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A controlled experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of salinity and alkalinity stresses on the growth and physiological characteristics of Carum copticum L. The treatments included four salinity levels: 0, 50, 100 and 150 mM NaCl, and four alkalinity levels 0, 20, 40 and 60 mM NaHCO

Caraway, a well-known traditional Uyghur medicine, has been used to treat vitiligo for centuries. Its biological effects on melanin synthesis of caraway have been investigated. However, beyond psoralen and isopsoralen alone, no further chemical component of caraway has been revealed. In this study, ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled with hybrid quadrupole orbitrap mass spectrometry was employed to comprehensively characterize the chemical components present in caraway. Based on accurate mass measurements, key fragmental ions and comparison with reference standards, 75 chemical components were identified in caraway. Moreover, a tandem mass spectrometry method was developed and validated for quantitative analysis of three pairs isomeric components, namely psoralen/isopsoralen, bavachin/isobavachalcone and bavachromene/isobavachromene in rat plasma. Psoralen, isopsoralen, bavachin, and isobavachalcone showed linearity with concentration ranging of 1.0-500.0 ng/ml. The linear ranges for bavachromene and isobavachromene were 0.2-500.0 ng/ml. The accuracies were in ranges of 85%-115% with coefficient of variation errors of less than 15%. Furthermore, the method was applied to quantify the three pairs isomeric components in rats after oral administration of caraway.

Agricultural intensification has led to structurally simplified landscapes with reduced and fragmented resources for farmland insects. However, studies on the effects of landscape composition on farmland insects have mainly been performed in areas dominated by open arable land and semi-natural grasslands, while studies from forest-dominated landscapes are scarce. This research examined the effects of landscape composition on hoverfly species richness and abundance in arable land in boreal forest-dominated landscapes. Hoverflies were sampled in 22 mass-flowering caraway (Carum carvi) fields in Central Finland using pan traps. The effects of landscape composition on species richness and abundance were examined for all hoverflies, and for species groups with different adult habitat preferences. Landscape composition was measured as proportions of land cover classes within two different radii. Species richness and abundances of all hoverflies, forest species and open-habitat species increased with decreasing arable land cover and/or increasing forest cover within a 500 m radius (the two land cover classes strongly negatively correlated). Wetland species were most abundant in landscapes with an intermediate cover of arable land and forest, and most species-rich in landscapes with intermediate (10%) water cover. The species richness and abundance of mixed-habitat species increased with increasing cover of transitional woodland. Implications for insect conservation Our results show that most hoverfies in arable land benefit from increasing surrounding forest cover even in relatively heterogeneous, forest-dominated landscapes. Preserving or increasing the area of forests and other non-arable habitats is needed to safeguard a diversity of resources for hoverflies, and associated ecosystem services in farmland. Agricultural intensification has led to structurally simplified landscapes with reduced and fragmented resources for farmland insects. However, studies on the effects of landscape composition on farmland insects have mainly been performed in areas dominated by open arable land and semi-natural grasslands, while studies from forest-dominated landscapes are scarce. This research examined the effects of landscape composition on hoverfly species richness and abundance in arable land in boreal forest-dominated landscapes. Hoverflies were sampled in 22 mass-flowering caraway (Carum carvi) fields in Central Finland using pan traps. The effects of landscape composition on species richness and abundance were examined for all hoverflies, and for species groups with different adult habitat preferences. Landscape composition was measured as proportions of land cover classes within two different radii. Species richness and abundances of all hoverflies, forest species and open-habitat species increased with decreasing arable land cover and/or increasing forest cover within a 500 m radius (the two land cover classes strongly negatively correlated). Wetland species were most abundant in landscapes with an intermediate cover of arable land and forest, and most species-rich in landscapes with intermediate (10%) water cover. The species richness and abundance of mixed-habitat species increased with increasing cover of transitional woodland. Implications for insect conservation Our results show that most hoverfies in arable land benefit from increasing surrounding forest cover even in relatively heterogeneous, forest-dominated landscapes. Preserving or increasing the area of forests and other non-arable habitats is needed to safeguard a diversity of resources for hoverflies, and associated ecosystem services in farmland.

