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Timely incision and drainage (ID) is first line management for anorectal abscesses. We aimed to define current practices in anorectal abscess management and identify factors associated with abscess recurrence and fistula formation.Index episodes of anorectal abscesses treated with ID in 2014-2018 at a multi-hospital healthcare system were included. Association with one-year abscess recurrence or fistula formation was evaluated using Cox proportional hazard regression. Fistulae were captured only among patients without fistulae at the index operation.A total of 458 patients met study criteria. One-year rate of abscess recurrence or fistula formation was 20.3%. When compared to bedside procedures, drainage in the operating room was associated with a reduced risk of either recurrence or fistula formation (aHR 0.20 [95%CI 0.114-0.367]).Improved exposure and patient comfort in the operating room may allow more complete drainage contributing to decreased rates of abscess recurrence or fistula formation.

Background Transoral robotic surgery (TORS) is an emerging minimally invasive surgical treatment for residual, recurrent, and new primary head and neck cancers in previously irradiated fields, with limited evidence for its oncological effectiveness. Methods A retrospective observational cohort study of consecutive cases performed in 16 high-volume international centers before August 2018 was conducted (registered at clinicaltrials.gov [NCT04673929] as the RECUT study). Overall survival (OS), disease-free survival, disease-specific survivals (DSS), and local control (LC) were calculated using Kaplan-Meier estimates, with subgroups compared using log-rank tests and Cox proportional hazards modeling for multivariable analysis. Maximally selected rank statistics determined the cut point for closest surgical resection margin based on LC. Results Data for 278 eligible patients were analyzed, with median follow-up of 38.5 months. Two-year and 5-year outcomes were 69.0% and 62.2% for LC, 71.8% and 49.8% for OS, 47.2% and 35.7% for disease-free survival, and 78.7% and 59.1% for disease-specific survivals. The most discriminating margin cut point was 1.0 mm; the 2-year LC was 80.9% above and 54.2% below or equal to 1.0 mm. Increasing age, current smoking, primary tumor classification, and narrow surgical margins (≤1.0 mm) were statistically significantly associated with lower OS. Hemorrhage with return to theater was seen in 8.1% (n = 22 of 272), and 30-day mortality was 1.8% (n = 5 of 272). At 1 year, 10.8% (n = 21 of 195) used tracheostomies, 33.8% (n = 66 of 195) used gastrostomies, and 66.3% (n = 53 of 80) had maintained or improved normalcy of diet scores. Conclusions Data from international centers show TORS to treat head and neck cancers in previously irradiated fields yields favorable outcomes for LC and survival. Where feasible, TORS should be considered the preferred surgical treatment in the salvage setting.

BACKGROUND We aim to define a set of terms for common free flap complications with evidence-based descriptions. METHODS Clinical consensus surveys were conducted among a panel of head and neck/reconstructive surgeons (N = 11). A content validity index for relevancy and clarity for each item was computed and adjusted for chance agreement (modified kappa, K). Items with K

BACKGROUND: Hematopoietic cell transplant (HCT) can cause significant distress in patients and their informal caregivers. Despite advances in reduced intensity conditioning and supportive care, few recent studies have reported rates of clinically-significant post-traumatic stress disorder symptomatology (hereafter referred to as PTSD). Goals of the current study were to: 1) examine rates of PTSD and distress in patients and caregivers and 2) identify sociodemographic and clinical risk factors for PTSD. METHODS: As part of an annual survivorship survey, 2,157 HCT recipients and their caregivers were mailed self-report measures of PTSD and distress. Patients also completed self-report measures of sociodemographic information (e.g., age, sex, employment status). Clinical variables (e.g., time since transplant, transplant type) were captured in the transplant database. RESULTS: A total of 691 recipients (56% age 60 or above at the time of survey, 47% female, median 10.1 years post-HCT) and 333 caregivers provided PTSD data and were included in the current analyses. More caregivers reported PTSD (6.6%) than patients (3.3%) (p=0.02). Patients or caregivers who had PTSD reported significantly higher distress related to uncertainty, family strain, medical demands, finances, identity, and health burden (p values < 0.0001) compared to those without PTSD. Patient but not caregiver PTSD was associated with more recent transplant (p=0.01, p=0.16). CONCLUSIONS: Rates of PTSD are relatively low in long-term survivors of HCT and their caregivers. Nevertheless, results are consistent with other studies of cancer caregiving suggesting that caregivers often experience greater distress than patients. Timely referral to psychosocial services should be offered to both HCT recipients and caregivers reporting symptoms of PTSD.

