasons that brought Argentines from Spanish or Italian descent and Israelis from Central or Eastern European descent to engage in the long and often costly procedures to become EU citizens.

To obtain a precarious position in a social science department of a North American university is to discover the competition of everyone against everyone, to learn that the search for funding is more important than the research itself and to observe the dilution of scientific issues in continuous evaluation and bibliometric accounting. In short, it means discovering the horrors of the university to come a little in advance.

This paper reflects on the recent changes in the French academic world. Drawing on a series of significant figures and statistics, the author traces the ongoing dismantling of French higher education and research, up to the recent law on multi-year research programming (LPPR).

The People’s Conservatory is a series of public debates that was held on March 3rd, 4th and 5th, 2020 at the initiative of a group of people mobilised against the university reforms currently underway, including administrative staff and various personnel of the French National Conservatory of Arts and Crafts, as well as teaching-research staff from the establishment. The event, although not strictly speaking organised by the historic CNAM unions, nevertheless bears the mark of their mobilisation. Certain union participants, in particular from the French General Confederation of Labour (CGT) and Sud-Éducation, were active not only in the organisation and the roundtable discussions but also in public. However, its relatively original character reveals above all that the organisation is widely supported and acclaimed by teaching-research staff who are close to the movement of “Facs et labos en lutte” (Faculties and Laboratories in Struggle), which mobilised in 2020 against the law on multi-year research programming promoted by the Philippe government under President Macron. This series of discussions, of which the following text publishes lengthy extracts, tackle the discrepancies between training policies and the realities of workers’ conditions (and primarily in the public sector), themes that are at the heart of the establishment.

This text presents a collective discussion conducted with five women during the mobilisation against pension reform in January 2020. They were chosen by the interviewer because they were not mobilised against the planned reform, or because they confusedly thought it was right or necessary, or because they thought they had no say in the matter. They are not mobilised against the reform nor in favour of it. However, they are not totally disinterested: they simply don't really understand what is at stake and they feel that everything has already been decided in advance. This group interview wishes to contribute to understanding this individual and collective state of mind, reinforced by the Covid-19 pandemic.

Based on a call for testimonials launched in 2020, this brief report seeks to address the way in which higher education and research (HER), as a working environment, conditions relationships to motherhood according to various experiences in the constrained and competitive climate in which we live. In the context of the struggles of recent months, one of the objectives of which has been precisely to draw public attention to and debate on our working conditions, the aim is to stimulate thinking on the careers and professions of women in HER. From doctoral and post-doctoral students to tenured staff, the colleagues who responded to the call underlined the multidimensional nature of the relations of domination that play out around the desire to have children, to be a mother and to assume parental responsibilities. These relationships operate at all levels, but to different degrees and in different forms depending on status, institutions, disciplines and trajectories (social and academic). Nevertheless, a convergence is emerging: the production by HER institutions of timescales modelled on male practices and representations of academic professions, which affect the subjectivity of women workers and hinder their plans to build a family. This situation is obviously aggravated by the structural insecurity of the professions dedicated to the production and transmission of knowledge, by the fragmentation of labour collectives and the dominant value placed on competitiveness. Furthermore, the difficulties we encountered in putting together the report make it possible to point out that the issue of maternity raises the voice of women on a subject that is both political and intimate, indirectly reflecting social and gender violence and blockages, but also defence strategies that must be discussed more urgently than ever before.

In July 2020, Tracés’s Editorial Board met seven members of the collective “Foreigners and the international division of scientific work” part of the Coordination of the movement “Facs et Labos en Lutte” (Faculties and Laboratories in Struggle) for an interview. This encounter became a free-flowing conversation during which some of the following topics were discussed at length: how the collective was formed; how various forms of insecurity were imposed on foreigners in French HER and how difficult it was for an autonomous voice representing foreigners to be heard within the context of protests against the law on multi-year research programming (LPPR). We reproduce here this open discussion or “an interview that doesn’t look like one”.

