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The role of gut barrier against pathogens and its interaction with dietary factors in weaned rabbits affected with digestive disorders, especially epizootic rabbit enteropathy is reviewed. This interaction was studied identifying nutritive factors that influence gut barrier function of mucosa. It was examined the morphology, and enzyme activity of mucosa and the gut associated immune system. Besides, it was characterized the substrate that reaches the caecum and its capacity to favour pathogen bacteria growth, by reviewing the effect of diet on ileal digestibility of nutrients, transit time and microbiota population. The nutritional factors which affect health of early weaned rabbits are level and type of both fibre and protein. The optimal dietary level of insoluble fibre to minimise mortality is 30-32%. Furthermore, a moderate inclusion of soluble fibre (12%) improves mucosa integrity and decreases mortality and the frequency of detection of Clostridium perfringens and Campylobacter spp in the caecum. The reduction of ileal nitrogen flow had a positive effect on pups viability and frequency of detection of C. perfringens. Furthermore, dietary supplementation with 1% of glutamine reduced fattening mortality, the frequency of detection of C. perfringens, and Helicobacter spp, and diminished the counts of Eimeria spp at the jejunum. In conclusion, a correct diet formulation may help to limit the epizootic rabbit enteropathy incidence in weaned rabbits., Depto. de Genética, Fisiología y Microbiología, Fac. de Ciencias Biológicas, TRUE, pub

An experiment was conducted to study the effect of a reduction in dietary sodium content on performance and nutrient digestibility, in rabbits weaned at 25 days of age. Two diets with the same composition and only differing in the supply of sodium chloride content (0.5 or 0%) were used. A reduction on the dietary sodium content from 2.7 to 0.6 g kg–1 DM decreased the ileal and faecal apparent digestibility of dry matter, crude protein and the ileal apparent digestibility of every amino acid studied with the exception of the phenylalanine, and reduced daily weight gain, feed intake and feed efficiency. These results indicate that a reduction of the dietary sodium content up to 0.6 g kg–1 DM results excessive and insufficient to assure a correct absorption of nutrients and to maintain the growth performance in growing rabbit., Depto. de Genética, Fisiología y Microbiología, Fac. de Ciencias Biológicas, TRUE, pub

Depto. de Genética, Fisiología y Microbiología, Fac. de Ciencias Biológicas, TRUE, pub

An experiment was conducted to determine the effects of source of protein (soybean vs sunflower meal) and enzyme supplementation (no enzyme vs protease addition vs protease + xylanase addition) on digestion and growth traits of rabbits. Treatments were arranged factorially in six isonutritive diets. Two hundred and forty rabbits weaned at 25 or 35 days were used to measure dry matter and crude protein apparent ileal digestibility of diets at 35 or 45 days of age, respectively. Another one hundred and eighty animals weaned at 35 days were fed ad libitum in individual cages during four weeks to determine fattening performance. Source of protein did not affect digestion efficiency or feed conversion rate in the whole fattening period, but animals fed soybean meal-based diets showed higher feed intake, grew faster and had higher mortality than those fed sunflower meal-based diets. Addition of enzymes increased ileal apparent digestibility, especially in youngest animals when supplements contained xylanase besides protease activity. Enzyme supplementation did not affect any of the growth traits studied, but decreased fattening mortality in sunflower meal-based diets., Depto. de Genética, Fisiología y Microbiología, Fac. de Ciencias Biológicas, TRUE, pub

The effects of a reduction in the sodium content from 2.6 to 1.6 g/kg DM in diets with similar electrolyte balance on fattening performances and ileal apparent digestibility of nutrients were investigated in early weaned rabbits. Two diets containing 17.9% DM of crude protein, with the same composition and only differing in sodium chloride content (0.5 and 0.2%) were given to rabbits weaned at 25 days to measure fattening performance (46 rabbits per diet), and apparent ileal digestibility (AID, 14 rabbits per diet) of DM, crude protein (CP) and amino acids (AA). Neither AID of DM nor AID of CP, which amounted 47.4 and 60.9% as average respectively, were affected by the dietary sodium content. The effect of a decrease in dietary sodium concentration on the AID differed among amino acids, as a reduction was observed for cystine (by 11%; P0.10) were detected for the other amino acids. A reduction of dietary sodium content did not affect daily weight gain, feed intake and feed efficiency (46.7 g/d, 76.7 g/d and 0.609 as average, respectively) neither during the first two weeks after weaning when the experimental diets were used, nor when the whole fattening period was regarded. The results of this experiment indicate that is possible to reduce the current dietary sodium recommendations for fattening rabbits to 1.6 g/kg DM during the first two weeks after weaning, without impairing either the fattening performances or the ileal digestibility of DM and CP. In addition, this study indicate that the level of sodium in the diet affects the gut absorption of methionine and cystine and several non-essential AA., Depto. de Genética, Fisiología y Microbiología, Fac. de Ciencias Biológicas, TRUE, pub