The skin has several functions, one of the most important of which is to protect the internal organs from external damage and the entry of germs. Since skin and wound healing is one of the mostly concerned issues worldwide, the development of wound healing remedies is one of the main fields in modern medical research.To evaluate the effect of the hydroalcoholic extract of Cumin carvi L. seed as one of the traditional medicinal plants used for wound healing through an in vivo model.Wide circular skin wounds (2 × 2 cm) were created on the dorsal area of 50 Sprague-Dawley male rats ​​following ethical principles. The animals were divided into five groups including no treatment, base gel, tetracycline treatment, 10% v/v hydroalcoholic extract of Cumin carvi L. seed treatment and 20% v/v hydroalcoholic extract of Cumin carvi L. seed treatment group. Treatment was performed within 20 days. On days 1, 3, 5, 7 and 10, photographs were taken, and the percentage of wound healing was calculated. Also, on the 10th day, the skin area was sampled for histopathology and on the 20The results of wound healing percentage showed that from day 3 onwards, there was a significant improvement between the group treated with 20% v/v hydroalcoholic extract of Cumin carvi L. and the negative control and basal gel groups (p0.05). According to histopathological and total protein content evaluations, the amount of collagen production and inflammation score in the Cumin carvi-treated groups confirmed the healing process compared to other groups.According to the results of this project, 20% v/v ethanolic extract of Cumin carvi L. has potential therapeutic effects in the treatment of skin wounds. Wounds are one of the health concerns, and the economic burden of wound care and healing has continued to increase over the past years. The healing effects of C. carvi. ethanolic extract on the wound were investigated. The histopathological and macroscopical evaluations, as well as total protein content, were measured to investigate its wound healing properties.

Using molecular data (nrDNA ITS, cpDNA psbA-trnH), the systematic position of the genus Palimbia in theUmbelliferae was studied. It was shown that Palimbia is a monophyletic taxon and belongs to the clade Pyramidoptereae.Taxa closely related to Palimbia, such as Carum buriaticum and Schulzia, are very different carpologically, but they arecharacterized by finely dissected leaves, which is a very rare trait for the Siberian Umbelliferae.

This report summarizes the highlights of a lively discussion between leaders in the cochlear implant (CI) field who also bring significant leadership experience at the practice and health system levels, as well as policy and research perspectives. The discussion revealed several areas in which established patterns of practice should be reconsidered to facilitate wider acceptance of the CI as part of an integrated continuum of hearing healthcare. The importance of continued innovation to advance outcomes, lower cost, and increase access was emphasized. Trends in healthcare funding, which increasingly reward quality at lower cost, will also challenge longstanding assumptions that have influenced program design. Proactive efforts that pursue consistent value in the episode of surgical care while establishing innovative delivery models for audiological and rehabilitation services are the best hope for a future of equitable access and expanding impact.

This study aimed to investigate the fungal species isolation and confirmation by the Multiplex PCR method in aquatic fish. Evaluation of the inhibitory effect of nano-essential oils of Carum copticum on isolated fungal species was also conducted in this study. The PCR results showed that 3 out of 5 samples were diagnosed with Fusarium solani, and two of them were positive for Saprolegnia. Moreover, in 0.1% of the femalesamp;#39; nanoparticles, one peak appeared that showed a particle with an average diameter of 360 nm, and two nanoparticles showed a peak with a mean diameter of 242 nm. The results of minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) and minimum fungicidal concentrations (MFC) showed that 0.01% nano essential oil had 0.08 and 0.07 mg/ml MIC values against Fusarium solani and Saprolegnia, respectively. Gram/ml was on the growth of Fusarium solani species. The essential oils of female plants had an MIC of 0.07 in 0.1% essential oil and 0.03 mg/ml in 0.01% essential oil in Saprolegnia. Furthermore, in the case of 0.1% nano essential oil, the results showed the MIC values of 0.04 and 0.03 mg/ml against Fusarium solani and Saprolegnia, respectively. The MFC values of 0.1% nano essential oil were 0.1 and 0.07 mg/ml against Fusarium solani and Saprolegnia,respectively. It was not found on Fusarium and Saprolegnia. Overall, the results of this study using PCR for direct detection showed that 70% and 50% of the samples were Fusarium solani and Saprolegnia positive, respectively; therefore, the PCR was an efficient method for the detection of fungi. According to the results of nano-essential oil (0.1%) of females, this nano-essence had a strong inhibitory effect on Fusarium solani and Saprolegnia.