This paper provides feedback on the protest movement against the law of multi-year research programming (LPPR), as seen by six female activists from the National Mobilisation Committee of the French academic labour movement “Facs et Labos en Lutte” (“Faculties and Laboratories in Struggle”). Building on an analysis of practices and experiences in organisation and mobilisation, it aims to portray how a feminist dynamic unfolded and endured within the movement. The text aims to draw attention to an often-overlooked aspect of this social movement, in order to leave a legacy that may be useful for future political struggles.

Is there a form of anxiety specific to those who are in power? If so, how can political science account for it? Premised on these questions, the article offers a critical reading of the place of anxiety in the Memoirs of Lee Kuan Yew, the founding father of Singapore. It shows that the anxiety that pervades the book is peculiar to the (post-)colonial situation of the City-State and to the position of the local elites who, like Lee, were pure products of the British occupation, socially and economically speaking, while being politically involved in the struggle for independence. To do so, the article proposes an innovative methodology consisting in understanding anxiety on the basis of an indexical paradigm, similar to that developed by micro-history and psychoanalysis, in order to make sense of seemingly banal events, slips of the tongue or unconscious acts.

With the beginning of sedentary life in the Near East, the practice of burying the dead, which was exceptional throughout the Palaeolithic period, became widespread. From then on, an enduring relationship became established between the living and the dead coexisting in the same settlement, and it seems that the boundary that separated them began to blur. As many burials were excavated long ago, the spatial and stratigraphic evidence and the treatment of corpses are often imprecise. However, there are still indications that a dynamic of interdependence between the living and the dead became more marked over time. We show that, well beyond their passive occupation of the territory of which they are presumed to have been the guardians, the dead took on a decisive role in the foundation and the subsequent restructuring of settlements. The location of the graves and the succession of activities and constructions are evidence of deliberate planning of the dwelling space, in which the role of each actor became sustained over time. The alternation of individual and collective treatments of the deceased seems to correspond to changes in the occupation of each settlement. It can then be seen that if the relationship between graves and dwellings is loosened, the funerary time span lengthens and the boundary between the living and the dead becomes permeable.

In France, the intense public debate on pesticides is still hardly accessible to agricultural workers, even though they are expected to change their practices and are highly exposed. This configuration of pesticide use "transition" raises health, environmental and social justice issues, as do specific social movements, such as Environmental Justice in the United States or "ecologism of the poor" in the South (Martinez-Alier, 2014). We hypothesize that the weak voice of farmworkers in the public space is a sign of hindered capabilities (Sen 2000, de Munck 2008). Whether they are employees or farmers participating in winegrowing work, our research aims to identify the social processes, sometimes different, that strengthen or weaken their capabilities to express their concerns about pesticides. We test this hypothesis using an original methodological choice, an action-research committed to empowering vineyard workers in Gironde. It turns out that "strong" frames (risk management and occupational health policies) make it impossible for workers to express their concerns about pesticides. Other structural factors on the scale of the territory and the wine sector mean that the silencing of workers is dominant without being total. The "operational" difficulties in setting up a group of winegrowers, and even more so for the employees, are therefore particularly revealing of these antagonistic processes of (in)capacity at play in the transition to pesticides.

Frontal pneumatisation is not present in all primates, and among extant species, ethmoidally-derived frontal sinuses are present only in the genera Pan, Gorilla and Homo. A simple and repeatable method is described here to quantify variation in the shape, size and bilateral variation of the frontal sinuses. This has allowed the first large study of these variables, including analyses of large samples of P. paniscus, P. troglodytes, G. gorilla and of several geographically diverse populations of H. sapiens. Frontal sinus shape and size are potential phylogenetic markers in primate systematics. We suggest that, in contrast to an allometric relationship between endocranial and frontal sinus form in Pan and Gorilla, H. sapiens is autapomorphic in having highly variable, supero-inferiorly large frontal sinuses, whose size is unrestricted by variation in cranial form. However, we also describe differences in frontal pneumatisation between those taxa. H. sapiens differs from the other taxa in having relatively smaller frontal sinuses that are more variable in shape and size. In P. troglodytes, P. paniscus and G. gorilla, the shape and size of frontal pneumatisation correlates positively with the overall size of the braincase. This suggests that the large space available in the bone structures of the non-human primates analysed allows the sinuses to develop under only slight constraint (if any) from surrounding structures. In H. sapiens, a significant correlation is observed between the asymmetry in the anterior extension of the frontal lobes of the brain and the shape and extension of the frontal sinuses. We suggest that the more vertical orientation of the H. sapiens frontal bone, its reduced thickness, the reduction of the supraorbital tori and the increased influence of the frontal lobes appear to have modified the integration between the skull, brain and sinuses in the frontal region in our species compared to our nearest extant relatives. Our results reduce the possibility of a strong functional origin for the variation in size and shape of the frontal sinuses in the primates analysed.