In the European context, the new legislation to avoid mineral contamination and the ban on antibiotics as growth promoters has led to the defi nition of new objectives in respect of nitrogen supply. The present study summarizes the state of nitrogen nutrition in rabbits and reviews the role of protein and amino acids in rabbit health and the new nitrogen value of protein sources based on true ileal digestibility (TID) for future recommendations. The main sources of nitrogen for microbial growth are ammonia, urea and protein (endogenous and dietary). The surplus of nitrogen fl ow to the caecum increases mortality rates during fattening by favouring the growth of potential pathogenic bacteria. Accordingly, feeding strategies to reduce ileal nitrogen fl ow have been reviewed. A large reduction of dietary protein level might have negative consequences on growth performances and mortality. In order to formulate balanced lowprotein diets, data on ileal and faecal amino acid digestibility of 14 raw materials is summarized. The use of this different unit for amino acid digestibility is also discussed., Depto. de Genética, Fisiología y Microbiología, Fac. de Ciencias Biológicas, TRUE, pub

The effect of dietary supplementation with 1% l-glutamine and a combination of 1% l-glutamine and 0.5% l-arginine on intestinal health was examined in weaned rabbits. A basal diet was formulated to meet nutrient recommendations. Another 2 diets were formulated by adding 1% (as-fed basis) Gln or a mixture of 1% (as-fed basis) Gln + 0.5% (as-fed basis) Arg (Gln-Arg) to the basal diet. In Exp. 1, a total of 357 rabbits were blocked by litter and assigned at random to the experimental diet to determine mortality (119 per diet) and growth performance (35 per diet; from weaning at 25 to 56 d of age). Rabbits were fed the experimental diets for a 2-wk period and thereafter received a commercial diet. Rabbits weaned at 25 d (blocked by litter and assigned at random to diets) were slaughtered at 35 d and used to determine apparent ileal digestibility of DM, CP, and AA (Exp. 2, a total of 60 rabbits), intestinal morphology, N-aminopeptidase and myeloperoxidase intestinal activity, the expression of PPARgamma at the ileum and kidney, serum immunoglobulin in healthy and sick rabbits (Exp. 3, a total of 24 rabbits), and ileal and cecal microbial composition by PCR-RFLP (Exp. 4, a total of 45 rabbits). Dietary treatment did not affect ADG, ADFI, or G:F, during the entire fattening period. Supplementation with Gln reduced mortality during the first 2 wk and the whole fattening period from 18.5 to 8.4% (P = 0.023) and from 31.9 to 20.2% (P = 0.039), respectively, whereas no effect was detected for Arg supplementation. Among all the variables studied, the reduction on mortality due to Gln was related to a reduced intestinal colonization (Eimeria lesions) and changes on microbial ecosystem in the ileum and cecum, reducing the frequency of detection of Clostridium spp. (from 86.7 to 33.3%, P = 0.003) at the ileum, and Helicobacter spp. at the ileum (from 86.7 to 46.7%, P = 0.003) and at the cecum (from 86.7 to 46.7, P = 0.028), whereas no effect was detected for Arg supplementation. I, Depto. de Genética, Fisiología y Microbiología, Fac. de Ciencias Biológicas, TRUE, pub