Despite studies on the effects of medicinal plants on reproductive performance, the effect of extracts broccoli and caraway on serum and testicular oxidative biomarkers, testicular structure and function and sperm quality before and after cryopreservation has not been studied. Sixty-three male mice were divided into nine controlled and treated groups as follow: control, broccoli (200 mg/kg), broccoli (300 mg/kg), caraway (200 mg/kg), caraway (300 mg/kg), broccoli -caraway (200 mg/kg), broccoli (300 mg/kg)-caraway (200 mg/kg), broccoli (200 mg/kg)-caraway (300 mg/kg), broccoli-caraway (300 mg/kg). After 42 days of treatment, the animals were sacrificed and blood sample and testicular tissue were collected for biochemical and histological measurements. Sperm quality was also measured before and after cryopreservation. The results showed that the diameter and number of spermatogonium, primary spermatocytes, spermatids and sperm count were significantly increased by broccoli (300 mg/kg), while level of them were significantly decreased by caraway (300 mg/kg) compared to other groups (p 0.01). Sperm viability and motility after thawing significantly improved by broccoli (300 mg/kg) compared to control. Testosterone levels significantly increased by broccoli (300 mg/kg) compared to control and caraway (300 mg/kg). The serum and testicular SOD and CAT activity significantly increased by broccoli (300 mg/kg) compared to other groups (p 0.05). MDA and DNA fragmentation levels significantly increased by caraway (200 and 300 mg/kg) compared to others (p 0.01). It can be concluded that broccoli extract in a dose-dependent manner than caraway extract could improve serum and testes oxidative biomarkers, testicular structure and function, and sperm quality before and after cryopreservation.

To explore a novel kind of green composite material having excellent antibacterial, antifungal ability and specific-targeting capability for pharmaceutical uses, a novel kind of bio-composite was prepared using sodium purified clay as carrier of Caraway essential oil (CEO). Gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC–MS) analyses of CEO reveals that Carvone (68.30%) and Limonene (22.54%) are the two major components with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) value equal to 125 mg/mL against Staphylococcus (S) aureus bacteria and Candida albicans fungi. Clay from Zaghouan was purified and characterized by X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and N2 adsorption–desorption (BET method). Results obtained by chromatograph equipped with a flame ionization detector (GC-FID) show that the concentration of 130 mg/mL of essential oil and 5 h of contact with the purified clay are the optimal conditions for the bio-hybrid formation. The pseudo-second-order model can describe the kinetic study of the adsorption of Carvone and Limonene on sodium montmorillonite, and the adsorption isotherms have been established to the Langmuir type. Limonene registers a maximum adsorption value equal to 3.05 mg/g of clay however Carvone register the higher amount of adsorption (19.98 mg/g) according to its polarity and the abundance of this compound in the crude CEO. X-ray diffraction, Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy, elemental analyses (CHN) and X-ray fluorescence characterization valid the success adsorption of CEO in sodium montmorillonite surface. The purified clay/CEO hybrid (purified clay/CEO) combined the advantages of both the clay and the essential oil used in exerting the antibacterial and antifungal activity, and thus, the composite has a double antibacterial and antifungal activity compared to the separately uses of inactive clay and CEO, suggesting the great potential application in pharmaceutical treatments.