In 2014, the National Institutes of Health sponsored the second Consensus Development Project on Criteria for Clinical Trials in Chronic Graft-versus-Host Disease (GVHD). The purpose was to update recommendations about key elements of chronic GVHD research, including definitions for diagnosis, severity scoring, and response measures, based on empirical data published since the first 2005 Consensus Conference. The most significant modifications were to the response assessments, based on studies demonstrating difficulty with the first consensus definitions. The Response Measures Validation Study is a multicenter, prospective cohort study of patients who are starting initial or subsequent treatments for chronic GVHD. The aim of the study is to evaluate the performance of the 2014 response measures and determine whether any other combination of assessments is superior. Clinical data, clinician assessments, patient-reported outcomes, and research samples are collected at enrollment and 3, 6, and 18 months later, and whenever another chronic GVHD systemic treatment is added. The target enrollment of 368 evaluable patients from 12 transplantation centers has been reached. This report describes the rationale, design, and methods of the Chronic GVHD Response Measures Validation Study, and invites other investigators to collaborate with the Consortium to analyze data or specimens.

Previously reported experimental and clinical data suggest that proteasome inhibition may have immunomodulatory activity relevant to graft-versus-host disease (GVHD). To explore the safety and activity of carfilzomib in advanced chronic GVHD, we conducted a multicenter pilot phase II trial through the Chronic GVHD Consortium. Carfilzomib was administered at 20 mg/m

Advances are needed in the therapy of treatment-refractory chronic graft-vs.-host disease (GVHD). Prior experimental and clinical data suggest proteasome inhibition may have immunomodulatory activity relevant to GVHD. Carfilzomib is a specific, irreversible, next-generation proteasome inhibitor with extensive experience in the therapy of multiple myeloma. To explore the safety and activity of carfilzomib in advanced chronic GVHD, we conducted a pilot multi-center phase II trial through the Chronic GVHD Consortium. Carfilzomib was administered at 20 mg/m2 on day 1, and then 36mg/m2 on days 8 and 15 of a 28-day treatment cycle (cycle 1), and then 36 mg/m2 on days 1, 8, and 15 of a 28-day treatment cycle (cycles 2-6). The primary endpoint was 6 month treatment failure, a composite endpoint including death, relapse, and requirement for an additional line of systemic immune suppressive (IS) therapy. Considering a historical 6 month treatment failure rate of 44%, this 20 subject pilot trial allowed estimation of the 6 month treatment failure rate with a standard error of 10 percentage points. Secondary objectives included safety, physician- and NIH-based response rates, failure-free survival, and patient-reported outcomes. Key eligibility criteria included age ≥ 18, NIH Consensus defined chronic GVHD, and failure of at least one prior line of systemic IS therapy. A total of 20 subjects were enrolled at 4 institutions. Median age was 53 years. Median time from transplant to enrollment was 2.8 years (IQR 1.7-5), and from chronic GVHD onset to enrollment 1.5 years (IQR 0.5-3.7). Chronic GVHD was NIH moderate (30%) or severe (70%), predominantly classic (90% vs. overlap 10%), and involved multiple diverse organ sites. Prior lines of systemic therapy for chronic GVHD were ≤ 2 (n=6, 30%) or ≥ 3 (n=14, 70%). Doses were held primarily for infection (50% of total held doses); only 4 patients (20%) completed all planned 6 months of carfilzomib. SAEs occurred in 40% of subjects, and 7 deaths occurred among study participants occurring between 0.3-9 months after last carfilzomib dose (none attributed to carfilzomib). The 6 month treatment failure rate was not significantly improved vs. the historical benchmark (40% vs. 44%, p=0.36), figure 1. NIH response rates at 3, 6, and 12 months are presented in figure 2. Overall survival at 6 and 12 months was 79% and 58%. Failure-free survival at 12 months was 32%. These pilot phase II data suggest that carfilzomib therapy in this very advanced chronic GVHD population did not improve expected 6 month treatment failure rates achieved under conventional practices and is not recommended for further study for this indication.