Divorce existed in Classical Antiquity (Greek and Roman worlds, 5th century BCE – 2nd century CE), but it differed significantly from the modern homonymous reality in several features which have more to do with the distinctly patriarchal structures of these ancient societies. The free women attached to civic communities were in fact, apart from exceptions, placed under the authority of a man (usually their father) who, by giving them in marriage, could transmit this authority to the husband. In these circumstances, divorce, which was most often initiated by the husband, when it was not the father, was more akin to a repudiation than to a divorce in the sense in which we now understand it. However, divorce on the wife's initiative didexist, to a certain extent, but this did not imply any equality of status between the spouses. The differences between the Greek world and Rome are also noticeable both in terms of the nature of the authority exercised over women as well as in the motivations and modalities of divorce.

Based on case studies centered on couples' requests for separation by the judicial means of male adultery or cohabitation in the sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries, this article compares two types of competent jurisdictions for this charge, one secular and royal, the other ecclesiastical ; and two types of procedures, one accusatory and the other inquisitorial. For the former, the accusation of adultery refers to several series of failures by the husband of a sexual, generative, economic or patrimonial order but also, moral or political. In the second case, the accusation is of a formal nature and a breach of the sacramental order, to the exclusion of other considerations. The cases submitted for judicial review show , the practices of couples that did not conform to official norms.

The relationship between different levels of integration is a key feature for understanding the genotype-phenotype map. Here, we describe a novel method of integrated data analysis that incorporates protein abundance data into constraint-based modeling to elucidate the biological mechanisms underlying phenotypic variation. Specifically, we studied yeast genetic diversity at three levels of phenotypic complexity in a population of yeast obtained by pairwise crosses of eleven strains belonging to two species, Saccharomyces cerevisiae and S. uvarum. The data included protein abundances, integrated traits (life-history/fermentation) and computational estimates of metabolic fluxes. Results highlighted that the negative correlation between production traits such as population carrying capacity (K) and traits associated with growth and fermentation rates (Jmax) is explained by a differential usage of energy production pathways: a high K was associated with high TCA fluxes, while a high Jmax was associated with high glycolytic fluxes. Enrichment analysis of protein sets confirmed our results. This powerful approach allowed us to identify the molecular and metabolic bases of integrated trait variation, and therefore has a broad applicability domain.

Research funding institutions in Europe have recently requested a “Data Management Plan” (DMP) from their candidates. In light of this new requirement, the article discusses the history of researchers and their “data”, e.g. the archive of ordinary research work. It analyses the practices of curating research material over time and the evolution of the administrative framework of conservation in the light of digitisation. Considering forms and practices of self-archive, archive donation or bequest, it argues that archives constitute at once the traces, source and background of research practices. While it belongs to this larger history of research archiving, the DMP model introduces changes that are both occupational, economic and political. Accordingly, it may impact the logics at stake in the voluntary making of archival collections in humanities and social sciences.

Ethnomethodology and Conversation Analysis (EM/CA) investigate social order as it is achieved through interactions in a local and endogenous way. To achieve this goal, conversationalists describe the coordination of interactions from the actors’ point of view, and analyze how individuals make the meaning of their actions intelligible to each other. These (inter)actions, which shed light on actors’ social relations, are recorded in a natural context and then transcribed through a recursive, reflexive and collective process of “making” that encourages researchers to question their own technical, practical, methodological, and theoretical choices until the publication of their results. After a brief presentation of EM/CA, I problematize some steps of the conversational method that display a strong imbrication between data production and scientific objectivation. I then conclude on the limits of these two processes in light of the current research policy.