In previous work, we tested the immunomodulatory effect of Nigella sativa (NS) fatty oil. Our results demonstrated that unrefined, obtained by cold pressing black cumin seed oil inhibited lymphocytes' proliferation and induced their apoptosis in a dose-dependent manner. In this study, we examined the immunomodulatory properties of essential oil (EO) obtained from the NS seeds by hydrodistillation and its two main constituents: thymoquinone (TQ) and p-cymene. We analyzed the proliferation, activation phenotype, and apoptosis rates of human T lymphocytes stimulated with an immobilized monoclonal anti-CD3 antibody in the presence of serial ethanol dilutions of tested oil or serial distilled water dilutions of tested compounds with flow cytometry. Our results showed that NSEO significantly inhibited the proliferation of CD4

Although there were a number of studies on the section Oceanica of the genus Protoperidinium, most of the published figures did not well revealed the clear features of the anterior intercalary plates. In this paper, Protoperidinium carum was re-described in details of cell morphology, plate patterns and thecal ornamentation, especially the second anterior intercalary plate (2a) is wide pentagonal instead of hexagonal type as in the previous descriptions. This species was illustrated with line drawing, light and scanning electron microscope photographs. P. carum was newly recorded in Southeast Asia and Vietnamese waters.

In this study, Pectin/Nanoclay (montmorillonite)/Carum copticum Essential oils/β-Carotene (Pec/Clay/CCE/βC) composite film was prepared. The effect of β-Carotene (βC) and Carum copticum Essential oils (CCE) concentration on the antioxidant activity and color/mechanical properties of Pec/Clay/CCE/βC film was studied. The morphology and antibacterial activity of film were studied. The films containing maximum essential oil and β-carotene showed the best antibacterial activity, antioxidant activity, flexibility and firmness. So the Pec/Clay/CCE0.5%/BC0.03% film as the optimum film was used for packaging of local butter. Oxidative stability, microbial count, and color properties (L*, a* and b*) of butter packaged with active film (Pec/Clay/CCE/βC) were investigated. Results showed that Pec/Clay/CCE/βC film was effective against Bacillus cereus (B. cereus) more than Escherichia coli (E. coli). According to the results active packaged butter had the highest oxidative stability, lowest microbial load, and the least color change during storage. In the packaging process, Pec/Clay/CCE/βC film color was changed from orange to light yellow and this color change was used as a smart color indicator to detect the oxidation of butter and expiration time of butter.

Background and objective The use of aromatic and herbal plants as a feed additive became a new trend in feeding dairy cows to enhance animal productivity. This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of adding some herbal and aromatic plants (Melissa, Fennel and Caraway) at 0.7% of total DM of rations. Materials and methods Three herbal plants were evaluated in this study (melissa, fennel and caraway) by using thirteen Holstein Friesian cows. Cows were in 3rd and 5th lactation seasons were used as one experimental group by swing over design in lactation experiment (control then T1 then T2 then T3 then control). Nutrients digestibility, milk production, milk composition and blood constituents were determined. Results Data indicated that nutrients digestibility and nutritive value were improved with herbal plants addition, especially with caraway treatment which recorded significantly (p>0.05) the highest values. In the same trend, Actual milk yield, 4% FCM and fat content were significantly (p>0.05) increased when cows fed rations supplemented with fennel and caraway. The addition of melissa decreased the concentration of Total Saturated Fatty Acids (TSFA) in the milk. Normal ranges for blood parameters with no negative impact on animal health were observed with experimental rations. Conclusion It could be concluded that caraway addition at 0.7% of the total dry matter of dairy rations, has a great potential to improve animal productivity and enhance the quality of milk fatty acids profile.

Essential oils are widely used in the food and cosmetics industry as natural flavoring and fragrance substances. For this reason, a thorough quality control applying selected analytical methods is required. Oxidation along with hydroperoxide formation is an important drawback during production and storage of essential oils. Hydroperoxides constitute the main products formed upon photo-oxidation of essential oils. Due to hydroperoxide instability, gas chromatography (GC) and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analyses are required. According to the European Pharmacopoeia, titration is the official method for oxidation assessment. However, this analysis is time-consuming, and large sample quantities are required. Here, we present a simple and accurate spectrophotometric method for the detection of peroxide trace amounts in essential oils and terpenes. The principle is based on the formation of Wurster's red, which is enforced by the peroxide-driven oxidation of