Phenolic compounds from grape products are known to possess antioxidant activity. Furthermore, grape polyphenols (anthocyanins) could be valorised as natural pigments. However, the dietary use of grape products in laying hen husbandry and its effect on egg quality traits and yolk lipid oxidation have been scarcely studied. In the present research work, egg yolk colour and Haugh units were increased with the intake of grape pomace and extract. Moreover, dietary inclusion of grape pomace at 60 g/kg increased the proportion of polyunsaturated fatty acids in the yolk and improved the yolk lipid oxidative stability during the storage of eggs, whereas no effect was obtained with grape extract. Regarding hen performance, both grape products reduced feed intake, feed conversion ratio and average egg weight, but they did not affect daily egg production and mass. Feeding grape pomace, at 60 g/kg, and grape extract, either at 0.5 or 1.0 g/kg, decreased protein digestibility. In conclusion, the addition of grape products in the diet of laying hens improved the egg quality but reduced feed intake and egg weight. Dietary grape pomace showed higher antioxidant potential in egg yolk than grape extract., Ministerio de Economía, Comercio y Empresa (España), Junta de Castilla y León, Depto. de Genética, Fisiología y Microbiología, Depto. de Producción Animal, Fac. de Ciencias Biológicas, Fac. de Veterinaria, TRUE, pub

Los compuestos ciclometalados pueden presentar una gran variedad de estructuras en función de los ligandos empleados en su síntesis, con la consecuente variación de sus propiedades y reactividad. El diseño de los paladaciclos y platinaciclos permite modular sus propiedades en campos diversos como la catálisis, los cristales líquidos, aplicaciones biomédicas o como emisores, caso de que sean luminiscentes. El presente proyecto tiene por objeto el diseño, caracterización y estudio de nuevos compuestos ciclometalados con metales de transición. Estos compuestos son susceptibles de formar estructuras supramoleculares homo- y heterodinucleares, permitiendo estudiar nuevos aspectos estructurales y de reactividad en el campo de la química organometálica. El uso de herramientas computacionales permitirá también aportar otra perspectiva y mejorar la comprensión de los hechos experimentales estudiados, así como la exploración de las propiedades biológicas de los compuestos sintetizados, que facilitará un diseño de compuestos bioactivos más eficaz.

Los flujos torrenciales son procesos destructivos que se dan a lo largo de todo el mundo, estos se generan en las zonas montañosas y se depositan en abanicos o llanuras aluviales ocupadas por asentamientos humanos transportando gran cantidad de volumen de sedimentos, este es el caso de la microcuenca de la quebrada El Rollo, su red hídrica atraviesa el casco urbano de la vereda San Bernardo, por lo que esta posee una potencialidad para la generación de este tipo de eventos. En el presente trabajo se realizó una metodología para la evaluación de amenaza por flujo de lodos detonados por lluvia empleando sistemas de información geográfica. Para evaluar las características hídricas de la zona se realizó una trasformación lluvia caudal, por su parte la amenaza en zona de la cuenca se evalúa a través de la modelación de un evento torrencial para diferentes escenarios planteados, para esto se emplea el modelo matemático FLO-2D, que determina para cada escenario las profundidades y velocidades máximas del flujo sobre las potenciales zonas de deposición. Con los resultados de la simulación, se realiza el mapa de amenaza en función de la intensidad del evento y la frecuencia de ocurrencia.

Cyclometallated compounds have been extensively studied, in particular those with palladium and platinum. This is because of their possible applications in medicinal chemistry, as anticancer or antimicrobial agents; in some cases, with similar results as cisplatin, carboplatin or oxaliplatin. What is also remarkable is their use as homogeneous catalysts, for example, in cross coupling reactions such as Suzuki–Miyaura or Mizoroki–Heck. Herein, we report the synthesis of different thiosemicarbazone ligands, which will be reacted with a palladium or platinum salt, to give the corresponding cyclometallated compounds; in addition, their reactivity with bis(diphenylphosphino)methane (dppm) will be studied. Characterization has been carried out by elemental analysis, IR spectroscopy, 1H and 31P NMR spectroscopy. Additionally, 1c has been studied by X-ray diffraction

