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The file attached to this record is the author's final peer reviewed version. The Publisher's final version can be found by following the DOI link. Niching is an important technique for multimodal optimization. Most existing niching methods require specification of certain niching parameters in order to perform well. But these parameters are usually difficult to set because they depend on the problem. The particle swarm optimization algorithm using the ring neighborhood topology does not require any niche parameters, but the determination of the particle neighborhood in this method is based on the subscript of the particle, and the result fails to achieve the best performance. For better performance, in this paper, a particle swarm optimization algorithm based on the ring neighborhood topology of Euclidean distance between particles is proposed, which is called the close neighbor mobility optimization algorithm. The algorithm mainly includes the following three strategies: elite selection mechanism, close neighbor mobility strategy and modified DE strategy. It mainly uses the Euclidean distance between particles. Each particle forms its own unique niche, evolves in a local scope, and finally locates multiple global optimal solutions with high precision. The algorithm greatly improves the accuracy of the particle. The experimental results show that the close neighbor mobility optimization algorithm has better performance than most single-objective multi-modal algorithms.

Canada has a number of unique features that distinguish it from other international jurisdictions, including its close neighbor the United States. In 2016, the country’s population was approximatel...

Nowadays, the singularity of outdoor space in urban community has been unable to meet the needs of people. The concept of home, the smallest unit of society, is changing with the change of family structure. The huge living community consists of a family of loose relationship or fragmented families, each of which is an island. In the past, it is said that a neighbor that is near is better than a brother far off. However, at present, a close neighbor is like a stranger. The walls of the building have become a barrier for people to communicate. People’s activities should not be restricted by the ”box” of home. Can we open the walls and re-design the outdoor space? Therefore, we begin to think about the connection between people, can we achieve it through space? Can there be more public space between neighborhoods? Can such a public space be used as part of the family space again? In this paper, the outdoor space of urban community is taken as the research object to strive to break the boundaries of traditional indoor and outdoor space. How to optimize the outdoor public space in urban communities to promote residents’ communication is taken as the purpose of research to carry out a new design of this kind of space. The outdoor space outside the traditional wall is combined with the living needs of present people to discuss the possibility shaping of outdoor space in urban community.

Among the major contributions which Egyptology science owe a lot to Dr. Abdel Moneim Sayed, one of the most fascinating ones is the discovery at Marsa Gawasis of the harbor or « harbor station », very probably the Egyptian Saeww, from which the expeditions of Punt, in the Middle Kingdom, embarked or where they disembarked. Being a close neighbor of the Eastern Desert, I would like to dedicate these pages to my dIinguished colleague.

International audience; In the context of post-hoc interpretability, this paper addresses the task of explaining the prediction of a classifier, considering the case where no information is available, neither on the classifier itself , nor on the processed data (neither the training nor the test data). It proposes an inverse classification approach whose principle consists in determining the minimal changes needed to alter a prediction: in an instance-based framework, given a data point whose classification must be explained, the proposed method consists in identifying a close neighbor classified differently, where the closeness definition integrates a spar-sity constraint. This principle is implemented using observation generation in the Growing Spheres algorithm. Experimental results on two datasets illustrate the relevance of the proposed approach that can be used to gain knowledge about the classifier.

This study was a descriptive qualitative research aiming to describe the role of Social Capital for the poor farmer to sustain their household life. The subject of research consisted of poor farmers having a less-than-0.13 ha land conducted in RT 4 RW 6 Bulu II Hamlet, Randusongo Village, Gerih Subdistrict, Ngawi Regency, East Java Province.This study was conducted using in-depth interview, observation, and library study techniques. Meanwhile, the sampling technique used was maximum variation sampling taken seven informants as the sample, consisting of four informants: poor old, very poor old, poor young, and very poor young farmers, as the case informant, while the key informant of research consisted of: elders of Randusongo Village, Carik/Secretary of Randusongo Village, and Head of Bulu II Hamlet. Key informant was also used as the instrument of validating the field data from the informant.The case informants were selected based on the criterion specified by Statistical Central Agency (BPS), that was, those belonging to poor family, while key informants were the village elders considered as knowledgeable and understanding about the daily condition of poor farmers because they domiciled in the same hamlet, and the village apparatus considered as knowing the poor farmers’ condition because they often gave them service regarding Bantuan Langsung Tunai ((BLT= Cash Direct Grant) now called Bantuan Langsung Sementara Masyarakat (BLSM = Temporary Public Grant), Raskin (rice for poor people) and other services.The result showed that bonding social capital played an important role for the poor farmers in sustaining their household life. It could be seen from those helping their poor close relatives in meeting their daily life needs. Bridging social capital is the strongest out of the three social capitals existing because many poor farmer household could survive because of their close neighbor’s help. Linking social capital did not play a role at al because such organization as PKK (Pendidikan Kesejahteraan Keluarga = Family Welfare Education) or organization at either RT or RW level in Randusongo village did not work thereby could not contribute to reinforcing social capital within the society. Keywords : social capital, poor farmer, life sustainability

