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Augmented reality capabilities on smartphones have led to the development of mobile Augmented Reality (mAR) navigation apps. Whilst some mAR navigation apps annotate navigational points of interest within the camera image, mAR compass apps add only a compass rose and bearing to the image, enabling the device to function as a hand bearing compass. Compass apps do not attempt registration of the camera image, so these apps allow observation of the errors affecting smartphone magnetometers. This paper presents compass deviation (error) curves and offset errors for mAR compass apps on 17 mobile devices. The magnitude of deviation error measured (typically 5–10°) and the apparent transience of compass calibration, over periods of less than an hour, cast doubt on claims that the apps are equivalent to professional navigation compasses, and suitable for navigation use. As an mAR navigation app is unlikely to achieve reliable registration in an open-field context such as yacht navigation, the deviations observed also raise serious questions about the reliability of mAR navigation apps, and identifies real safety concerns for the use of such apps. The paper concludes by speculating on interface designs for mAR navigation apps that could mitigate compass errors in mobile devices, identifying also some issues that require further investigation.

Cisplatin is a platinum-based chemotherapeutic agent widely used in the treatment of various solid tumors. However, a major challenge in the use of cisplatin and in the development of cisplatin derivatives, namely Pt(iv) prodrugs, is their premature reduction in the bloodstream before reaching cancer cells. To circumvent this problem, we designed liposomal nanoparticles coupled with a cholesterol-tethered amphiphilic Pt(iv) prodrug. The addition of cholesterol served to stabilize the formation of the liposome, while selectively incorporating cholesterol as the axial ligand also allowed the Pt(iv) prodrug to readily migrate into the liposomal bilayer. Notably, upon embedding into the nanoparticles, the Pt(iv) prodrug showed marked resistance against premature reduction in human plasma in vitro. Pharmacokinetic analysis in a mouse model also showed that the nanoparticles significantly extend the half-life of the Pt(iv) prodrug to 180 min, which represents a >6-fold increase compared to cisplatin. Importantly, such lipid modification did not compromise the genotoxicity of cisplatin, as the Pt(iv) prodrug induced DNA damage and apoptosis in ovarian cancer cell lines efficiently. Taken together, our strategy provides a novel insight as to how to stabilize a platinum-based compound to increase the circulation time in vivo, which is expected to enhance the efficacy of drug treatment.

Resistance to the platinum-based chemotherapy drug, cisplatin, is a significant setback in ovarian cancer. We engineered fatty acid-like Pt(IV) prodrugs that harness the fatty acid transporter CD36 to facilitate their entry to ovarian cancer cells. We show that these novel constructs effectively kill cisplatin-resistant ovarian cancer cells.

Drug resistance to the conventional platinum chemotherapy remains a major challenge for treating ovarian cancer. Herein, we present a novel approach to overcome the drug resistance by utilizing “dual-action” organometallic polymeric nanoparticles (OPNPs). The OPNPs were formed by the assembly of the organoplatinum payloads and the anionic block copolymer, methoxy polyethylene glycol-block-polyglutamic acid (MPEG5k-PGA50). The OPNPs enhance the solubility and biocompatibility of the hydrophobic organoplatinum payloads. The OPNPs enter the cancer cells via endocytosis, and the payloads loaded in the core of the nanoparticles are slowly released under the acidic conditions of endosomes. Unlike conventional platinum therapeutics, the organoplatinum compound exhibits a “dual-action” attack by triggering nuclear DNA damage and mitochondrial damage. As a result, drug-resistant ovarian cancer cells become vulnerable to the organoplatinum payloads.

We developed a spermine-conjugated lipophilic Pt(iv) prodrug that is able to reduce the cancer stem cell population in ovarian cancer. The therapeutic effect is attributed to the hydrophobic tail and cationic spermine head group, the combination of which allows the Pt(iv) prodrug to localize in mitochondria and induce corresponding damage.

A long-standing challenge in the treatment of ovarian cancer is drug resistance to standard platinum-based chemotherapy. Recently, increasing attentions hasve been drawn to the use of self-assembled metal-organic complexes as novel therapeutics for cancer treatment. However, high hydrophobicity that is often associated with these structures lowers their solubility and hinders their clinical translation. In this article, we present a proof-of-concept study of using nanoprecipitation to formulate the hydrophobic metal-organic cages and facilitate their use in treating chemoresistant ovarian cancer. The Pt6L4 Cage 1 is an octahedral cage formed by self-assembly of six 1,10-phenanthroline-Pt(II) centers and four 2,4,6-tris(4-pyridyl)-1,3,5-triazine ligands (L). Cage 1 is able to trigger DNA damage and exhibits promising in vitro potency against a panel of human ovarian cancer cell lines. However, due to the large portion of aromatic components, this cage structure has very limited solubility in cell culture media (

The Institute of Coding is developing a novel accreditation standard, which addresses employability concerns explored in the Wakeham and Shadbolt reviews, but differs from the content focussed standards prevalent across STEM. This session is essentially practical. Participants will use Skills Framework for the Information Age (SFIA) material, or a relevant skills framework for their own discipline, to construct a plausible accreditation standard for a subject area, evaluating it against the graduate qualities demanded by employers and society.

This article presents a new strategy to engage coordination-driven self-assembly for platinum drug delivery. The self-assembled supramolecular hexagon is conjugated with three equivalents of Pt(IV) prodrugs and displays a superior therapeutic index compared to cisplatin against a panel of human cancer cell lines.

We present a novel design to use metal-organic cages (MOCs) to encapsulate Pt-based anticancer agents for delivery. A fluorescein-conjugated Pt(iv) prodrug of cisplatin is developed for its encapsulation in a cationic MOC via host-guest interactions, which then forms drug-loaded nanoparticles with an anionic polymer.

Doodson proposed a criterion to predict the occurrence of double high (or double low) waters when a higher frequency tidal harmonic is added to the semi-diurnal tide. If the phasing of the harmonic is optimal, the condition for a double high water can be written bn2/a > 1 where b is the amplitude of the higher harmonic, a is the amplitude of the semi-diurnal tide and n is the ratio of their frequencies. Here we expand this criterion to allow for (i) a phase difference φ between the semi-diurnal tide and the harmonic and (ii) the fact that the double high water will disappear in the event that b/a becomes large enough for the higher harmonic to be the dominant component of the tide. This can happen, for example, at places or times where the semi-diurnal tide is very small. The revised parameter is br2/a, where r is a number generally less than n, although equal to n when φ = 0. The theory predicts that a double high tide will form when this parameter exceeds 1 and then disappear when it exceeds a value of order n2 and the higher harmonic becomes dominant. We test these predictions against observations at Port Ellen in the Inner Hebrides of Scotland. For most of the data set, the largest harmonic of the semi-diurnal tide is the 6th diurnal component, for which n = 3.The principal lunar and solar semi-diurnal tides are about equal at Port Ellen and so the semi-diurnal tide becomes very small twice a month at neap tides. A double high water forms when br2/a first exceeds a minimum value of about 1.5 as neap tides are approached and then disappears as br2/a then exceeds a second limiting value of about 10 at neap tides in agreement with the revised criterion.