Opening research data is now “mandatory”, when data are not protected by copyright, personal data regulations or trade secrets. This requires a careful analysis of data prior to its collection, in order to ensure it is “as open as possible, as closed as necessary”. This also entails gathering diversely skilled people to work together and allocating a sufficient budget.

This article deals with the specificities and uses of sound data produced in the particular context of an experiment led in Brussels over the last twenty years by the BNA-BBOT organization. Relying on a transversal practice mixing methodologies and fields of application (art, human sciences, education), the author exposes the singular modalities and processes of production, conservation and exploitation of these data. These processes are intrinsically linked to issues of narrativity, historization and appropriation. Between micro-stories and collective storytelling, vocal collection and soundscapes, a database renders the thickness of what is given through sound.

This article takes the form of a feedback on the setting up of European research projects, unfolding the sequences between objectives, constraints and decision-making for two concrete cases. It shows how the actors of these projects – scholars and engineers – try to elaborate a scientific, documentary, technological and ethical answer to the requirements of the European Commission in terms of research data management, at a time when these requirements do not correspond to professions and practices integrated into the research structures, nor to routines or needs identified among the research teams. It advocates the joint consideration between researchers and engineers of the ethical issues related to data management as soon as projects are set up.

Funding agencies and journal editors strongly incite researchers to share and archive their data, when they don’t compel them to do so. However, the ways we archive data have a strong influence on their potential for reuse. The activity of banking data in centralised archives, with all the normalisation processes it involves, spoils them and renders impossible the profound engagement with the original research required by a fruitful reanalysis. We need to think collectively and design other archiving structures, more respectful of the research process.

This text addresses the issue of academic freedom by focusing on the status of researchers’ sources and data in the social sciences. I am interested both in their administrative conditions of production and their legal status, particularly in contexts where public or private operators would like to obtain them or neutralise them against the advice of respondents and researchers.

The National Institute of Demographic Studies (INED) stands out in the French academic landscape because of the attention it pays to making its research data accessible to the wider scientific community. Since the 1980s, the “surveys unit” assists researchers in archiving their surveys. In this interview for the Tracés journal, Gwennaëlle Brilhault, head of the surveys unit, Amandine Morisset, in charge of documenting surveys, Cris Beauchemin and Patrick Simon, INED researchers, highlight the tedious work that giving access to research data implies and the complexity of the questions it raises. Throughout the discussion, they explore the concrete challenges it brings up, both cost-wise and time-wise; the lack of recognition it often entails; the issues of intellectual property it creates and the fuzziness that surrounds the notion of “sensitive data”. By enumerating the various operations necessary to opening up and documenting survey data, the interview demonstrates that “data” can by no means be “raw” and must be equipped with a wealth of information to be reusable.

Since the 2013 disclosures of whistleblower Edward Snowden on the surveillance practices of Western intelligence agencies, the exposure of the field of social science to state surveillance – implemented by judiciary and police authorities, and more broadly justified by public safety imperatives – has received growing attention at the international level. Two major trends contribute to worsening such exposure: on the one hand, the anti-terrorist tide and the criminalization of social movements which, combined with technological change, lead to a multiplication of the surveillance capacities of security services; on the other hand, the inanity of the digital policies of higher education and research institutions, which contributes to reinforcing researchers’ dependence on digital oligopolies that are increasingly integrated into the State surveillance apparatus. This article provides a critical overview of the situation before dispensing some guidance on countermeasures aimed at reducing the risk that research data will be exposed to state surveillance.

In this interview, five beQuali members with diverse profiles describe what this “bank of qualitative surveys in the humanities and social sciences” consists of. They show the richness of this project, which requires archiving, documenting and investigating qualitative surveys in order to make them available to all those who wish to consult them as part of a teaching or research project.