Geo-strategic significance has been always an important factore in shaping the destiny of a country. Bhutan has been well-know for its strategic location and natural resource base in the world. It is a sandwiched between two powerful nations, India and China. Because of its proximity to both the countries. India,is a close neighbor, has traditionally played a significant role in Bhutan. At present, china is interfering repeatedly in Bhutan, which also threatens India’s security with India-Bhutan relations. China’s role is a detectable as it has begun to intervence Bhutan’s development process with an intention to weaken Indian influence. In addition to both the countries want to establish a good image in the eye of Bhutan. The present paper is an effort towards analysing the changing geo-strategic relevance of Bhutan in the security of India.

This paper investigates whether the decision to attend university depends on university enrollment of close neighbors. I create a unique dataset combining detailed geographic information and educational records from different public agencies in Chile, and exploit the quasi-random variation generated by the rules that determine eligibility for student loans. I find that close neighbors have a large and significant impact on university enrollment of younger applicants. Potential applicants are around 11 percentage points more likely to attend university if a close neighbor enrolled the year before. This effect is particularly strong in areas with low exposure to university and among individuals who are more likely to interact; the effect decreases both with geographic and social distance and is weaker for individuals who have spent less time in the neighborhood. I also show that the increase in university attendance translates into retention and university completion. These effects are mediated by an increase in applications rather than by an improvement on applicants' academic performance. This set of results suggests that policies that expand access to university generate positive spillovers on close peers of the direct beneficiaries.

The title complex is composed of saddle-shaped mol­ecules which closely inter­act in a pairwise fashion through π–π and C—H⋯π contacts to form ‘dimers’. These ‘dimers’ further inter­act through C—H⋯S and C—H⋯π contacts to construct a complex three-dimensional extended structure., The crystal structure of the well-studied 9,10-bis­(1,3-di­thiol-2-yl­idene)-9,10-di­hydro­anthracene mol­ecule, C20H12S4, (I), also known as exTTF, is reported. The mol­ecular structure of (I) consists of a di­hydro­anthracene moiety with two 1,3-di­thiol-2-yl­idene substituents. This is a saddle-shaped mol­ecule, which inter­acts with a close neighbor through various π–π and C—H⋯π contacts to form a ‘dimer’. These ‘dimers’ inter­act through a series of C—H⋯S and C—H⋯π contacts to construct a complex three-dimensional extended structure.

FTA provides guidance for the evaluation of impacts to a variety of noise-and vibration-sensitive uses along a rail transit system. Included under the category of special buildings are concert halls or sound-recording facilities and auditoriums. The impact criteria for ground-borne noise from the transit systems into such spaces are maximum noise levels of 25 or 30 dBA, respectively, far more restrictive than for any other category considered in the FTA Guidance Manual. Conformance with these impact criteria is necessary to avoid significant impact during environmental analysis but may not be a sufficient evaluation of the effect of the transit systems. Some special parameters that should be considered for any rail transportation project that seeks to become a close neighbor of such facilities are discussed.

El presente trabajo de investigación está centrado en el Desarrollo de Acciones Didácticas para la Conservación de los Petroglifos en el Municipio Antonio José de Sucre Barinas 2016. La metodología es de naturaleza cualitativa en la que se destaca la etnografía como vía para acceder a las características particulares del tema de estudio, se abordara desde las perspectivas de tres informantes claves comprendidos en un vecino cercano, un guía turístico y un cronista del municipio cercanos al espacio geográfico en donde se ubican los petroglifos; para ello será necesario recoger la información a través de la aplicación de la técnica de la entrevista empleando el cuestionario como instrumento de recolección de datos. En ese sentido, con este estudio se busca propiciar acciones consientes acerca del cuidado y respeto a los grabados y patrimonio ancestrales originarios de las culturas autóctonas de la región preservando así las aéreas físicas para fomentar el turismo y la recreación en estos espacios.