"Remote sensing techniques provide the capacity of collecting information of spots from afar. This tool has an important application on Earth’s monitoring from space, a practice which help to gather multiple data from any point on Earth’s surface in short periods of time: vegetation biomass, water quality, surface profile, surface temperature, human infrastructures spread... This knowledge is used for a diversity of purposes of human interest, such as military, agricultural, meteorological or ecological ends. In order to acquire this information by remote sensing practice an entire infrastructure has been set, divided into space and ground segments. The space segment comprises the satellite or satellites, also called Earth Observation Satellites (EOS), which are equipped with sensors for the reception of data, usually in the form of electromagnetic signals. These satellites establish transmissions with the ground segment by means of antennas placed in certain spots, in order to sent the information collected. Then the ground segment is responsible for the processing of the data acquired for its use on a particular application. Earth observation satellites have been used for decades now. Historically, large satellites were required in order to do the observation tasks. These satellites were manually coordinated and their time resolution, linked with the time needed to revisit and acquire data from the exact location, was very low. Currently, the miniaturization tendencies have also arrived to the space sector and smaller satellites are now developmed. The emergence of the CubeSats, included in the nanosatellites group, and the growth of the number of their launches make clear the future trend: Earth observation with small and numerous satellites" (Fragmento extraido de la Introducción del trabajo)

El estudio se desarrolló en el río Mijitayo, ubicado en el Municipio de Pasto, suroccidente colombiano. El objetivo fue aplicar una metodología basada en la protección de los ecosistemas para definir el ancho de ronda hídrica y las especies más apropiadas para su recuperación, teniendo como principal elemento la identificación de zonas de vida que se encuentran en el área de estudio. Para ello, se estudiaron algunas de las características fitosociológicas entre las cuales se encuentran: altura, cobertura, densidad y frecuencia relativa, que sirvieron para determinar el Índice de Valor de Importancia (IVI), parámetro fundamental junto con la densidad de drenaje y el área de la cuenca aferente para la delimitación de la ronda hídrica con criterios ecosistémicos. En el sitio de estudio se encontraron las zonas de vida Bosque seco montano bajo (bs-MB), Bosque húmedo montano (bh-M), Bosque muy húmedo montano (bmh-M) y Páramo sub andino (p-SA) estimando un ancho de ronda hídrica de 15, 25, 29 y 23 metros, respectivamente. Finalmente, las especies recomendadas para su recuperación fueron Verbesina arbórea, seguida de Fuchsia dependens y Bocconia Frutescens para el bs-MB; Tibouchina mollis y Verbesina arbórea para el bh-M; Baccharis latifolia seguida de Maytenus prunifolia y Cavendishia bracteata para el bmh-M y por último, Phyllanthus Salviifolius seguida de Munnozia Sp para el p-SA.

The study was conducted in Mijitayo river, which is located in Pasto municipality, in the south-west of Colombia. The general objective was to apply a methodology based in the ecosystems protection to define round river width and the more suitable species to its recovery, having as main element the life zones identification that are in the study area. With this purpose, some of the phytosociological characteristics were studied, among which are: height, coverage, density and relative frequency, which are useful to determine the Importance Value Index (IVI), fundamental parameter along with the drainage density and the area of the afferent basin.The following life zones were obtained in the study site: the lower montane dry forest (bs-MB), the humid montane forest (bh-M), the very montane forest (bmh-M) and the sub-Andean Paramo (p-SA) with an estimated round river width of 15, 25, 29 and 23 meters, respectively. Finally, the recommended species for recovery were Verbesina arbórea, followed by Fuchsia dependens and Bocconia Frutescens for bs-MB; Tibouchina mollis and Verbesina arbórea for bh-M; Baccharis latifolia followed by Maytenus prunifolia and Cavendishia bracteata for bmh-M and finally, Phyllanthus Salviifolius followed by Munnozia Sp for p-SA., El estudio se desarrolló en el río Mijitayo, ubicado en el Municipio de Pasto, suroccidente colombiano. El objetivo fue aplicar una metodología basada en la protección de los ecosistemas para definir el ancho de ronda hídrica y las especies más apropiadas para su recuperación, teniendo como principal elemento la identificación de zonas de vida que se encuentran en el área de estudio. Para ello, se estudiaron algunas de las características fitosociológicas entre las cuales se encuentran: altura, cobertura, densidad y frecuencia relativa, que sirvieron para determinar el Índice de Valor de Importancia (IVI), parámetro fundamental junto con la densidad de drenaje y el área de la cuenca aferente para la delimitación de la ronda hídrica con criterios ecosistémicos. En el sitio de estudio se encontraron las zonas de vida Bosque seco montano bajo (bs-MB), Bosque húmedo montano (bh-M), Bosque muy húmedo montano (bmh-M) y Páramo sub andino (p-SA) estimando un ancho de ronda hídrica de 15, 25, 29 y 23 metros, respectivamente. Finalmente, las especies recomendadas para su recuperación fueron Verbesina arbórea, seguida de Fuchsia dependens y Bocconia Frutescens para el bs-MB; Tibouchina mollis y Verbesina arbórea para el bh-M; Baccharis latifolia seguida de Maytenus prunifolia y Cavendishia bracteata para el bmh-M y por último, Phyllanthus Salviifolius seguida de Munnozia Sp para el p-SA.