Sumac, cumin, and caraway are the most common spices used in the Middle Eastern cuisine, which are also known as herbal medicine. Thus, the present study was conducted to provide comprehensive information and analysis on the oil extracted from spices. The oils of caraway, cumin, and three different varieties of sumac seeds were extracted using hexane, and oil content, fatty acid composition, physicochemical properties, oxidative stability, antioxidant properties, and sterol compositions of oils extracted from spices were analyzed. The oil content ranged from 12 to 16% among different samples. Results obtained regarding the assessment of fatty acids composition showed oleic acid as predominant fatty acid present in different varieties of sumac, while linoleic acid was the dominant fatty acid of cumin and caraway. The α-tocopherol content of spices was equal to 392.06, 103.36 and 89.70 mg kg−1 for oils extracted from different varieties of sumac, caraway, and cumin, respectively. The sumac samples had high γ-tocopherol content (344.27–45.63 mg kg−1) and indicated unique oxidative stability for at least 50 h with no significant differences between the samples (P

This research with a factorial arrangement was undertaken to investigate physiological responses of ajowan plants to foliar treatment of salicylic acid (1 mM) and nano-Fe2O3 (3 mM) under various salinity levels (0, 4, 8, 12 dS m-1 NaCl, respectively). Rising salinity enhanced sodium and endogenous SA contents, soluble sugars, protein, glycine betaine, proline, antioxidant enzymes activities, ROS generation, and lipid peroxidation, while reduced potassium and iron contents, membrane stability index, leaf water content, leaf pigments, root and shoot biomasses, and seed yield. Application of particularly SA and SA+nano-Fe2O3 alleviated salt toxicity via enhancing K+ uptake, K+/Na+ ratio, Fe content, endogenous level of SA, the activities of antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase, catalase, peroxidase, and polyphenol oxidase), and most of the osmolytes. These changes were resulted in improving membrane stability index, leaf water content, leaf pigments, root and shoot growth, and finally seed yield of plants under moderate and severe salinities. Therefore, these treatments can additively enhance salt tolerance and physiological performance of ajowan through increasing antioxidant capacity, osmolytes, and photosynthetic pigments. Graphical Abstract .

Abused refrigerated temperatures are described as unacceptable deviations from the optimal temperature, occurring frequently during transportation of food products. Escherichia coli O157:H7 is a serious contaminant of meats and meat products due to its ability to grow at abused temperatures (> 10 °C). The aim of this study was to evaluate the antibacterial activity of Carum copticum essential oil for the control of Escherichia coli O157:H7 using laboratory media and minced beef at severe abused refrigerated temperature (15 °C). A comparative quantitative reverse transcription real-time PCR was used to assess effects of temperature and Carum copticum essential oil at sub-minimum inhibitory concentrations on bacterial growth and Shiga-toxin gene (stx1A and stx2A) expression. Results indicated that Carum copticum essential oil inhibited growth of E. coli O157:H7 in tryptone soy broth (TSB) media at all sub-MIC values until Hour 48. However, bacterial population increased progressively until Hour 72 at essential oil concentration of 0.75% (ml g−1) and reached 8.6 log CFU g−1 in minced beef. The essential oil at concentration of 0.005% (ml g−1) increased stx gene expression at all times, but increased stx gene expression (0.015%) at Hour 24 in TSB media. The expression rate of stx1A in minced beef decreased progressively (10.39 and 7.67 folds for 0.5 and 0.75%, respectively) and expression of stx2A was variable in minced beef during storage. In conclusion, results from this study have shown that effects of Carum copticum essential oil on growth and virulence gene expression are not necessarily correlated and temperature, essential oil concentration, investigated gene type, and bacterial growth environment (in vivo or in vitro) are effective as well.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects of the hydroalcoholic extracts of Malva sylvestris flowers or Carum carvi and Medicago sativa seeds, alone and in combination, which have been used in traditional Iranian medicine.Male Wistar rats were divided into 6 treatment groups: distilled water, sodium salicylate (SS), M. sylvestris extract (600 mg/kg), C. carvi extract (600 mg/kg), M. sativa extract (300 mg/kg) and combined extract (including 300 mg/kg M. sylvestris and C. carvi extracts, and 150 mg/kg M. sativa extract). The formalin pain model was used to evaluate the antinociceptive effects of the treatments. For anti-inflammatory effect, acute (one hour after injection) and chronic (during a week after injection) paw inflammation was measured after subcutaneous injection of 2.5% formalin in the hindpaw. Finally, tissue samples from all groups were prepared for histopathological studies.The combined extract significantly inhibited the nociception in the acute phase of the formalin test (P 0.001). In the chronic phase, all the extracts and SS had significant analgesic effect (P 0.001). Analgesic activity of the combined extract was significantly stronger than SS (P 0.01). In the acute inflammation model, M. sylvestris, C. carvi and the combined drug had significant inhibitory effects against paw edema (P 0.05). All extracts, individually and in combination, significantly alleviated chronic paw inflammation (P 0.01). The combined extract had much more anti-inflammatory activity than SS (P 0.05). Histopathological results indicated improvement and reduction of inflammatory factors in the treatment groups.M. sylvestris, C. carvi and M. sativa have analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties. Potentially, each of these extracts or a mixture of them might be a valuable alternative drug to control pain and inflammation.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the addition of caraway (1%) in fast-growing and slow-growing broiler chickens' diet and its effect on performance parameters, blood biochemical profile, and relative organ sizes and ileum morphology in slow-growing broilers. Two separated experiments were performed. On the first day of age, the broilers were divided into two equal groups (Control and Caraway) with six replicates per treatment in both experiments. Experiment I: The total of 276 male fast-growing Ross 308 broiler chickens were used. The trial lasted from the first day to 35th day of chickens' age. Experiment II: The total of 216 male slow-growing (Hubbard JA 57) broilers were used. The trial lasted from the first to 50th day of chickens' age. Mean liveweight, weight gain, feed conversion ratio, blood biochemical parameters and relative organ sizes were not significantly different in these trials. The group of slow-growing broilers supplemented with 1% of caraway in the diet showed longer villi and deeper crypt in the ileum after 50 days of life. Based on our results, it can be stated that the proportion of 1% caraway in fast-growing and slow-growing broiler chickens' diet did not influence performance parameters, blood biochemical profile and relative organ sizes. In case of the experiment with the slow-growing broilers supplemented with caraway, a significant difference in the height of the villi and the depth of the crypts was found. Caraway can be included in the broiler chickens' diets without negative effects, but further study of the effect on the intestinal morphology is necessary. info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess

Breast cancer is the most commonly diagnosed invasive non-skin malignancy in women worldwide, and it is the leading cause of cancer-related deaths in them.Results showed that higher concentrations (50 μg/mL) ofThere was decreased cell proliferation and cell viability when

Biotechnology and nanotechnology are important tools for understanding biochemical pathways. They can be used efficiently for stimulating and increasing the production of secondary metabolites in medicinal plants. The present study aimed to identify the γ-terpinene synthase gene (CcTPS2) as an effective contributor to the biosynthetic pathway of monoterpenes. The effects of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs; 50 and 100 mg l

This study aimed to investigate the efficiency of chemically characterised

Due to the increasing rate of invasive fungal infections and emerging antifungal resistance, development of novel antifungal drugs has been an urgent necessity. Antifungal peptides (AFPs) have recently attracted attention due to their unique ability to evade drug-resistant fungal pathogens. In this study, a novel AFP, Cc-AFP1, with a molecular weight of ~3.759 kDa, was isolated from Carum carvi L., purified by ammonium sulfate precipitation and reversed-phase HPLC and finally identified by sequence analysis using Edman degradation. Peptide sequence analysis revealed a fragment of 36 amino acid residues as RVCFRPVAPYLGVGVSGAVRDQIGVKLGSVYKGPRG for Cc-AFP1 with a net charge of +5 and a hydrophobicity ratio of 38%. The antifungal activity of Cc-AFP1 was confirmed against Aspergillus species with MIC values in the range of 8–16 µg/ml. Cc-AFP1 had less than 5% hemolytic activity at 8–16 µg/ml on human red blood cells with no obvious cytotoxicity against the HEK293 cell line. Stability analysis showed that the activity of Cc-AFP1 was maintained at different temperatures (20°C to 80°C) and pH (8 to 10). The results of a propidium iodide uptake and transmission electron microscopy showed that the antifungal activity of Cc-AFP1 could be attributed to alteration in the fungal cell membrane permeability. Taken together, these results indicate that Cc-AFP1 may be an attractive molecule to develop as a novel antifungal agent combating fungal infections cause by Aspergillus species.