High mountains in back and facing the sea is an ideal Feng Shui village landscape in Okinawa. Such a location is perfect for semi-agricultural and semi-fishing production.When and how a Feng Shui village came into being is still a myth to the historians. The only complete records of Feng Shui village inspections of Inamine and its close neighbor, Makija hamlets, by Feng Shui masters from 1857 to 1888 exist there. These items of literature allow us to have a rough look at Feng Shui layout in then early-modern Ryukyu. On basis of Feng Shui diaries and remnant huge Fukugi trees, this study aims to clarify the settlement and the development process of Feng Shui village landscape in Okinawa.Tree planting has been highlighted in these Feng Shui diaries. Utakis, the local sacred places usually covered with lush forests, are the primary concern of village Feng Shui. Dense forests were required to be planted on the Feng Shui sites, a spot or an area of significance to the whole village Feng Shui. Tree planting around the houses, along the coastline, and even along rivers has effectively protected the village houses and paddy fields from strong winds. All remnant huge Fukugi trees older than 200 years were found in Muranaha, the hamlet center and also the oldest part of Inamine hamlet. About 14 big trees were standing in village Ho:go, among which 13 were on the coastline. Ho:go is a particular Feng Shui word in Okinawa, literally means embraced protection. Ho:go is also used to refer to forest belts that surround a house, a village or coastline. It is assumed that Ho:go might have been recommended by the central government around 1737-1750 in Okinawa. The biggest tree found in Inamine is estimated to be around 298 years old. From the remnant trees, a number of houses in Inamine might have existed early to 300 years ago. It might have been considered as an administrative hamlet by the central government around 1751, with the planting of village Ho:go. The oldest houses were first built in the center and, with the population increase, later spread to the surrounding areas.

The area of philosophy of education provides resources for language teachers’ development of personal philosophies of teaching. The article reviews the need for such entities and discusses the conceptual resources available for their development as well as related research in applied linguistics. Although the field of teacher cognition is identified as a close neighbor of the area, the small amount of relevant empirical research available suggests that little is known about how language teachers develop philosophies of teaching or use resources in this area. A research agenda is advanced with an emphasis on aims in philosophies of teaching.

Readers ofMiddlemarch(1871–1872) willremember the moment when Brooke's bid to win a seat in Parliament abruptly ends, in the middle of the Reform Bill campaign and in the middle of a speech. He tells the crowd how happy he is to be there. He tells the crowd he is a “close neighbor” of theirs. Then he says the following:“I've always gone a good deal into public questions – machinery, now, and machine-breaking – you're many of you concerned with machinery, and I've been going into that lately. It won't do, you know, breaking machines: everything must go on – trade, manufactures, commerce, interchange of staples – that kind of thing – since Adam Smith that must go on. We must look all over the globe: – ‘Observation with extensive view,’ must look everywhere, ‘from China to Peru,’ as somebody says – Johnson, I think, ‘The Rambler,’ you know. That's what I have done up to a certain point – not as far as Peru; but I've not always stayed at home – I saw it wouldn't do. I've been in the Levant, where some of your Middlemarch goods go – and then, again, in the Baltic. The Baltic, now.” (Eliot,Middlemarch349; Book 5, ch. 51)It's when he passes from the Levant to the Baltic that Brooke is interrupted by a laugh-creating echo from the crowd, an echo which, “by the time it said, ‘The Baltic, now'” (350; Book 5, ch. 51), has become fatal.

Sangen-kyotei is an agreement for the purpose of scenic development made by three residents living next to each other. As a system receiving government subsidy, it is unique. Residents use this system mainly to do planting to enhance the scenery. In our research, we performed a quantitative comparative analysis of the meaning of regional environment and environmental development based on the ‘narratives’ of the residents. From this, we clarified the characteristics of each agreement area. In this way, we clarified the systemic possibilities of ‘sangen-kyotei’ by expanding the meaning of the environment and the act through planting.

The nuclear and missile programs of the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea (DPRK) have attracted considerable attention on the part of the international community in recent years. This is not only due to the issue of nonproliferation, as it also concerns East Asian regional security and the international relationships among the DPRK, the United States (US), China, the Republic of Korea (ROK), and others. As a close neighbor, China has its own interests and concerns vis-a-vis the DPRK and has played its unique role in handling the DPRK’s nuclear and missile programs.

