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Three-dimensional (3D) reconstruction from two-dimensional images is an active research field in computer vision, with applications ranging from navigation and object tracking to segmentation and three-dimensional modeling. Traditionally, parametric techniques have been employed for this task. However, recent advancements have seen a shift towards learning-based methods. Given the rapid pace of research and the frequent introduction of new image matching methods, it is essential to evaluate them. In this paper, we present a comprehensive evaluation of various image matching methods using a structure-from-motion pipeline. We assess the performance of these methods on both in-domain and out-of-domain datasets, identifying key limitations in both the methods and benchmarks. We also investigate the impact of edge detection as a pre-processing step. Our analysis reveals that image matching for 3D reconstruction remains an open challenge, necessitating careful selection and tuning of models for specific scenarios, while also highlighting mismatches in how metrics currently represent method performance., Comment: 19 pages, 5 figures

Video streams are utilised to guide minimally-invasive surgery and diagnostic procedures in a wide range of procedures, and many computer assisted techniques have been developed to automatically analyse them. These approaches can provide additional information to the surgeon such as lesion detection, instrument navigation, or anatomy 3D shape modeling. However, the necessary image features to recognise these patterns are not always reliably detected due to the presence of irregular light patterns such as specular highlight reflections. In this paper, we aim at removing specular highlights from endoscopic videos using machine learning. We propose using a temporal generative adversarial network (GAN) to inpaint the hidden anatomy under specularities, inferring its appearance spatially and from neighbouring frames where they are not present in the same location. This is achieved using in-vivo data of gastric endoscopy (Hyper-Kvasir) in a fully unsupervised manner that relies on automatic detection of specular highlights. System evaluations show significant improvements to traditional methods through direct comparison as well as other machine learning techniques through an ablation study that depicts the importance of the network's temporal and transfer learning components. The generalizability of our system to different surgical setups and procedures was also evaluated qualitatively on in-vivo data of gastric endoscopy and ex-vivo porcine data (SERV-CT, SCARED). We also assess the effect of our method in computer vision tasks that underpin 3D reconstruction and camera motion estimation, namely stereo disparity, optical flow, and sparse point feature matching. These are evaluated quantitatively and qualitatively and results show a positive effect of specular highlight inpainting on these tasks in a novel comprehensive analysis.

Have you ever wondered how a song might sound if performed by a different artist? In this work, we propose SCM-GAN, an end-to-end non-parallel song conversion system powered by generative adversarial and transfer learning that allows users to listen to a selected target singer singing any song. SCM-GAN first separates songs into vocals and instrumental music using a U-Net network, then converts the vocal segments to the target singer using advanced CycleGAN-VC, before merging the converted vocals with their corresponding background music. SCM-GAN is first initialized with feature representations learned from a state-of-the-art voice-to-voice conversion and then trained on a dataset of non-parallel songs. Furthermore, SCM-GAN is evaluated against a set of metrics including global variance GV and modulation spectra MS on the 24 Mel-cepstral coefficients (MCEPs). Transfer learning improves the GV by 35% and the MS by 13% on average. A subjective comparison is conducted to test the user satisfaction with the quality and the naturalness of the conversion. Results show above par similarity between SCM-GAN's output and the target (70\% on average) as well as great naturalness of the converted songs.