To date, only a handful of pesticides have been authorized by the European Council for the protection of stored grains. Resistance issues and ecotoxicity concerns necessitate the development of ecofriendly tools in that direction. In this review, we refer to the recent findings on plant extracts and pure plant-derived substances with promising biological activity and the potential to be used as biopesticides for stored products. The main aim of biopesticides is to be effective against target pests, without harming humans and the environment. Many plant species, among those reported herein, are part of the human diet, and are thus not harmful to humans. Edible plant extracts produced with inorganic solvents represent safe candidates for use as repellants, fumigants or contact pesticides. Cinnamon, rosemary, parsley, garlic, oregano and basil are found in products destined for human consumption but also display significant biological activities. Interestingly, cinnamon is one of the most widely tested botanical matrixes, exhibiting the best lethal effects on almost all insect and mite taxa reported herein (Acaroidea, Coleoptera and Lepidoptera), followed by basil and garlic. Prunus persica,Azadirachta indica A. Juss and Carum sp. seem to be very promising too as miticides and/or insecticides, with A. indica already being represented commercially by a plant-derived acaricidal formulation.

The current investigation assessed the effect of pectin (PE) biodegradable nanocomposite coating containing curcumin nanoparticles (CNP) and ajowan (Carum copticum) essential oil nanoemulsion (ANE) combined with low-dose gamma irradiation on microbial, physiochemical, and sensorial qualities of lamb loins during refrigeration conditions. Active coating combined with gamma irradiation reduced the count number of mesophilic and psychrotrophic bacteria, lactic acid bacteria, Enterobacteriaceae; and minimized lipid and protein oxidation changes, total volatile basic nitrogen content, met-myoglobin formation, and color deterioration in the loin samples. The increased shelf-life of lamb loins up to 25 days compared with 5 days assigned for the control group can be associated with the application of ionizing radiation and edible PE coating containing CNP and ANE, which might be due to the synergistic or additive effects of treatments. Overall, as an effective preservation technique, a combination of PE + CNP + ANE and irradiation can be recommended for prolonging the shelf-life of lamb loins during refrigerated storage.

Digas colic drops (DCD-684) is a polyherbal formulation containing decoctions of five medicinal plants namely Carum carvi L., Foeniculum vulgare Mill, Mentha arvensis L., Mentha piperita L. and Zingiber officinale Roscoe. These plants have been extensively used in traditional medicine for the treatment of various gastrointestinal diseases including abdominal colic. This study was conducted to determine the spasmolytic effect of DCD-684 (100% v/v) and its individual plant components on isolated rabbit jejunum (in vitro) and their possible mechanism of action. The effects were evaluated on spontaneous and pre-contracted tissues using KCl (80mM) and other contractile agonists including acetylcholine (0.3µM), carbamylcholine (0.3µM), serotonin (10 µM) and histamine (100µM) in the presence and absence of DCD-684. The various concentrations of DCD-684 (0.1-3% v/v) demonstrated spasmolytic effects on both spontaneous (IC50=0.75%) and KCl-induced contractions (IC

We describe the production of doubled haploids through anther culture in caraway. Induction conditions for the cultivation of donor plants, anther collection, composition of culture media, and physical induction conditions for embryogenesis have been described. As a result, responsive lines with numerous haploid embryo production were obtained, which after colchicine treatment became fertile. From a practical point of view, two doubled haploid populations are tested under field conditions.