In this paper, we examine the factors that contribute to the variability in download time of a self-organizing P2P file distribution application such as BitTorrent. We conducted a series of side-by-side live experiments, involving two clients running on the same machine downloading the same file at the same time. We found that the download latency varied significantly, sometimes by a factor of 2. Surprisingly, the main contributing factor isn't the network bandwidths of the set of neighbors that a client is given. Rather, it has to do with the frequency of turn-overs in "close" neighbors, i.e. those that are in a stable data-exchange relationship with the client. Analysis of the log data shows that a client obtains over 90% of the file from a small set of close neighbors, and if a close neighbor leaves the network, it takes the client a long time, over half an hour , to find another one. This suggests that self-organizing P2P file distributions indeed need external help in order to provide QoS guarantees, but such guarantees are achievable with proper enhancements to the P2P network.

Flow-injection NMR is a very attractive technique for identifying weak but specific ligand-macromolecule interactions. The low-sensitivity of this method is, however, a major concern which hinders its widespread application to large-scale screening. Focussing on RNA-targeting ligands, we have shown in this report that it is possible to design a peptide library that will simultaneously satisfy a number of physico-chemical restraints and sample the sequence space in an "optimal" fashion. This library, which contains less than 200 peptides, covers most of the allowable tripeptide sequences in a non-redundant fashion. In addition, for almost any allowable tetrapeptide sequences, the library contains a close neighbor that will differ at the most by a single conservative replacement. A subset of this library was actually synthesised and used in a preliminary screen against human tRNA(Lys)(3), the primer of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase.

Species Discovery Current news tends to be about species lost, not gained, so it is encouraging to discover a previously unknown species right under our noses. North American flying squirrels have long been considered to comprise just two species, one in the north and one in the south. Using a combination of genetic tools on museum specimens, Arbogast et al. found that there are in fact three species. No evidence of gene flow among populations was found, even where the species occur sympatrically. The newly identified Pacific coastal lineage is more closely related to the distant southern flying squirrel than it is to its close neighbor, the northern flying squirrel. This level of distinction could elevate the lineage to the status of a new species: Humboldt's flying squirrel. J. Mammal. 10.1093/jmammal/gyx055 (2017).

We present the results of age, metallicity and radial velocity determination for central massive globular clusters (GCs) in dwarf spheroidal galaxies: KKs3 and ESO269-66. KKS3 is a unique isolated galaxy. ESO269-66 is a close neighbor of the giant S0 Centaurus A. The results contribute to the knowledge about the origin of massive star clusters and their host dSphs. The structure and star formation histories of the two dwarf galaxies look rather similar. Both of them have experienced several star-forming events. The most recent ones occurred 1-2 Gyr ago, and most powerful bursts happened 12-14 Gyrs ago. Our analysis has shown that both GCs appear to be 1-2 Gyr younger and 0.1-0.3 dex more metal-rich than the most ancient metal-poor stars in the host dSphs. We examine signatures of multiple stellar population in the GCs using our data. Since central star-forming bursts were extended in time, the massive clusters might be considered as nuclei of the galaxies.

Aiming at the shortcomings of K nearest neighbor algorithm, this paper put forward an indoor location algorithm based on K nearest neighbor collection of reference points. The new algorithm in this paper expand the single relationship between test points and reference points to net relationship between test points and reference points and between test points' close neighbor points and other reference points. The new algorithm uses the deeper information, and effectively reduces the influence of noise points. The new algorithm optimizes the formula of coordinate estimation through the occurrences of reference point. Experiments show that compared with K nearest neighbor localization algorithm, the new algorithm has improved on the positioning accuracy and stability.

We investigate the influence of close neighbor galaxies on the properties of supernovae (SNe) and their host galaxies using 56 SNe located in pairs of galaxies with different levels of star formation (SF) and nuclear activity. The mean distance of type II SNe from nuclei of hosts is greater by about a factor of 2 than that of type Ibc SNe. The distributions and mean distances of SNe are consistent with previous results compiled with the larger sample. For the first time it is shown that SNe Ibc are located in pairs with significantly smaller difference of radial velocities between components than pairs containing SNe Ia and II. We consider this as a result of higher star formation rate (SFR) of these closer systems of galaxies., Comment: 2 pages. arXiv admin note: text overlap with arXiv:1312.4940