Depto. de Genética, Fisiología y Microbiología, Fac. de Ciencias Biológicas, TRUE, pub

Thiosemicarbazones are well known compounds that show antitumoral and antibacterial proprieties[1] ; while crown ether moiety acts as ion sensor to entrap cations size-selectively from the environment, implied in the production of sensors, membrane ion transport or potential anti-cancerous species, among others[2]. The combination of both functions into the same molecule should increase their unique applications. Herein we report on the synthesis of a molecule that combines both functions. The main aspect is that the study has being performed beginning with the design of the compound using DFT calculations, with the package of programs g09[3], after which follows the final synthesis and characterization using 1H NMR, IR and crystallographic analysis

The purpose of this work is the design, synthesis and characterization of thiosemicarbazone ligands bearing a phenyl boronic acid functionality. The main interest is the synthesis of organopalladium compounds with the boronic acid included within the corresponding molecule. These could lead to further modification of the properties of the organometallic species applicable to the Suzuki-Miyaura reaction. The ligands were prepared by reaction of acetylphenylboronic acid with several thiosemicarbazides. The compounds were characterized by IR, 1H and 31P NMR spectroscopy

Thiosemicarbazones are formed by the condensation of an aldehyde or ketone with a thiosemicarbazide. They have high coordinative capacity given that they have several potential donor atoms through which they can bind to transition metals. This coordinative capacity can be increased if the R1 and R2 substituents include additional donor atoms. In addition, thiosemicarbazones as well as their semicarbazones analogues have considerable biological and pharmacological interest because of their antibacterial, antiviral and antitumor activity. This communication includes the preparation and characterization of a series of thiosemicarcarbazones and their applications in the synthesis of palladium organometallic compounds

El artículo fue realizado a partir del proyecto de investigación denominado: Evaluación de fuentes alternativas de agua para el abastecimiento de San Juan de Pasto en Colombia bajo escenarios de sequía. Para su elaboración se realizó una revisión bibliográfica a nivel regional, nacional y mundial relacionada con el recurso hídrico, su distribución, uso, manejo e impacto de los fenómenos de variabilidad y cambio climático, con el fin de conocer las bondades y desaciertos de las soluciones que se ha planteado a nivel mundial, principalmente en el fenómeno de sequía, para poder contextualizar las herramientas de apoyo enfocadas a la planificación local. La revisión realizada permitió concluir que en la actualidad, la oferta y demanda hídricas varían alrededor del mundo, razón por la cual, el manejo del recurso hídrico se encuentra ligado a las características específicas y a las diferentes condiciones (meteorológicas, geográficas, demográficas, etc.) de cada zona, imposibilitando que se pueda realizar una gestión igual a nivel global.

Industrial processing of livestock, poultry and fish produces a large amount of waste in a solid or liquid form that can either be destroyed or be used to make compost, biogas or other low-added value products. However, the by-products from animal processing industries have a potential for conversion into useful products of higher value, such as protein hydrolysates, with interesting applications in animal feed. Low amounts of animal protein hydrolysates included in aqua-feeds may enhance growth rate and feed conversion of farmed fish and crustacean. Animal protein hydrolysates may also be incorporated in diets to enhance the nonspecific immunity of fish. As well, these hydrolysates can be used as a good source of amino acids for newly weaned animals. Protein hydrolysates from animal by-products including antimicrobials, antioxidants, opioid-like and/or other interesting bioactive molecules have promising and interesting applications on companion and production animals. By-products from animal processing industries are therefore a promising source of bioactive peptides of considerable interest for animal care, always within the framework of the existing legislation. Possible drawbacks and future trends of the use of animal by-products and/or production of protein hydrolysates from those materials are also discussed., Depto. de Genética, Fisiología y Microbiología, Fac. de Ciencias Biológicas, TRUE, pub