A novel nepovirus was identified and characterised from caraway, and tentatively named caraway yellows virus (CawYV). Tubular structures with isomeric virus particles typical for nepoviruses were observed in infected tissues by electron microscopy. The whole genome of CawYV was identified by high throughput sequencing (HTS). It consists of two segments with 8026 nt for RNA1 and 6405 nt for RNA2, excluding the poly(A) tails. CawYV-RNA1 shared closest nt identity to peach rosette mosaic virus (PRMV) with 63%, while RNA2 shared 41.5% with blueberry latent spherical virus (BLSV). The amino acid sequences of the CawYV protease-polymerase (Pro-Pol) and capsid protein (CP) regions share the highest identities with those of the subgroup C nepoviruses. The Pro-Pol region shared highest aa identity with PRMV (80.1%), while the CP region shared 39.6% to soybean latent spherical virus. Phylogenetic analysis of the CawYV-Pro-Pol and -CP aa sequences provided additional evidence of their association with nepoviruses subgroup C. Based on particle morphology, genomic organization and phylogenetic analyses, we propose CawYV as a novel species within the genus Nepovirus subgroup C. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12985-019-1181-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Objectives Microbial biofilms has attracted interest in the recent years because they has become the most important cause of nosocomial infections. This study was aimed to examine the antibacterial activities of Carum copticum extracts on the development of microbial biofilms and planktonic form of six pathogenic bacteria. Methods Antimicrobial activity of the crude extracts against the planktonic form of six pathogenic bacteria: Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Acinetobacter baumannii and Klebsiella pneumonia was evaluated by using the disc diffusion method. Minimal Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimal Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) values was determined by macro-broth dilution technique. Anti-biofilm effects were assessed by microtiter plate method. The chemical composition of the herbal extract was identified by GC-MS. Results According to disc diffusion test (MIC and MBC) the ability of C. copticum extracts for inhibition of bacteria in planktonic form was confirmed. The best inhibitory effect of this plant on S. aureus and low inhibitory effect on A. baumannii in planktonic forms were observed. These extracts were efficient to inhibit biofilm structures and concentration of each extract has direct relation with inhibitory effect. The maximum and minimum inhibitory effects of C. copticum methanolic extract on biofilm formation were observed on A. baumannii (98%) and K. pneumoniae (19%) respectively. Conclusion The GC-MS analysis revealed that five active compounds were present in the extract of this plant. Data obtained, suggested that the C. copticum extracts applied as antimicrobial agents against these pathogens particularly in biofilm making.

Caraway contains terpenes such as carvone, limonene and carveol, that have antibacterial and antifungal properties. Subcritical-water extraction (SWE) can be used to extract terpenes by changing temperature under high pressure. This study evaluated the SWE of terpenes from caraway when varying the extraction conditions of temperature (110 °C-190 °C), time (5-15 min), and particle size (1000, 850-1000, 425-850, and 425 μm). The optimal conditions for the extraction of carvone, which determines the quality of caraway, were found to be 170 °C, 15 min, and a particle size of 425 μm. Also, the carvone yield was much higher when using SWE (28.5 mg/g caraway) than for solvent extraction (20.2 mg/g caraway) and hydrodistillation (19.8 mg/g caraway). The overall results showed that oxygenated terpene like carvone has a high solubility in subcritical water, and nonoxygenated terpene like limonene can partially be converted to carvone via a process of SWE.

Caraway (Carum carvi L.) essential oil is a candidate for botanical herbicides. A hypothesis was formulated that the sand-applied maltodextrin-coated caraway oil (MCEO) does not affect the growth of maize (Zea mays L.). In the pot experiment, pre-emergence application of five doses of MCEO was tested on four maize cultivars up to the three-leaf growth stage. The morphological analyses were supported by the measurements of relative chlorophyll content (SPAD), two parameters of chlorophyll a fluorescence, e.g., Fv/Fm and Fv/F0, and fluorescence emission spectra. The analyzed MCEO contained 6.5% caraway EO with carvone and limonene as the main compounds, constituting 95% of the oil. The MCEO caused 7-day delays in maize emergence from the dose of 0.9 g per pot (equal to 96 g m−2). Maize development at the three-leaf growth stage, i.e., length of roots, length of leaves, and biomass of shoots and leaves, was significantly impaired already at the lowest dose of MCEO: 0.4 g per pot, equal to 44 g m−2. A significant drop of both chlorophyll a fluorescence parameters was noted, on average, from the dose of 0.7 g per pot, equal to 69 g m−2. Among the tested cultivars, cv. Rywal and Pomerania were less susceptible to the MCEO compared to the cv. Kurant and Podole. In summary, maize is susceptible to the pre-emergence, sand-applied MCEO from the dose of 44 g m−2.