Understanding the recruitment dynamics of marine fish stocks is crucial in selecting harvest strategies. Revealing the recruitment patterns is the first step to understanding recruitment dynamics. In this study, stock-recruitment data for 19 Atlantic and Pacific herring stocks from the north Atlantic and northeast Pacific oceans were examined for density-dependent effects on recruitment and for recruitment patterns over spatial scales. Two parametric and one nonparametric tests indicate that the survival rates from eggs to recruits from 15 out of 19 stocks are related to spawning biomass, with high spawning biomass resulting in low survival rates. Seven out of 19 stocks show that year class strengths are associated with spawning biomass. Most stocks have compensatory, dome-shaped or asymptotic stock-recruitment curves. Positive correlations are generally found among the geographically close neighbor stocks. The recruitment patterns suggest that each environmental process may play an important role in recruitment dynamics of herring only within a certain spatial scale.

It is shown that 5n/4 plus-minus lower order terms comparisons on average are necessary and sufficient to solve the problem of finding the values of ranks immediately above and below a specified element x in a set X of size n>1. When x turns out to be the median of X, 1.5n+√πn/8+O(lg n) comparisons are proven to be sufficient. n+min(k, n−k)+3 ln n+O(1) comparisons are sufficient if k, the rank of x in X, differs from n/2 by Θ(n).

Compounds of the type IV-V mostly crystallize in a monoclinic structure (space group \( C_{2h} ^3 - C2/m \)). The lattice consists of distorted octahedra of the group V atoms perpendicular to the (010) plane (parallel to the \( \bar 2 \) plane). The octahedra share edges and each octahedron contains two group IV atoms. Each group IV atom is bound tetrahedrally to three group V atoms and one group IV atom, whereas each group V atom has three group IV atoms as closest neighbors. The unit cell of the lattice contains 12 formula units.

the fine study by Jiang et al. ([8][1]) in this issue of the American Journal of Physiology Heart and Circulatory Physiology is an important milestone in the ongoing studies on the role of the mitochondrial ATP-sensitive K+ (mitoKATP) channels in myocardial ischemia. It is not particularly

The arginine-277 residue of the alpha-subunit of the nitrogenase MoFe protein was targeted for substitution because it is (i) a close neighbor of alpha-cysteine-275, which is one of only two residues anchoring the FeMo cofactor to the polypeptide, and (ii) a component of a potential channel for entry/exit of substrates/products and for accepting FeMo cofactor during MoFe-protein maturation. Several of the eight mutant strains constructed were capable of good diazotrophic growth and also contained FeMo cofactor as indicated by its biologically unique S = 3/2 EPR spectrum. These observations indicate that the positively charged alpha-arginine-277 residue is not required for acceptance of the negatively charged FeMo cofactor by the separately synthesized, cofactor-deficient, apo-MoFe protein. The wide range of nitrogen-fixation phenotypes shown by these mutant strains generally correlated well with their C2H2- and proton-reduction activities, which range from 5 to 65% of wild-type activity. One notable exception is the histidine-substituted strain, DJ788 (alpha-277His). This strain, although unable to fix N2 and grow diazotrophically, elaborates an altered alpha-277His MoFe protein that catalyzes the reduction of the alternative substrates, C2H2, HCN, HN3, and protons. These observations are best explained if multiple redox levels are available to the MoFe protein but the alpha-277His MoFe protein is incapable of reaching the more-reduced redox levels required for nitrogen fixation. Under nonsaturating CO concentrations, the alpha-277His MoFe-protein-catalyzed reduction of C2H2 showed sigmoidal kinetics, which is consistent with inhibitor-induced cooperativity among two C2H4-evolving sites and indicates the presence of three sites, which can be simultaneously occupied, on the MoFe protein. Similar kinetics were not observed for alpha-277His MoFe-protein-catalyzed reduction of either HCN or HN3 with nonsaturating CO levels, indicating that these substrates are unlikely to share common binding sites with C2H2. Further, CN- did not induce cooperativity in C2H2 reduction and, therefore, CO and CN- are unlikely to share a common binding site. These changed substrate specificities, reinforced by changes in the FeMo-cofactor-derived S = 3/2 EPR spectrum, clearly indicate the importance of the alpha-277 residue in catalysis and the delicate control exerted on the properties of bound FeMo cofactor by its polypeptide environment.

Excerpt For more than 2 decades, most of the medical community in the United States has stood by while the rest of the medical world, including our close neighbor Canada, moved from use of older co...